priate award, this being published in a Department Bulletin which appears at uncertain intervals, as occasion demands.

The medals, with the exception of a new one awarded this year for the first time, are the rewards of bravery. They are given to officers who have deliberately risked their lives, with an entire knowledge of the danger which they were incurring. Consequently their deeds present a certain family resemblance, such as one finds in the stories of the men who have won the Victoria Cross. In details, of course, they vary, but for the most part they consist of life-saving under particularly dangerous circumstances of arresting armed criminals when there was a heavy chance against the officer, in extinguishing lighted bombs, or in some similar deed of great bravery when the officer knew that he was more than likely to lose his life in doing his duty. Besides the medals for valor, there is one, the Department Medal of Merit, which is being awarded this year for the first time. It is given for the performance of any piece of police duty of uncommon excellence, and this year it falls to a bit of extraordinary detective work by Acting Sergeant John F. Brennan, which has already been described in The Outlook.1

After the medals there come various awards by the Board of Honor Honorable Mention (the class in which the medal men are usually found), Exceptional Merit, Commendation, Commendable Merit, Excellent Police Duty, and Meritorious Police Duty. Each recommendation to the Board of Honor is accompanied by a report on the case, and in these reports one catches glimpses of the strange under-world of the great city. As one turns over the leaves of the records, one is impressed with the fact that the average policeman needs only opportunity to make good. In 1915 the Isaac Bell Medal for bravery was given to a probationer, Patrick Gilshinan, a man not yet fully on the force, for a splendid piece of life-saving. Again, there

1 Issue of November 29, 1916.

was Patrolman Thomas H. Conkling. On June 19, 1915, he went into a dark hall after three hold-up men, one of whom he was obliged to shoot after the gangster had tried to shoot him. Two weeks later, July 4, Conkling was in bathing at Rockaway Beach, when he heard a call for help from the water. He swam out and aided to bring the struggling man to shore, and just as he got him in another cry for help arose, and he started after a second man, who was seen struggling in the water, and brought him in too. The officer was off duty, but he seized his opportunity as it appeared, as policemen seem always to do-like the officer who heard shots as he was being shaved, and went after the man who did the shooting without waiting to wipe the lather from his face.

One more of these splendid examples of courage and quick thinking must suffice. In mid-September, 1915, was held the final parade of the Coney Island Mardi-Gras celebration. It was Children's Day, the Concourse was lined with women and children, and many automobiles were parked in the oval at the end of the Ocean Parkway. Suddenly two horses were seen galloping furiously towards the helpless crowd. They were ridden by an assistant grand marshal and an aide, were completely out of control, and unless they could be stopped would work havoc with the women and children. There was no time to stop them by seizing their bridles, as the mounted police usually do; they must be brought up short. Like a flash, Mounted Sergeant Lenihan and Mounted Patrolman Conolly swung their horses athwart the course of the flying runaways, realizing that a collision was the only way to save the bystanders. The shock was terrific. Conolly's horse was thrown heavily, and he himself was severely injured, but the women and children were saved. That was all that mattered to Conolly, and that seems to be all that ever matters to the New York policeman when the issue is put squarely up to him.

W one, lived on a farm. were

66

HEN a small boy (I beg a personality), our family, a large one, lived on a farm. The children were always well clothed and fed; in fact, we were never actually in want of anything with the exception of unreachable pleasures. But in this I could never understand the caution of my mother, Never throw anything away." It always struck me as unreasonable, at that time, with the trees bending with apples and I being given an apple to eat, that if I chose to eat half of the apple I should not throw the other half away, as there were "plenty more." Since growing into manhood I have discovered that there was wisdom in the teaching of my mother, and have a rule in my own family that "anything useful for a purpose shall be conserved for that purpose."

It is said that the ayerage French family could live on what the American family in the same plane of life throws away. This is no doubt true. The French housewife weighs the value of things and gets the most of them, while the American housewife is not so prone to patch and mend and save the "leftovers. In comparing housewives, mind you, I refer only to those in our cities.

For instance, a neighbor of mine, who I will call Mr. A, draws the fair salary of $150 per month. He does not live in luxury, but is comfortable. Mrs. A, his wife, is a typical example of the American housewife. She is a good housekeeper their home is spotless-but she balks at the idea of mending Mr. A's socks; not that she is incapable of doing it nicely, but because "Mr. A wears 25-cent hose, and it's much cheaper to buy new ones than to mend."

And Mrs. A never dreams of saving even the smallest things bits of butter and the like-from one meal to the next. She "clears the deck" after each meal, and explains that "it is much easier on her to make deposits in the garbage-can than to let them lay over until the next meal."

A day or two ago I called the attention of Mr. A to an article in an evening newspaper on a street-cleaner in our city who received a salary of $52.50 per month, and who was pro

viding for a family-a wife and eight children and doing it nicely. Mr. A was thunderstruck. "Why," said he, "that man must surely make something in addition to his regular salary or that story is the dream of a youthful reporter. My wife and I have quite a bit of financing to do in in these times of soaring food prices. It's impossible.

Fearing the "reporter's dream," I made a personal investigation. A pleasant-faced woman of ample dimensions met me at the door of a little cottage in the suburbs. My first question was, "How do you do it?" She explained that $7 each month went for the rent of the cottage, $20 for groceries, $3 for her husband's car-fare, and the rest for clothing and incidentals. "If there is anything left at the end of the month, we put it in the savings bank," she explained. "We now have a balance of about sixty dollars in the bank. It represents the savings of several years, but we have done our best. Four of my children are attending the district school, and two of my boys are working. The boys do not live with us, however. They stay in the city and support themselves. One has his head set on going to college.

"Of course we have our own garden, keep a cow, which we paid for on installments, and we have raised two dozen hens, which supply us with fresh eggs daily. Sometimes our grocery bill does not run to even $20 per month. Last month it was $18.50. We put the saving on this account in the bank.

66

"No, we never throw anything away. Every scrap is saved. Potatoes, when we have them, are never peeled before cooking." Further investigation showed that the wife of the streetcleaner was a Frenchwoman. She has been in this country some twenty-five years, but inherits that saving instinct of the French that rivals that of the Scots. She keeps a rough budget of expenses, and any appropriation not totally expended at the end of the month is transferred to the savings account.

Now, not every family can do so well as that of the sweeper of streets, but should we take pains to " pick up the fragments the excuses for high food prices would be few indeed.

[Those who are using the weekly outline should not attempt to cover the whole of an outline in any one lesson or study. Assign for one lesson selected questions, one or two propositions for discussion, and only such words as are found in the material assigned. Or distribute selected questions among different members of the class or group and have them report their findings to all when assembled. Then have all discuss the questions together.]

I-INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Topic: Russia and a Separate Peace.
Reference: Page 6.
Questions:

1. What are the evidences that there is a separate peace movement in Russia? 2. Who are advocating and aiding this movement? How? Why? How is it possible to explain that Russian Socialists will talk over such a matter with German Socialists when Germany is the enemy of Russia? 3. How does The Outlook show that the danger of a separate peace "is constantly decreasing"? 4. Does it seem to you that a separate peace between Germany and Russia would destroy Russia's new-found liberty? If so, would that be a calamity to the human race? Give reasons.

B. Topic: The Duty of Christ's Church
To-Day.

Reference: Editorial pages, 13-15.
Questions:

1. In advocating that the Church take an active part in this war, is or is it not fair to charge Dr. Abbott with being a militarist and with being inconsistent as a teacher of Christian truths? 2. Dr. Abbott charges German autocracy with being pagan. Has he, in your opinion, sustained his charge? Careful thought and clear reasoning are called for in answering question 2. 3. Would or would you not agree with Dr. Abbott in saying that "Might does not make right"? Present a line of argument. 4. How does might impose responsibility? Upon whom? 5. Was Christ a pacifist? Prove what you say. 6. How is it possible for Christ's followers to go forth with swords in their hands and at the same time have malice toward none and charity for all? 7. By way of summary tell what Dr. Abbott believes the duty of Christ's Church to be. 8. Give your opinion of its duty. 9. What principles should guide a Christian in making up his mind as to what his duty is in time of war?

II-FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Topic: The New Russia.
Reference: Page 16-18.
Questions:

1. Who is Professor Shatzky? 2. What are the leading facts about the Duma since 1906? (See American Year Book, 1907-1916; Hazen, "Modern European History," pages 585-589; Harding, "New Medieval and Modern History," pages 707-710; The Outlook, May 2, pages 16-18.) 3. What has the Duma had to do with creating the new Russia? 4. Against how many and what elements and forces has liberal Russia had to contend since 1906 according to Professor Shatzky? 5. Compare the Eng

Ilish revolution of 1688 with the Rus

sian revolution of 1917. (See Cheyney's "Short History of England," pages 466514, and Professor Shatzky's article.) 6. How does Professor Shatzky characterize the members of Russia's present Government? 7. Tell how new Russia came to be born. 8. In how different many ways can America help new Russia? For what reasons should America help her? (See The Outlook for April 25, 1917, editorial pages, 729, 730.)

III-NATIONAL AFFAIRS

A. Topic: Extension of Woman Suffrage. Reference: Page 10.

Questions:

1. Is suffrage a right or a privilege? Discuss. 2. Give as many arguments as you can against woman suffrage and as many as you can for it. Do you believe in equal suffrage? Why or why not? (See Garner, "Government in the United States," pages 128, 129; Ashley, "The New Civics," pages 109, 110.) 3. How many States now give women the right to vote? (See World Almanac for 1917, American Year Book, 1916, pages 49,52-54). 4. Should or should not universal woman suffrage be secured in America by Federal Constitutional amendment? B. Topic: The Battle of the Plow; Prepare for a Long War. Reference: Editorial pages, 11-13; also pages 21, 22. Questions:

1. Explain how these two topics are related. 2. How does Mr. Herrick show that our banks can help in the production local and Federal banks loan money to of foodstuffs? (Pages 21, 22.) 3. Should farmers on short-time securities and on personal credit? 4. In what ways could farmers be of greater service to themselves? 5. How can the railways aid in greater farm production? 6. How can school-children aid this cause? 7. By whom and how else does The Outlook show "The Battle of the Plow" can be and ought to be fought? 8. Criticise The Outlook's state"There is no promise of an early ment, peace" (page 12). 9. Explain: "The surest way to shorten the war is to prepare for it as if it were to be long." 10. Name and explain The Outlook's five ways of preparing for a long war. 11. How does this "Long War" editorial appeal to you? Why?

IV-PROPOSITIONS FOR DISCUSSION (These propositions are suggested directly or indirectly by the subject-matter of The Outlook, but not discussed in it.)

1. A democracy is more efficient in war times than in peace times. 2. Democratic ideals are unconquerable. 3. A democracy demands more virtue and more intelligence than does a despotism. 4. Christianity and war are incompatible.

V-VOCABULARY BUILDING

(All of the following words and expressions are found in The Outlook for May 2, 1917. After looking them up in the dictionary or elsewhere, give their meaning in your own words.)

Allies, Socialists, radicals, Prussianized Turkey, autocratic régime, problem, economists, promise, good fortune, paganism, interpretations, Christ's Church, epochs, blind instinct.

A VISIT TO PUTNAM PARK, CONNECTICUT'S "VALLEY

FORGE"

BY GEORGE S. BRYAN

About two and a half miles southeast of Bethel, Connecticut, by a road that winds through rolling farm country and then plunges into a succession of tight little wooded valleys, lies Putnam Memorial Camp, better known as Putnam Park. During the summer and fall this is more or less a resort for folk from Danbury, Bethel, and Redding. But in December it lies wellnigh as deserted and still as it did when, in 1778, "Old Put" selected it and two neighboring sites for a winter quarters of the weary right wing of the Continental Army. Though this park was begun in 1887 and practically completed by 1890, it is much less generally known and visited than Valley Forge Park, in Pennsylvania, which was not begun until 1893. [See an illustrated article on "The Valley Forge Memorial Park," by Mr. Fr A. Collins, in The Outlook

MAIN ENTRANCE, WITH MODELS OF OLD-TIME BLOCKHOUSES

for April 11 last.-THE EDITORS.] Yet Putnam Memorial Camp has its own measure of romantic and historic interest. Here moved one of the most popular and trusted leaders of the American cause-the hero of many a brave exploit. At Pomfret, in Windham County, the den in which at close quarters Putnam killed a great wolf is still shown. Putnam spurring a charger down a steep hill to escape the British dragoons was long a favored subject for American engravers. Whether Putnam or Colonel Prescott was in command at the battle of Bunker Hill is still in dispute among the learned. But we do know that " Old Put was as much the idol of his men as was Andrew Jackson. Also that he was a patriot with a heart of oak, who was never implicated in the jealousies and intrigues in which General Charles Lee and other American officers burned their fingers.

The thermometer was about twelve degrees below freezing at the time of my visit, so that I had a fair idea of the bleak and uncomfortable conditions which met the troops encamped here in 1778. The place, however, is sheltered by hills at the north, south, and west, and its contour is such that it holds the winter sun as in a bowl; so that, after all, it was a favorable site for such an encampment. The British would have had a difficult job, sure enough, to ferret Putnam's seasoned soldiers out of this secluded nest. They didn't try.

Somehow, with that optimism which marks Americans when taken collectively, the Continental troops wore through that unusually fierce and distressing winter. Even with two young poets (Joel Barlow and David Humphreys, who with Jonathan Trumbull and Lemuel Hopkins were leading spirits in the coterie known as the "Hartford wits ") to lighten the hours, it was not the happiest sort of an existence. In the previous spring Putnam had written

A Visit to Putnam Park, Connecticut's "Valley Forge" (Continued)

to Washington that one of his regiments was without a blanket to its name; adding, "Very few have either a shoe or a shirt, and most of them have neither stockings, breeches, nor overalls." The General Assembly of Connecticut had decreed that each town was to supply for the army a dozen pairs of shoes, a half-dozen pairs of blankets, two pairs of overalls, two linen shirts, one hunting shirt, and one pair of stockings. But many of the towns found it impossible to meet even this requisition. There had been a large quantity of stores at neighboring Danbury, but these had all gone up in flames when Tryon's men fired the town in April, 1777. These stores would have been most welcome at the camp, but "No pay, no clothes, no provisions, no rum,' was the keynote here, as it had been at Valley Forge the previous winter.

TYPE OF HUT USED BY REVOLUTIONARY
SOLDIERS AT PUTNAM CAMP

Two Connecticut brigades did mutiny, but they had no leaders, and the half-baked plan to march to Hartford was discovered and frustrated by "Old Put" in his wonted decisive manner. He was not one to tolerate laxity. Every Sunday (possibly as a part of his discipline) the men who had breeches and shoes were marched over to Redding for a long and no doubt edifying discourse by Parson Bartlett.

Among the interesting remains of Revolutionary times near the camp one sees the old apple trees which were set out, according to town tradition, the spring the army left, and which are therefore more than one hundred and thirty-six years old.

In the engineering and adornment of Putnam Camp a certain rude simplicity has been maintained. There are no tortured symbolical groups in multicolored marbles; only a rugged monument of native granite, and a simple boulder marking unknown soldiers' gravese Three log huts of the sort used by the army have been built. The original huts had each at one end a goodsized chimney of roughly laid stones. These stone heaps and a few others about the encampment are the only remains of the original structures. The Putnam Park Commission plans to erect a new building of a Colonial type for the housing of the valuable collection of relics which have been gathered from the neighborhood.

This camp is an austere memorial of homespun men. Perhaps in no other place can one realize as here what ". 'pinching times "the soldiers of the Revolution endured. When, on a biting winter day like this, one makes his way through the snow and stands inside one of these bleak huts, which made a shelter for twelve privates through those months of raggedness and want, one feels as never before the spirit of the Revolution. The old men of Redding used to tell how cruel was that winter of 1778-9-heavy snowfalls by mid-November, so deep that fences had disappeared. With a series of reverses behind, there was