33. Whether education in public schools or by private tutors be preferable. Principal Campbell, Dec. 11, 1759, and Feb. 26, 1760.

34. Mr. Stewart. Whether the time allotted for teaching Greek in the universities of Scotland be not too short, and, if so, what would be the proper remedy. Feb. 26, 1760.

35. Mr. Reid. Whether it is proper to educate children without instilling principles into them of any kind whatsoever. April 1, 1760.

36. Mr. Gordon. Whether there be not, in the very nature of our teaching societies, a tendency to stop farther advancement in those branches of learning which they profess. And, if it is so, what is the best remedy. June 24, and July 9, 1760.

37. Prof. Gerard. — In what manner the general course of education may be conducted so as it may answer best as a preparation for the different businesses of life. Aug. 12, 1760.

38. What is the best method for training to the practice of virtue? Mr. Farquhar. Dec. 9, 1760.

39. What are the natural consequences of high national debt; and whether, upon the whole, it be a benefit to a nation or not? Dr. Gregorie. Jan. 13, 1761. 40. Whether paper credit be beneficial to a nation or not. Dr. Skene, Feb. 24.

41. What is the cause of the apparent color of the heavens? Or what is properly the object to which that color can be attributed? Principal Campbell, March 10.

42. Whether the idea of cause and effect include in it any thing more than their constant conjunction. And, if so, what it is that it includes. Prof. Stewart. March 10th and 31st.

43. Mr. Trail. Whether the substituting of machines instead of men's labor, in order to lessen the expense of labor, contributes to the populousness of a country. Feb. 24.

44. Mr. Reid. - Whether moral character consists in affections, wherein the will is not concerned; or in fixed habitual and constant purposes. April 15. 45. Mr. Gordon. - Whether slavery be in all cases inconsistent with good government. Nov. 24.

46. Mr. Gerard. Whether there be any such affection in human nature as universal benevolence. Dec. 8.

47. Mr. Farquhar. - Whether in writing history it be proper to mix moral and political reflexions or to draw characters. Dec. 8.

48. Whence does man derive the authority which he assumes over the brutes, and how far does this authority extend? Mr. Beattie. Dec. 22, 1761.

49. What are the best expedients for preventing an extravagant rise of servants' wages, and for obliging them to bestow their labor where agriculture and manufactures require it. Jan. 12, 1762. Occasional question.

50. Doctor Gregorie. - What are the good and bad effects of the provision for the poor by poor's rates, infirmaries, hospitals, and the like? Feb. 9.

51. Doctor Skene. - Whether the determination by unanimity or a majority injuries is most equitable. March 9.

52. Doctor Campbell.- How far human laws can justly make alterations on what seems to be founded on the principles of the law of nature. March 23. - Whether human laws be binding on the consciences of

53. Mr. Stewart. men. April 16.

54. Mr. Reid.

- Whether by the encouragement of proper laws the number of births in Great Britain might not be nearly doubled or at least greatly increased. June 8.

55. Mr. Thomas Gordon. - Whether the current coin of the nation ought not to be debased by alloy or raised in its value, so as there shall be no profit made by exporting it. Dec. 14.

56. Doctor Gerard. Whether it be best that courts of law and courts of equity were different, or that the same court had the power of determining either according to law or equity as circumstances require. Feb. 22, 1763.

57. Mr. Farquhar. Whether justice is most effectually promoted in civil and criminal courts where the judges are numerous or where they are few. March 22. 58. Mr. Beattie. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an extensive commerce? March 22.

59. Dr. Gregory. - Whether the art of medicine, as it has been practised, has contributed to the advantage of mankind. July 12.

60. Dr. Skene. Whether in the same person opposite passions and affections, such as love and hatred, resentment of injuries and benefits, always subsist in an equal degree of strength. Oct. 10.

61. Dr. Campbell. Whether any animals besides men and domestic animals are liable to diseases, the decay of nature and accidental hurts excepted; and if they are not, whether there is any thing in the domestic life which can account for such diseases as men and domestic animals are obnoxious to. May 10.

62. Mr. Stewart. Whether or not there be a real foundation for the distinction betwixt precepts or counsels in matters of morality. Dec. 13. 63. Dr. Reid.

Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good. Nov. 22, 1763.

64. Mr. Thomas Gordon. - How far the profession of a soldier of fortune is defensible in foro conscientiæ. Jan. 24, 1764.

65. Dr. Gerard. Whether eloquence be useful or pernicious. Feb. 28, 1764. 66. Mr. Farquhar.- What is the origin of the blacks? March 13, 1764. 67. Mr. Beattie. - What is that quality in objects that makes them provoke

laughter? March 27.

68. Dr. George Skene. Whether are men become degenerate in point of size and strength, or has the modern method of living increased the number of diseases or altered their nature? April 9.

69. Mr. William Ogilvy.

Whether curiosity be not the most powerful motive to study in the mind of youth and that which acts most uniformly. Nov. 27.

70. Dr. Gregory.

humor? May 8.

-What are the distinguishing characteristics of wit and

71. Dr. David Skene. Whether brutes have souls; or, if they have, wherein do they differ from the human? Nov. 15.

72. Dr. Campbell. Whether the manner of living of parents affects the genius or intellectual abilities of the children. Jan. 22, 1765.

73. Mr. Stuart.

Whether the idea of an infinitely perfect Being be a good

argument for his existence. June 11, 1765.

74. Dr. Reid. — Wherein does the nature of a promise consist, and whence does its obligation arise? March 12, 1765.

75. Mr. Thomas Gordon.

moderns. March 26, 1765.

Whether there is any degeneracy of genius in the

more after the mother than Aug. 13, 1765.

76. Dr. Gerard. Whether children do not take the father, and if they do, what are the causes of it? 77. Mr. Farquhar. - Whether would the end of religion be most effectually promoted by a regular civil establishment for the support of the clergy, or by leaving their support to the voluntary contributions of the people? Nov. 12.

78. What is the difference between common sense and reason? 1765.

Dcc. 10,

79. Dr. George Skene. — Is light a body whose particles are thrown off with great velocity from the luminous body, or is it a tremulous motion excited and propagated through a subtle medium analogous to the tremors of flies which occasion sound? Dec. 9, 1766.

So. Mr. William Ogilvie.— Suppose a legislator were to form an establishment of clergy, on what principles ought he to proceed in order to render it most effectual for promoting religion and morality without favoring superstition? Nov. 11, 1766.

81. Mr. Dunbar. Whether the considerations of good policy may not sometimes justify the laying of a restraint upon population in a state.

82. Dr. David Skene. - What are the advantages which mankind peculiarly derive from the use of speech? March 13, 1766.

83. Dr. Campbel. Whether it is possible that the language of any people should continue invariably the same, and if not, from what causes the variations arise. Oct. 13, 1766.

-

84. Mr. Thomas Gordon.- Whether in science it ought to be an aim to increase or to diminish the number of first principles. June 10, 1766.

85. Dr. Gerard. Whether any form of government can be perpetual. Dec. 9, 1766.

86. Mr. Farquhar.— Whether the observation of the unities of time and place are essentially requisite to the perfection of dramatic performances. Jan. 27, 1767.

87. Mr. Beattie. Whether the different opinions and different practices which prevail in different nations be an objection to the universality of the virtuous sentiment. Feb. 24, 1767.

88. Dr. George Skene. - Whether the opportunities of acquiring a learned education may not be too much in the power of the commonalty either for the advancement of learning or the good of the state.

89. Mr. Ogilvy.- How does it appear to be equitable that the subjects of the state should be taxed in proportion to their respective fortunes and not equally over head or by any other rule? March 24, 1767.

-In what sense may virtue be said to consist in acting agree90. Mr. Trail. ably to nature, and vice in deviating from it?

91. Dr. David Skene. — If mankind are considered in respect of rank and fortune, in what class may we expect to find the virtuous principle most prevalent? June 9, 1767.

92. Dr. Campbel. — Whether the Greck language remained invariably the same so long as is commonly thought, and to what causes the duration which it had ought to be ascribed. Nov. 10, 1767.

93. Mr. Gordon.—What is the province and use of metaphysics? Dec. 8, 1767.

94. Dr. Gerard. Whether poetry can be justly reckoned an imitative art; and, if it can, in what respects? Jan. 26, 1768.

95. Mr. Farquhar. Whether the maintaining an esoteric and exoteric doctrine, as was practised by the ancients, is reconcilable to the principles of virtue.

96. Mr. Beattie. — Whether that superiority of understanding by which the inhabitants of Europe and of the countries immediately adjoining imagine themselves to be distinguished may not easily be accounted for without supposing the rest of mankind of an inferior species.

97. Dr. George Skene. - Whether the aim of a public teacher ought to be to adapt his instructions to the capacities of the duller part of his audience or to forward the ingenious.

98. Mr. Ogilvie. — What is that in the manners of any nation which exhibits it justly to the appellations of civilized or barbarous ?

99. Mr. Dunbar. What are the characteristics of polished language? and how is the comparative excellency of different languages to be estimated? 100. Mr. Trail. How far may the inequalities of astronomical refraction be

remedied by the thermometer and barometer?

IOI. Dr. David Skene. Whether the late proceedings with respect to a favorite of the mob be an evidence of the corruption or of the improvement of our constitution.

102. Principal Campbel. — What is the proper notion of civil liberty? Oct. 24, 1769.

103. Mr. Gordon. - How far the facts relating to the burning of the Roman ships in the harbor of Syracuse be reconcilable to the laws of reflection and refraction of light. Nov. 1769.

104. Dr. Gerard. Whether any account can be given of the causes why great geniuses have arisen at the periods which have been most remarkable for them, and why they have frequently arisen in clusters. Dec. 12, 1769.

105. Mr. Beattie. - Whether the use of translations can ever supersede the necessity of studying the Greek and Roman authors in the original languages. May 8, 1770.

106. Dr. George Skene. - What is the difference between pressure and momentum; and how are they to be compared? Nov. 27, 1770.

107. Mr. Ogilvy. Whether there may be any reason to believe that the friendships of this life may continue after death.

108. Mr. Dunbar.

Whether the increasing the number of British peers tends to enlarge or diminish the power of the crown. March 27, 1770.

109. Mr. Trail.—What are the desiderata in mathematics? June 12, 1770. 110. Occasional question proposed by Mr. Beattie. - Whether it be not for the advantage of mankind as moral beings that the evidence of a future state is rather a high probability than an absolute certainty. Oct. 9, 1769.

III. Dr. David Skene. What are the advantages and disadvantages arising from the different arrangements of words which obtain in the antient and modern languages?

112. Principal Campbel. What is the best method of teaching a foreign or dead language?

113. Mr. Gordon. - How are vis inertia and weight to be distinguished, and in what do they agree?

114. Dr. Gerard. Whether national characters depend upon physical or moral causes, or whether they are influenced by both. Feb. 26, 1771.

115. Mr. Beattie. - Does it imply any absurdity or any thing inconsistent with the divine perfections to suppose that evil, both physical and moral, must be permitted to take place in a state of moral probation? March 26, 1771.

116. Dr. George Skene.

117. Mr. Ogilvy. Is there any injustice done to an impressed man, when he is punished according to the articles of war? March 12, 1771.

118. Mr. Dunbar. - How are the proceedings of instinct to be distinguished from reason or sagacity in animals? Feb. 11, 1772.

119. Mr. Trail. What is the cause of the color of the heavenly bodies? Feb. 25, 1772.

111. Dr. Campbel.— What are the advantages and disadvantages arising from the different arrangements of words which obtain in the ancient and modern languages?

120. Mr. Gordon. - How far is an expensive taste of living connected with corruption of manners and the ruin of a nation?

121. Dr. Gerard.. What are the ways in which watering operates in improving land? March 24, 1772.

122. Dr. Beattie. - How far is versification essential to poetry?

123. Dr. George Skene.

124. Mr. Ogilvy. - By what circumstances has slavery been so moderated as to become supportable to so many nations of mankind?

125. Mr. Dunbar.

126. Mr. Trail. Does Dr. Halley's theory of evaporation sufficiently account for the constant influx into the Mediterranean at the Straits of Gibraltar ?

ART. III. MSS. Papers by Dr. Reid, lent me by Francis Edmund, Esq.. Aberdeen (see pp. 192, 223.)

I. Some Observations on the modern System of Materialism. This paper is in no fewer than five forms, showing what pains he took with it. One or two of the forms were notes or preparations, the other three fully written out as if to be read before a society.

By the modern system of materialism he means that advanced by Dr. Priestley in his "Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit," 1777, and "Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism and Philosophical Necessity," 1777. The paper is of a thorough and searching character, distinguished for acuteness beyond almost any of the published writings of Reid, and written with great point and naïveté. It looks as if designed for publication. Chap. I. Of the Connection of this System with other philosophical Opinions. Here he describes the views entertained of substance by eminent men, criticising ably the defective views of Locke. Chap. II. Of Newton's Rules of philosophizing, showing that he had profoundly studied Newton. He gives fair explanations of Newton's rules. He shows that Priestley does not follow these rules. Chap. III. Of the Solidity or Impenetrability of Matter, showing there is an ambiguity in the meaning of the word solidity, and that Priestley has not succeeded in showing that matter is not solid or impenetrable. Chap. IV. Of the Inertia of Matter, showing that Priestley does not follow Newton. The whole is the result of much reading and reflection.

II. Miscellaneous Reflections on Priestley's account of Hartley's Theory of the Human Mind. He shows that Hartley's views were unfounded hypotheses, but speaks with great fondness and respect of Hartley. He is very severe upon Priestley's employment of Hartley's theories, particularly upon his attempt to explain every mental faculty by association. He refers to Aristotle's views of association. He shows that association cannot account for memory, which was explained by the vividness of the ideas. "Every man knows what memory is, and every man knows what is meant by vividness of ideas or conceptions, and their power of suggesting one another; and when we know and understand what each of these things is we can be at no loss to know whether they are one and the same.

Let every man judge for himself whether memory is a certain degree