the brain and nerves of sense, the individual would exist as one that never slept, even though, his nervous system should obtain in some degree those blessings which are the peculiar concomitants of sleep, a sufficiency of nourishment and a renovation of vigour. If, through an opposite idiosyncrasy, the deposit of new particles should be so superabundant, and incessant as to continue the paralysis beyond the usual and natural period of slumber, this state would present the rare and hitherto mysterious phenomena, of protracted sleep, sometimes terminating even in death, as in the case of Elizabeth Perkins, detailed by Mr Macnish. These two opposite idiosyncrasies seem to arise from opposite diseases of the secerning vessels of the head, one promoting to excess, and the other in an equal degree preventing, the effusion of the due quantity of nervous matter requisite for the healthy and vigorous, state of the nervous system.

If it should be asked, How can the same cause operate in different ways?: How can the assimilating process at one time cause sleep, and at another not cause it? How can it, though unremitting in activity, at one time paralyze the brain and nerves, and at another rather enliven and invigorate them?These questions are difficult, and the more difficult because in the material world we can find no object wherewith to compare and illustrate the phenomena of mind. The element of fire must suffice on the present occasion, where no better ligament of analogy between things so different can be had:

Nutritur ventis, ventis extinguitur ignis;
Levis alit flammas, grandior aura necat."

If a fire burns clearly, brightly, and fiercely, still it requires a constant supply of fuel to keep up its intensity, and replace the solid particles expended in combustion. A small quantity frequently added, so far from paralyzing, increases the activity of the fire; but when that activity is exhausted, when the very energy of the flames, like the exertion of a powerful mind, has wasted away the substance on which it fed, and these flames sink enfeebled, and the fire is diminished and dull, if you heap over it a heavy mass of fuel, the flames are smothered, the activity ceases, the element sleeps. Hours are required to extend the vivifying influence to the new matter; at length the increasing warmth pervades the whole mass, the assimilation is complete, and the smallest incitement stirs up again' all the energies of the furnace. If too little aliment be supplied to the glowing mass, it will burn out, like an over-worked brain in similar circumstances; while too great a weight of fuel cast on the exhausted hearth overwhelms the expiring embers, and the result is the slumber of death, not of sleep.

DUBLIN, 1834.

A. C.

ARTICLE V.

Ash in v1521 VIN Jow .ebayn

CASTS OF THE HEADS OF TWO SWEDISH LAPLANDERS, AND OF THE SKULL OF A CRIMINAL, Presented to the Phrenological Society by Mr G. M. SCHWARTZ of Stockholm.itio

zultze dad abh le dbam o to bilo. IN September 1833, the above mentioned casts were transmitted by Mr Schwartz to Edinburgh; but they were accom panied by no information as to the names and characters of the individuals. The box, having been delivered to Mr.Robert Cox, Conservator of the Phrenological Society's Museum, hé immediately wrote to Mr Schwartz in the following terms

"I have had the honour to receive ecasts transmitted by you from Stockholm for the Phrenological Society of this city, May I beg the favour of a letter from you, containing particulars regarding the dispositions and history of the individuals whose heads the casts represent? This will add very much to their value. The two heads, I conjecture, are those of Laplanders, and the skull that of a criminal. The former exhibit a lymphatic temperament, and the individuals seem to have a strong endowment of Secretiveness. The person of whose skull you have sent a cast, must have been, if not a malefactor, at all events a selfish, irritable, revengeful, cruel, headstrong, quarrelsome, vain, unprincipled, coarse, shallow-minded character. If his constitution was active, he must haye been very restless and troublesome. I shall be anxious to receive an account of him. His only good quality is affection for children, and also, though in a less degree, for friends. He would be tyrannical, proud, intractable, and overbearing; without philanthropy, profundity of intellect, or poetical or musical talent. Be so kind as to say whether these inferences from the cast are correct."

To this letter Mr Schwartz returned an answer, dated 24th September 1833, of which the following is a translation :—

"SIR, The casts which I had last the honour of forwarding to you for the Phrenological Society of Edinburgh, are, in the first place, of the heads of two Laplanders a lad of 18 years, and a girl of 28. On the cast of the latter will be observed the mark of a feather, which was put into her mouth because she was enrhumée. They were cousins, and I have been informed that the boy resembled his mother, and the girl her father. Of their characters I have been unable to obtain any account; and I can say nothing myself, except that the girl appeared to be very

rational in her conduct, but the young man had less judgment. Both, in perfect accordance with the configuration of their heads, were very reserved in' manner (tres retenus dans leur manière d'être), and doubtless partook of the general character of the Laplanders, which is well known. I had hardly time to take the casts; and previously, in order to render the configuration of the heads more visible, made both the girl and the lad cut off as much of their hair as they would part with. It was of equal length round the head of the latter, as worn by the Laplanders

"The third cast is that of a criminal who died in one of the prisons of Stockholm, and whose body was, according to custom, dissected at the Surgical School, from which the skull was lent me by one of the professors in 1804. These are all the particulars with which I am acquainted. I have preserved the cast on account of its conformation, which is the most unfavourable that I have ever seen of a human head belonging to a civilized gto country in the north of Europe; and it is in this view that I thought it worthy of a place in the Society's collection.

"I shall undertake in a few days a voyage of brief duration to London, and regret much that the advanced stage of the season will not permit me to visit Edinburgh likewise, to inspect the collection of the Phrenological Society, and become acquainted with Mr Combe. His moral work, The Constitution of Man,' is now translated into Swedish, and will be printed on my return, under the title of The Doctrine of Happiness on Earth.

6

Accept, Sir, the assurance of the consideration with which I have the honour to be," &c.

I

(Signed),

G. M. SCHWARTZ."

We have looked into Malte-Brun's Universal Geography for "the general character of the Laplanders," to which Mr Schwartz refers; and have been gratified by finding a striking description of the manifestations of very powerful Secretiveness. That organ is very large, not only in the two heads noticed above, but also in the skull of another Swedish Laplander, a cast of which was presented by Mr Schwartz to the Society in 1832. The entire lateral regions, indeed, are very much developed in all the three; indicating Acquisitiveness, Destructiveness, and Cautiousness, to be also large*. Hence the whole present a globular appearance. The Laplanders, says MalteBrun," are at once passionate and timid; their choler may be easily excited, but their fear prompts them to dissemble or sup

The two heads are Busts 161 and 162 in the Museum; the Lapland skull is No. 184 of National Skulls; and that of the criminal is Skull No. 27.

press it. Every stranger is considered as a spy, whose object is to discover their wealth, that a heavier impost may be exacted. Paper money was attempted, without success, to be introduced amongst them; fathers then concealed their gold and silver in the cavities of rocks, and forgot sometimes to tell their children where the wealth was deposited,,, This distrust is accompanied with great avarice and selfishness; he who has any thing to sell always tries to cheat the purchaser, and the cunning Russian is often the dupe of the Laplander." (Vol. vi. p. 466,) Destructiveness renders them passionate, Cautiousness timid, Acquisitiveness avaricious, and Secretiveness, suspicious and dissembling. 7010 521 B Har ba da orli quu ziblod to eqadrog 12

THE few observations now to be offered on the function of the organ No. III., we shall introduce in the shape of a commentary on a section devoted to this subject by Mr Dean, in his recently published Lectures on Phrenology. That writer starts objections to the views both of Dr Spurzheim and of Mr Combe. As these two phrenologists have left this faculty open for consideration, and as the best mode of arriving at truth is to listen to the suggestions of every honest inquirer, we subjoin all that Mr Dean says on the subject.

"The function ascribed to this faculty by Dr Spurzheim, is the propensity to inhabit a particular place. He grounds the existence of the propensity upon the assumption that nature intended every region should be inhabited, and has, therefore, bestowed upon all her animated productions an inhabitive propensity.

"The objection that occurs to me goes to the existence of a faculty possessing this kind of function. The original intention of nature, that different climates should be inhabited by different animals, and that, in this manner, every region should be peopled, is clearly indicated by the fact that she has adapted the physical constitution and capacities of the animal to the climate she intends it to inhabit. The same great system of adaptation that fits man to be a tenant of this earth, fits the various races of animals to inhabit the varied climates, where we actually find them. The disposition to inhabit, therefore, is a general and not a particular result. A faculty possessing this specific function, for the purpose of being a faculty, must be independent. If, in the exercise of that independence, it should

select a climate to which the constitution and capacities of the animal are adapted, its exercise would be useless; because the animal possesses an original tendency to such selection. If it should select one to which the animal is not adapted, its exercise would be worse than useless. To bestow a faculty that at best can do no good, and at worst can do harm, never could have been originally intended. ondense Ene 95:35, JA

Mr Combe and the Edinburgh Phrenological School, name the faculty which they locate in this part, Concentrativeness; and ascribe to it the function of concentrating and continuing the exercise of mental power upon one particular object; or rather, perhaps, of holding up the object itself as the only subject of contemplation, at the same time excluding all others from interference. They observe that some individuals are much more abstracted than others, and possess, to a great extent, the power of concentrating and continuing upon one object their intellects and feelings.

"There are objections to the existence of a faculty possessing the function here ascribed to it.

"The functions of the several faculties are nothing more than their several modes of action, consequent upon the relations existing between them and the objects upon which they are destined to act, and be acted upon. These relations have the force and effect of natural laws. To allow the existence of a faculty, the function of which is of a supervisory character, and the office of which is to combine, concentrate, and continue the action of the different faculties, when nature has already established the relations between them and their objects, would seem to be nothing more in effect, than to suppose that nature made a second provision for the purpose of controlling and thus rendering nugatory the first, or to save her credit by its efficiency, supposing the first should fail.

If one faculty of mind predominates, its stimulus will arouse, and in some measure direct, the energies of other faculties, the peculiar action of whose functions can assist it in its investigations. If this stimulus be what is meant by the function of this faculty, it could not, perhaps, be deemed objectionable. But we are precluded from making this supposition, for the reason that if it were, this faculty would be dependent upon the predominating faculty for any the least operation of its peculiar function, and if dependent, could not fall within the definition of a faculty, which is defined to be an independent power.

"Between other faculties and external objects, relations exist, and consequent upon those relations are the operations of their functions. But here relations can only exist between this and other faculties, not external objects. What these relations are, I am unable to perceive, unless they consist in the stimulus of