not to be objected to by any sect. One point should never be yielded no Normal school ought to be exclusively in the hands of any sect, whether dominant or dissenting.

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If it should startle the reader to be told, that all the studies above mentioned are necessary, in an average education bestowed from six to sixteen, and if he should doubt the practicability of their realization, either by the teacher on the one hand, or the pupils on the other, the writer has great pleasure in stating, that the whole, or nearly the whole, is realized, and realized by one teacher, in several seminaries known to him. Much of it, though not yet all, is done in the English department of Mr Cunningham's academy in Edinburgh, and in other institutions both in England and Scotland; but certainly nowhere so completely and satisfactorily, both in matter and method of teaching, as in the English department of the self-reformed High School of Glasgow. The writer calls it self-reformed, for it is the solitary instance, known to him at least, of any institution, literary or political, being reformed from within. Mr Dorsey, a gentlenian accomplished in an extraordinary degree in literature and science, and unrivalled in his mode of communication, has the merit of conducting, and indeed of having created, the English department in that school; which, embracing, as it does, all that is above detailed, constitutes a complete education, short of the dead and living foreign languages, and of the higher pursuits of college.*

Last of all, the writer begs humbly to suggest, that it would be expedient for the Government to begin with ONE Normal school, which even the normal teachers in others to be subsequently established should, for a certain time, attend along with the ordinary seminants. UNIFORMITY, upon the best model which can be established, is too important, too vital, to the whole system of popular education, to require to be more than hinted at. Give but undivided attention, at first, to one great and, as nearly as possible, perfect Normal school, and others, even improved by its experience, will be matter of easy subsequent organization.

ARTICLE III.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES, AND, IN PARTICULAR, ON THE MODES AND LAWS OF THE ACTIVITY OF DESTRUCTIVENESS. By Mr ROBERT COX.

THE proneness of any cerebral organ to act, and the intensity of its action, are influenced by a variety of different circum

• The writer lately went to Glasgow for the purpose of witnessing Mr Dorsey's method in actual operation in his own hands; and found it to justify the most favourable reports he had heard of it.

stances. These are, first, the extent of its development; second, its quality, temperament, or internal organic constitution; third, the external causes of excitement to which it is exposed, and the exercise or training which it has undergone; fourth, the quantity, quality, and force and quickness of circulation, of the blood by which it is stimulated; and, fifth, the influence exerted upon it by other portions of the brain and nervous system. Of all these particulars, the development of the organ is that in regard to which there is generally least difficulty in the way of the practical phrenologist ;-the means of judging of the quality of the brain have been investigated with considerable, though not yet perfect, success;-the effects of training, external circumstances, and the condition of the blood, have been largely elucidated;-but with regard to the mutual influence of the organs, an ample field appears to remain unexplored. There are different modes in which one cerebral organ may be said to influence another. First, it may restrain us from acting under the other's impulse, without in any degree lessening the force of that impulse itself; as when a person who ardently desires to strike his neighbour, is prevented by Cautiousness from gratifying this inclination. Or, in the second place, it may direct the other to seek gratification in a particular line of conduct; as when an avaricious man is led by Conscientiousness to amass wealth by honest industry rather than by theft. In such cases, however, it is only the result of the activity that is modified, not the activity itself; so that, strictly speaking, the mutual influence of the organs is the production, increase, diminution, or extinction, of the activity of one organ, consequent upon certain states of other organs. As already hinted, this department of Phrenology, though a most interesting field of inquiry, has hitherto been greatly overlooked. Dr Spurzheim adverts to it in a brief and somewhat unsatisfactory manner in his work on Education, a chapter of which is devoted to "the mutual influence of the faculties as a means of excitement ;" and the subject is touched upon in a cursory way also by Mr Combe, in his analysis of Association in the "System of Phrenology." It is intricate and bewildering in no ordinary degree, but, being also of very great importance, obviously deserves to be minutely and carefully investigated. I have of late bestowed considerable attention upon this department of the physiology of the brain, and am convinced that phrenologists may labour in it with every encouragement to hope for useful and valuable discoveries. data as I have been able to collect, appear to shew that the mutual influence of the organs is regulated by general laws -which, however, are, for special purposes, subject to modification by particular laws, regulating only certain organs. My

Such

speculations concerning the former class of laws here alluded to, although they have made some progress, are not yet sufficiently mature for publication; but in regard to at least one department of the particular laws, precise and definite conclusions are believed to have been arrived at. These I shall endeavour to expound in the following essay; which, it may be stated, is meant to serve, at the same time, as a dissertation on the part performed by Destructiveness in the animal economy. 255 256 ・a deostgezib to int

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Almost every form of activity of the mental faculties is com prehended within one of two great classes of manifestations→→ that in which the activity or excitement is attended with plea, sure, and that in which it gives rise to disagreeable sensations or pain. When the sense of Taste, for example, is stimulated by honey applied to the tongue, the action of the faculty, so induced, is agreeable; while, on the other hand, the sensation which arises in consequence of a drug being taken into the mouth, is nauseous and unpleasant. The sense of Feeling, in like manner, is pleased by any gentle tickling, and by the rubbing of smooth bodies on the skin; but painfully affected when a horsewhip or a branding-iron is applied. Many sounds are soothing and delightful to the sense of Hearing; while others, as the creaking of a file, cause every nerve in sensitive persons to thrill with pain. The fragrance of the rose or the violet gra tifies Smell; but assafoetida and sulphuretted hydrogen are in general felt to be intolerably offensive. Acquisitiveness rejoices in the contemplation of rapidly increasing possessions, but suffers pain when the pocket is disburdened of a well-filled purse. Self-Esteem is fond of obedience and deference on the part of others; but galled when its possessor is domineered over, con, temned, insulted, or reduced to slavery. To Love of Approba tion, nothing can be more delightful than applause, admiration, and fame; but he in whom it predominates is driven to desperation by infamy and reproach. Parents with strong Philoprogenitiveness are gratified by the existence and society of their offspring; but the death of a beloved child renders them for a time inconsolable. Adhesiveness rejoices in the affection of a trusty and sympathizing friend; separation from whom, however, is productive of the acutest pain. Benevolence is gratified by witnessing the comfort and happiness of sentient beings, and afflicted by the spectacle of misery and pain. Cautiousness experiences satisfaction in the absence of danger,—as when a shipwrecked sailor finds himself secure upon the beach, or when a battle is witnessed from the fortifications of an impregnable stronghold; but the activity of the faculty is disagreeable when its possessor himself is in circumstances of peril and gloom.

Ideality delights in the elegant and beautiful, but loathes what is mean, squalid, and unrefined. Tune is pleased by the harmony and melody of music, but finds in discord a source of grievous annoyance. Order delights in the proper arrangement, the neatness, and the cleanliness, of surrounding objects; but is ill at ease in the midst of disorder and dirt.

It is farther to be remarked, that when a faculty is disappointed of a wished for gratification, its activity becomes painful or disagreeable: thus Acquisitiveness regrets the issue of an unprofitable speculation, even although no positive loss be sustained. Another important circumstance is, that the unsatisfied cravings of every faculty are accompanied with misery or uneasiness; as when one who pants for reputation finds himself passing through the cool sequestered vale of life" unnoticed and unknown. The forced activity, moreover, of every faculty is disagreeable; and, lastly, when a faculty is made to work too much or in too monotonous a way, uneasy sensations are the never-failing result. Muscular or mental fatigue, for instance, and muscular exercise against one's inclination, are by no means pleasant; Tune is disgusted by superabundance or too frequent repetition of music; and the sense of taste is palled by protracted eating of even the daintiest food.

Happiness, therefore, as is abundantly obvious from the preceding remarks, consists in nothing else but the satisfaction or agreeable activity of our several faculties; while misery is simply their disagreeable excitement: and hence, with a view to the prevention and diminution of misery, it is highly important to ward off or remove every cause productive of an unpleasant affection of any of our organs. We are surrounded by fellow-mortals, each endeavouring to secure for himself the greatest attainable amount of gratification, and very frequently indifferent whether or not, in the eager pursuit of his object, he painfully excite the faculties of other members of the community. Persons in whom Acquisitiveness and Self-Esteem predominate over the moral faculties of the mind, have a strong desire to appropriate to themselves the wealth pertaining to their neighbours; inordinate Self-Esteem leads the unprincipled to tyrannize over their weaker brethren; while Destructiveness prompts another class to excite painful feelings, corporeal or mental, in those against whom they have, or even have not, conceived a dislike. The world, moreover, is in many places in. fested by animals which devour, disfigure, or destroy the property of man, inflict pain upon his body, and are sometimes both able and willing to tear him to pieces. Rats, mice, foxes, and wolves, in civilized countries, and bears and tigers in the desert, with many analogous tribes which it is needless to enumerate, would, if left undisturbed, speedily render the world

a scene of incessant molestation and alarm, and totally unfit to be the residence of the human race.

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The disagreeable excitement of our faculties being thus, in many instances, brought about by the conduct of our fellowcreatures, it is important that man, as well as the lower animals, (whose condition in this respect resembles his,) should be provided with the means of warding off the causes of pain,—of extinguishing them when their influence actually reaches him,and of thus either avoiding altogether the unhappiness which it is their nature to produce, or at least materially abridging the period of its endurance.

There are two modes in which the disagreeable effects of such causes may be escaped from :-Either, first, we may allow them to exist unchecked, but in some manner shield ourselves from their influence; or, secondly, we may put counteracting causes into operation-motives may be presented to the minds of surrounding beings, which shall induce them to refrain or desist from gratifying their desires at our expense. The strongest motive of this sort is obtained by disagreeably exciting their own faculties-by paining, for instance, their sense of feeling, or Acquisitiveness, or Love of Approbation; for nothing tends so much to prevent men from gratifying their desires, as the endurance of, or knowledge that they must subsequently endure, an amount of suffering equal to that which they occasion in others. Finally, should no available motive have power to stay or avert the aggressor, he may be rendered incapable of doing mischief by disabling his person or depriving him of life.

To the first of these modes of warding off or abridging the duration of pain, we are instinctively urged by the sentiment of Cautiousness, and to the second by the propensity of Destructiveness. Some of the lower animals, such as the sheep and the hare, are almost destitute both of Destructiveness and of the instruments by means of which carnivorous animals carry its dictates into effect; while Cautiousness, on the contrary, is in them exceedingly powerful,- keeps them for the most part out of

I say almost destitute; for although it is commonly affirmed that herbivorous animals are not endowed with Destructiveness at all, there seems good reason for doubting the truth of this opinion. A tame ram which I once possessed became very mischievous. He repeatedly broke to pieces the door of his hut, and the trough in which his food was placed. During the day, he used to lie very frequently outside of the door of the house where I lived, and, when disturbed by any one coming out, revenged himself by following close behind, and butting the person violently, so as, in some instances, to knock him down. He was, moreover, a terror to all the children in the neighbourhood, who, if they encroached upon his domain, were sure of being at. tacked and maltreated. At length his pranks became intolerable, and he was put to death. With regard to hares, Dr Gall himself (tome iv. p. 7) mentions that they fight so furiously with each other, that occasionally their skins are torn, and their persons mutilated.