the young gentlemen have a little bread and milk, and at about half-past eight retire to bed: any of the elder ones who have improved their time during the day, and wish, for some specified purpose, to remain up, are always allowed to do so for an hour longer.

"Boys usually provide for themselves athletic games, independently of any mechanical provisions for exercise; nevertheless, in the play-ground attached to the premises, I have erected poles, parallel bars, &c. for gymnastic exercises: they also have a little car, in which they revolve one another with great rapidity round the ground to the speedy exhaustion of the muscular energies, &c. During the months of August and September Mr Roland of Edinburgh attends to give lessons in gymnastics and fencing. I have taken a garden immediately adjoining the play-ground, for the farther amusement of my pupils (having already one for my own amusement, and for the supply of the family with vegetables, &c.), and I shall do all in my power to induce them to cultivate it diligently and perseveringly.

"I do not know that our noon-day walk will meet with your approval; but there are some boys who, unless they were required to take exercise, would not, either from a studious dispo sition, or from quiet and retiring habits, exert voluntarily their muscular system to the extent which health requires. On a Saturday afternoon we take a more extensive and less constrained ramble.

"I have thus endeavoured faithfully and without reserve to answer your inquiries; and, allow me to say, I feel much obliged to you for the kind interest which these inquiries manifest. Sometimes descriptions look better on paper than the reality does on actual inspection. Should you have leisure during the short remainder of your stay at Newcastle to look in upon me at any time, I shall feel very great pleasure in shewing you our sleeping apartments and play-ground, that you may witness any disad vantages under which we labour, as well as any advantages which we may possess.

"You observed to me, when I had the pleasure of seeing you, that, under the system we pursued, very little severity would be necessary. In connection with this subject I may mention one fact for a year past, and I believe for some years previous, not a single instance of fighting' has occurred amongst the boys. I believe that, amongst so large a number of boys, their boxing propensities are generally more frequently manifested. Occasionally complaints are brought to me of one boy having annoyed another in some way: anxious to repress all unfeeling rudeness on the one hand, and querulousness on the other, I generally tell the complainant to apply to me again at some leisure time, probably an hour or two afterwards; and the consequence is, I

seldom hear any thing of it again, the parties having become good friends in the interval.

"As a farther demonstration of kindly feeling on the part of the pupils, I have enclosed two printed papers, which the inte rest you take in the development of character assures me you will not think an intrusion of private or trifling affairs upon your attention. I am, dear Sir, yours very respectfully,

J. C. BRUCE."

On the 29th of October, Mr Combe again visited Mr Bruce's Academy, and found the facts mentioned in this letter confirmed by his own observations. He mentioned to Mr Bruce that he considered the number of pupils too great in the sleeping apartments for their size.

ARTICLE XII.

PHRENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE

CHARACTER OF

GEORGE CAMPBELL, recently executed at Glasgow for Murder.

On the 29th of September 1835, George Campbell was executed at Glasgow for murder. As the crime was characterized by peculiarly atrocious features, and his conduct, on receiving sentence, marked by unparalleled ferocity, I was anxious to ascertain how far the developments, in a phrenological point of view, harmonized with so strongly marked and singular a character. Having asked permission of the Magistrates to take a cast of his head after death, the request was, in the most liberal manner, at once granted, and a cast was accordingly taken. On examining this cast, I, as well as every one conversant with Phrenology by whom it was seen, perceived at once that it in a most remarkable degree confirmed the doctrines of Gall. Conceiving, however, that a previous knowledge of the individual might have had some influence in swaying our judgments, and making us see a greater analogy between the physical organization and the mental character than was actually warranted by circumstances, I came to the resolution of sending the cast to an eminent phrenologist in Edinburgh, for the purpose of learning what in ference he without any bias, and in perfect ignorance of the person from whom it was taken-would draw from it. To prevent the possibility of any suspicion being aroused on his part, the cast was forwarded, not to him, but to another gentleman, who was requested to deliver it into his hands, without saying whose head it was, by whom it was sent, or from what quarter it came. To make assurance doubly sure, that portion of the neck at the

From the Glasgow Courier of 22d October 1835.

angle of the jaw, marked by the pressure of the rope, was carefully removed. No external mark was thus left to indicate that the person had perished by strangulation, nor did the countenance display the slightest appearance of violent death. This fact may be verified by any person who chooses to examine the cast. The gentleman to whom it was sent performed his part with scrupulous fidelity, and handed the cast to the object of its destination. "Mr- ," says he, " had no information except what he has prefixed to his paper, and the knowledge of the fact that the cast was that of a dead man." This information refers to the age, temperament, and education of the criminalcircumstances which must always be known before any thing like a just deduction can be drawn.

Campbell was of Irish parentage. In appearance he was a good-looking, and rather prepossessing young man. In stature he stood about five feet seven inches; he was cleanly made, and rather athletic. While very young he entered the army, where he remained seven years. Of his general conduct there I am unable to learn any thing that can be depended upon: suffice it to say, he was at one time severely flogged for striking his sergeant. On leaving the army, he went to his father's house, but soon left it in consequence of some family quarrels. He then took up his lodgings with a woman named Hanlin, with whose daughter (and with the mother also, if accounts can be trusted) he lived in a state of fornication. Hanlin's house was a most abandoned one. Lord Meadowbank, one of the Judges before whom Campbell was tried, pronounced it, with great truth and force of language, "a den of infamy, and the old woman the presiding demon of the place." It was for murdering this woman that Campbell paid the forfeit of his life. He had frequently threatened to murder her, and one day carried his purpose into effect, by literally, and in the most determined and ferocious manner, trampling her to death. After committing this crime, he made no attempt to escape, but went and informed the neighbours that the woman had killed herself by drinking. He was apprehended, tried, and convicted, very much to his own astonishment; and when sentence was passed upon him, he burst forth into a volley of imprecations against the Judges, such as never before polluted a court of justice. Those present on the occasion describe his conduct as unutterably horrible and disgusting. On being taken to the condemned cell, he seemed more attentive to his food than to any thing else, complained bitterly of the jail allowance, and expressed great satisfaction when supplied with food of a better quality. He was grossly ignorant, obdu

Having been the medium of communication between the writer of the present article and the phrenologist to whom the cast was sent, we are able to certify the correctness of these statements. The cast is now in the mueum of the Phrenological Society.—ED. P. J.

rate, and impenitent. The respectable Catholic clergymen by whom he was attended (for he belonged to that Church) had great difficulty in making him comprehend almost any thing. To the last he denied his guilt. He may have acknowledged it privately to his confessor; but this, of course, is not known. He was vain of his person, and inclined to dress neatly. As a proof of this he devoted a quarter of an hour, immediately previous to his execution, to curling his hair. On mounting the scaffold, he displayed wonderful firmness; walking erectly, tossing his head back in a theatrical manner, and having a bold swaggering appearance. All accounts agree in representing his life, so far as it is known, as rude, turbulent, and debauched. To the young woman with whom he cohabited, he was attached, although this did not prevent him from occasionally beating her, I suppose in his drunken fits. The attachment was returned on her part, aud remained unweakened even after he murdered her mother: she visited him in jail subsequently to his condemnation, and seemed much affected by his situation. Having made these preliminary remarks, let us now turn to the phrenological analysis, which is as follows:

Plaster cast-size a little above average-temperament nervous-bilious—age 25—uneducated-dissipated.

"I was struck with the resemblance of this cast to that of the too famous Thurtell, in the Phrenological Society's collec tion, only that Thurtell's Benevolence was larger, and his head generally larger; and, on turning to the development preserv ed of Thurtell in the Phrenological Journal, vol. i. p. 328, (but not till I had noted down that of the cast sent me), I found them to agree to a great extent. The individual from whom this cast was taken, being uneducated, and having possessed an active temperament, would give unrestrained vent to a degree of animalism and selfishness, which must have rendered him a nuisance to his neighbourhood. He has the organization of gross sensuality in all its three points. Even when sober, he had the tendency to brawling and bullying-a compound of impudent assurance, self-conceit, vanity, insolence, tyranny, obstinacy, violence, and cruelty; but, when drunk, a strait-waistcoat, or a cell in the police-office, would be absolutely necessary. He would be loud, boisterous, opinionative, and contentious, and his oaths and imprecations would be horrible; while his abuse would have in it an energy, malignity, and grossness peculiarly his own. His selfishness would be unmitigated; grasping, without ever giving, would characterize him. His indifference to the misfortunes or sufferings of others would be marked; and scenes of suffering, such as executions, floggings, surgical operations, prize and cock fights, would greatly delight him. A

single word which he felt as slighting or ridiculing him, would be returned by a blow; but many an insult he would put on others, and in many a brawl he would be engaged. Nevertheless, he would not expose himself to unnecessary danger, but would calculate his adversary's strength before he proceeded to beat and bruise him or her; for his utter want of refinement and generosity would make no difference of sex or age, saving always the very young-for the only soft corner of his heart seems to have been love of children. He was cunning, and probably a measureless liar, both in his vain-glorious boastings, and for all other selfish ends. He was a plotter and manœuverer ; but although, from miserable reasoning powers, his schemes would be ill-laid, he would have great pride in being thought a deep dog. He was superstitious, a lover of the marvellous, and accessible to religious terrors; a ghost would settle him in his most boisterous moments. He would court society, and dislike solitude; seeking, of course, to be always the cock of the company, for there would be about him a great share of vulgar self-importance.

"The knowing faculties seem good, and must have given considerable aptness and quickness. The Locality would give a roaming turn, and a knowledge of places. There must have been order and arrangement, which might shew themselves in neatness and tidiness of dress. There is Music, or the love of it, strong; and Time so largely endowed, as not only to aid music, but to give the power of telling the hour at any time without looking at the clock. The reflecting faculties are very poor indeed, which would produce a deficiency in sense, and an utter blindness to the simplest consequences. This defect would render abortive many a plan to deceive. Gambling and betting would have for this unfortunately organized being peculiar charms. He loved money, and would not be scrupulous about the means of getting it; while every farthing of it would go for selfish, and chiefly sensual indulgences.

"The cast appearing to have been taken after death, I asked, and was informed that the individual is dead, and has ceased from troubling' and I congratulate all who knew him on the riddance. I should like to learn how he died-it could not be peacefully in his bed. Query-Was he hanged for beating out some one's brains, or otherwise murdering with ruthless brutality?

"If such was his fate, I have only to say, that in that enlightened system of criminal treatment to which the country is coming, because it must, it needed not to have been so. A penitentiary department will come to be allotted for the constitutionally violent, brutal, and cruel, who will be put within walls for a long course of reformatory education, on the first convic