The following is a table of the dimensions of the cast of Adam's head, and development of the different organs.

1. Dimensions.

Greatest circumference of Head,

Inches. 223

From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head, 14
Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,
Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality,

13

73

Concentrativeness to Comparison,

Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,

Individuality

Benevolence,
Firmness,

Destructiveness to Destructiveness,

Secretiveness to Secretiveness,

Cautiousness to Cautiousness,

Ideality to Ideality,

Constructiveness to Constructiveness,

Mastoid process to Mastoid process,

5

SCALE. Idiocy, 2; very small, 4; small, 6; rather small, 8; moderate, 10; rather full, 12; full, 14; rather large, 16; large, 18; very large, 20.

Murderers may be divided into three great classes. The first comprises the naturally blood-thirsty-men directly actuated by an overpowering Destructiveness. Many instances of this class of criminals are on record. Several are quoted in our last number, p. 500, and the following particulars mentioned by Dr Caldwell in his New Views of Penitentiary Discipline, furnish a good illustration of it. "In some individuals," says he, "the instinct of Destructiveness is like that of a tiger. Nothing can appease it but blood. We possess the skull of a man who was executed, at the age of about thirty, for the last of nine murders, the whole of which he acknowledged he had committed from an inherent love of slaughter. He murdered as an amateur. The flowing of blood he declared to be delightful to him. Hence he never failed to cut, from ear to ear, the throat of his victim. In the case of his last murder, he would probably have escaped detection, had it not been for this horrid sanguinary propensity. After having proceeded several miles from the place of his felony, he turned back to cut the throat of him whom he had murdered, and was apprehended. His whole animal compartment, but especially in the region of Combativeness and Destructiveness, was unusually large." The character of Linn is of a like description, and the shape of his head corresponds. The basilar and occipital regions, in which are situated the organs of the animal propensities, are extremely large, while the top of the head is comparatively deficient. We intended to insert an account of Linn in the present article, but are compelled by want of space to reserve it for our next number.

In the second class of murderers may be included those who are blood-thirsty from circumstances; that is, whose Destructiveness, though not in itself habitually of inordinate strength, is roused by provocation, or disagreeable affections of other organs generally, according to a law expounded and illustrated at great length in our 45th number, article third. In such cases, the passion usually has the form of resentment, which subsides with the disagreeable sensations that produced it. David Balfour, executed at Dundee on 2d June 1826, for the murder of his wife, belongs to this class of criminals. His head, of which there is a cast in the collection of the Phrenological Society, indicates no extreme preponderance of the organs of the propensities over those of the moral powers. In fact, although always a man of strong feeling, he bore a respectable character for many years; and he was goaded to the commission of the crime by his wife's long-continued misconduct, which preyed grievously upon his mind.* Othello may be referred to as another illustration. Jealousy indeed every intensely disagreeable emotion-has the effect of rousing Destructiveness:

"Jealous he grew; and jealousy supplied
His mind with rage, unsoothed, unsatisfied."

Crabbe.

The third class of murderers is composed of persons who commit the crime, not from the excitement of passion, or any purely destructive impulse, but as the only or readiest way of removing an obstacle to the accomplishment of a much desired end, such as obtaining possession of money, or effecting an escape from confinement or annoyance. The Thugs or Stranglers of Central India, whose profession it is to murder travellers for the sake of plunder, exemplify this class well.† David Haggart, executed at Edinburgh on 17th July 1821, for the murder of the jailor at Dumfries, may be taken as another, though less striking, example. His purpose was not to murder, but merely to stun his victim, in order to facilitate escape from the prison; and, on hearing a boy tell that the blow had been fatal, his better feelings suffered dreadfully. "The words," says he, "struck me to the soul; my heart died within me; and I was insensible for a good while on coming to myself I could scarcely believe I had heard them; for the possibility of poor Morrin's death had never entered into my mind." Benevolence was well developed in Haggart's head, and Destructiveness was not excessive.

• Phren. Journ. iii. 393.

+ Life of D. Haggart, Edin. 1821.

+ Ibid. viii. 527.

It appears to us that Adam's case partakes of the character of the second and third classes, chiefly the third. That he does not fall within the first, is abundantly obvious from the statements of Mr Cannan and Dorothy Elliot, and also of the person by whom he was employed as a labourer at Dingwall. All these concur in representing his habitual temper as the reverse of ferocious. From his childhood up to the nineteenth year of his age," says Mr Cannan," he was generally considered mild, peaceable, obliging, merry, free from malice, honcst, forgiving, and not addicted to swearing or intemperance;' and his employer, in the evidence given at the trial, represented him as having been, during the preceding twelve months while in his service," a steady, industrious, sober, harmless, and inoffensive man; witness never saw a frown on his face." We are farther told by Mr Cannan, that, when his mother scolded him," he never said any thing harsh in return." These are not indications of a mind naturally and inherently savage; and we are of opinion, that the idea of murdering his victim arose much less from any direct malevolence or cruelty towards her personally, than from his being unable to devise any better way by which he could rid himself of an obstacle to the gratification of his selfish desires. There is too much Destructiveness and too little morality to have revolted at such a way of attaining his end; and his mind may have been reconciled to it by her age and homely appearance. Macbeth murdering Duncan is an analogous case. The two motives, unconnected with Destructiveness, by which Adam was chiefly actuated, appear to have been, 1st, a desire to get possession of the woman's money; and, 2dly, a wish to free himself of her society, which was far inferior in attractions to that of Dorothy

Elliot. We have sometimes thought that, when the feeling of the love of life is weak in an individual, the crime of murder is regarded with less detestation and horror than by persons differently constituted; and it is not unlikely that some portion of the apparent callousness of Adam proceeded from such a cause. Firmness was so strong, that having resolved, in one of his sullen moods, and under the influence of the motives adverted to, to commit the murder, he would persist in carrying his resolution into effect, even though conscious of its criminality at the time. Indeed it was explicitly stated by Dorothy Elliot, that he never failed to execute what he had resolved upon or said he would do, and, even when satisfied that he was wrong, persisted in effecting his purpose.

We ought now to enter upon the consideration of the details. of Adam's character and cerebral development; but our space being exhausted, we must confine ourselves for the present to a very few remarks. Our readers will easily perceive how closely the particulars given above correspond with the leading features in the development of Adam's head. The effects of Amativeness, Firmness, and Self-Esteem, which are the largest organs, appear at every step of his history. Secretiveness large and well cultivated, combined with Conscientiousness only rather full and Self-Esteem large, was the origin of his unprincipled fabrication of lies, and disregard of the rights of others when placed in competition with his own. Veneration was sufficient to antagonize Self-Esteem so far as to render his behaviour respectful; although, being associated with moderate Wonder and Reflection, it was never strongly directed to any religious object. Under the dictates of Self-Esteem and Secretiveness, combined with a moderate endowment of the reflective faculties, he appears to have thought his schemes and movements unfathomable by other men; and in this way Cautiousness was apt to be on some occasions lulled into repose. The obstinacy with which he denied his guilt was very remarkable; and in accordance with this, and the general tenor of his character through life, the organ of Firmness (as is remarked in the Inverness Courier) "was so prominent, as to give the head something of a conical appearance. We know," it is added, "that one or two gentlemen who were opposed to Phrenology, have acknowledged that the case of Adam almost made them converts to the truth of this science."