For who can go so far from Rome? Besides, who will be such a Pylades' as to venture beyond the rampart of the camp? So let us dry up our tears forthwith, and not trouble our friends, who will be sure to excuse themselves. When the judge calls on you, "Produce your witness," 2 let the man, whoever he may be, that saw the cuffs, have the courage to stand forth and say, "I saw3 the act," and I will hold him worthy of the beard, and worthy of the long hair of our ancestors. You could with greater ease suborn a false witness against a civilian," than one who would speak the truth against the fortune and the dignity of the man-at-arms.

Now let us observe other prizes and other solid advantages of the military life. If some rascally neighbour has defrauded me of a portion of the valley of my paternal fields, or encroached on my land and removed the consecrated stone from the boundary that separates our estates, that stone which my in agros"). This was one of the tender recollections Umbritius had when leaving Rome. The caliga, being a thick sole with no upper leather, bound to the foot with thongs, and studded underneath with iron nails, would be a fearful thing to encounter on one's shins or toes. (Justin says, "Antiochus' soldiers were shod with gold; treading that under foot for which men fight with iron.")

Pylades.

2 Da testem.

"And where's the Pylades, the faithful friend,
That shall thy journey to the camp attend?

Be wise in time! See those tremendous shoes!

Nor ask a service which e'en fools refuse." Badham.

Cf. iii. 137.

3 Vidi. Cf. vii. 13, "Quam si dicas sub judice Vidi, quod non vidisti." Barbâ. Cf. ad iv. 103. Barbers were introduced from Sicily to Rome by P. Ticinius Mæna, A. U. c. 454. Scipio Africanus is said to have been the first Roman who shaved daily. Cf. Plin. vii. 95. Hor. i. Od. xii. 41, Incomptis Curium capillis." ii. Od. xv. 11, "Intonsi Catonis." Tib. II. i. 34," Intonsis avis."

5

Paganum. Cf. ad 1. 8. It appears that under the emperors husbandmen were exempt from military service, in order that the land might not fall out of cultivation. The " paganus "therefore is opposed to the " armatus here, and by Pliny, Epist. x. 18, "Et milites et pagani." Epist. vii. 25, “Ut in castris, sic etiam in literis nostris, (sunt,) plures cultu pagano quos cinctos et armatos, diligentius scrutatus invenies." Pagus is derived from the Doric wayά; because villages were originally formed round springs of water. Cf. Hooker's Eccl. Pol. lib. v. c. 80.

"With much more ease false witnesses you'll find
To swear away the life of some poor hind,
Than get the true ones all they know to own
Against a soldier's fortune and renown." Hodgson.

1

pulse bas yearly honoured with the meal-cake derived from ancient days, or if my debtor persists in refusing repayment of the sum I lent him, asserting that the deed is invalid and the signature a forgery: I shall have to wait a whole year occupied with the causes of the whole nation, before my case comes on. But even then I must put up with a thousand tedious delays, a thousand difficulties. So many times the benches only are prepared; then, when the eloquent Cæditius2 is laying aside his cloak, and Fuscus must retire for a little, though all prepared, we must break up; and battle in the tediouslyprotracted arena of the court. But in the case of those who wear armour, and buckle on the belt, whatever time suits them is fixed for the hearing of their cause, nor is their fortune frittered away by the slow drag-chain3 of the law.

Besides, it is only to soldiers that the privilege is granted, of making their wills while their fathers are still alive. For

1 Puls annua. Cf. Dionys. Hal. ii. 9, θεούς τε γὰρ ἡγοῦνται τοὺς τέρμονας, καὶ θύουσιν αὐτοῖς ἔτι τῶν μὲν ἐμψύχων οὐδέν· οὐ γὰρ ὅσιον αἱμάττειν τοὺς λίθους· πελάνους δὲ Δήμητρος, καὶ ἄλλας τινὰς καρπῶν ἀπαρχάς. "For they hold the boundary stones to be gods: and sacrifice to them nothing that has life, because it would be impious to stain the stones with blood; but they offer wheaten cakes, and other first-fruits of their crops." The divisions of land were maintained by investing the stones which served as landmarks with a religious character: the removal of these, therefore, added the crime of sacrilege to that of dishonesty, and brought down on the heathen the curse invoked in the purer system of theology, "Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark," Deut. xxvii. 17. To these rude stones, afterwards sculptured (like the Herma) into the form of the god Terminus above, the rustics went in solemn procession annually, and offered the produce of the soil; flowers and fruits, and the never-failing wine, and "mola salsa." Numa is said by Plutarch to have introduced the custom into Italy, and one of his anathemas is still preserved : "Qui terminum exarasit, ipsus et boves sacrei sunto." Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 204. Hom. Il. xxi. 405. Virg. Æn. xii. 896.

2 Caditio. xiii. 197, " Pœna sævior illis quas et Cæditius gravis invenit et Rhadamanthus." But it is very doubtful whether the same person is intended here; as also whether Fuscus is the same whose wife's drinking propensities are hinted at, xii. 45, "dignum sitiente Pholo, vel conjuge Fusci." (Pliny has an epistle to Corn. Fuscus, vii. 9.) He is probably the Aurelius Fuscus, to whom Martial wrote, vii. Ep. 28. 3 Sufflamine. "Nor are their wealth and patience worn away

By the slow drag-chain of the law's delay." Gifford. Testandi vivo patre. Under ordinary circumstances the power of a father over his son was absolute, extending even to life and death, and terminating only at the decease of one of the parties. Hence "peculium' is put for the sum of money that a father allows a son, or a master a

And

it has been determined that all that has been earned by the hard toil of military service should not be incorporated with that sum of which the father holds the entire disposa! so it is, that while Coranus follows the standards and earns his daily pay, his father, though tottering on the edge of the grave, pays court to his son that he may make him his heir.

His duties regularly discharged procure the soldier advancement; and yield to every honest exertion1 its justly merited guerdon.2 For doubtless it appears to be the interest of the general himself, that he that proves himself brave should also be most distinguished for good fortune, that all may glory in their trappings,3 all in their golden chains.

slave, to have at his own disposal. But even this permission was revocable. A soldier, who was sui juris, was allowed to name an heir in the presence of three or four witnesses, and if he fell, this "nuda voluntas testatoris " was valid. This privilege was extended by Julius Cæsar to those who were 66 in potestate patris." "Liberam testandi factionem concessit, D. Julius Cæsar: sed ea concessio temporalis erat: posteà vero D. Titus dedit: post hoc Domitianus: postea Divis Nerva plenissimam indulgentiam in milites contulit: eamque et Trajanus secutus est.' "Julius Cæsar granted them the free power of making a will; but this was only a temporary privilege. It was renewed by Titus and Domitian. Nerva afterwards bestowed on them full powers, which were continued to them by Trajan." Vid. Ulpian. 23, § 10. The old Schol. however says this privilege was confined to the "peculium Castrense;" but he is probably mistaken.

1 Labor. Ruperti suggests "favor," to avoid the harshness of the phrase "labor reddit sua dona labori." Browne reads reddi.

2 Dona. Cf. Sil. xv. 254, "Tum merita æquantur donis et præmia Virtus sanguine parta capit: Phaleris hic pectora fulget: Hic torque aurato circumdat bellica colla."

Phaleris. Cf. ad xi. 103, "Ut phaleris gauderet equus." Siccius Dentatus is said to have had 25 phaleræ, 83 torques, 18 hasta puræ, 160 bracelets, 14 civic, 8 golden, 3 mural, and 1 obsidional crown. Plin. VII. xxviii. 9; xxxiii. 2.

Here the Satire terminates abruptly. The conclusion is too tame to be such as Juvenal would have left it, even were the whole subject thoroughly worked up. It is probably an unfinished draught. The commentators are nearly equally balanced as to its being the work of Juvenal or not; but one or two of the touches are too masterly to be by any other hand.

PERSIUS.

PROLOGUE.

I HAVE neither steeped1 my lips in the fountain of the Horse ;2 nor do I remember to have dreamt on the double-peaked3 Par

1 Prolui. Proluere, "to dip the lips," properly applied to cattle. So "procumbere," Sulp. 17. Cf. Stat. Sylv. V. iii. 121, "Risere sorores Aonides, pueroque chelyn submisit et ora imbuit amne sacro jam tum tibi blandus Apollo."

2 Fonte Caballino. Caballus is a term of contempt for a horse, implying a gelding, drudge, or beast of burden," nearly equivalent to Cantherius. Cf. Lucil. ii. fr. xi. (x.), "Succussatoris tetri tardique Caballi." Hor. i. Sat. vi. 59, "Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo." Sen. Ep. 87, "Catonem uno caballo esse contentum." So Juv. x. 60, "Immeritis franguntur crura caballis." Juvenal also applies the term to Pegasus : "Ad quam Gorgonei delapsa est pinna caballi," iii. 118. Pegasus sprang from the blood of Medusa when beheaded by Perseus. Ov. Met. iv. 785, Eripuisse caput collo: pennisque fugacem Pegason et fratrem matris de sanguine natos." The fountain Hippocrenе, inπоvкρývn, sprang up from the stroke of his hoof when he lighted on Mount Helicon. Ov. Fast. iii. 456, "Cum levis Aonias ungula fodit aquas." Hes. Theog. 2-6. Hesych. v. iππоνкρývη. Paus. Boot. 31. Near it was the fountain of Aganippe, and these two springs supplied the rivers Olmius and Permissus, the favourite haunts of the Muses. Hesiod, u. s. Hence those who drank of these were fabled to become poets forthwith. Mosch. Id. ii. 77, ἀμφότεροι παγαῖς πεφιλαμένοι· ὃς μεν ἔπινε Παγασίδος κράνας ὁ δὲ πῶμ' ἔχε τᾶς ̓Αρεθοίσας.

2 Bicipiti. Parnassus is connected towards the south-east with Helicon and the Baotian ridges. It is the highest mountain in Central Greece, and is covered with snow during the greater portion of the year. The Castalian spring is fed by these perpetual snows, and pours down the chasm between the two summits. These are two lofty rocks rising perpendicularly from Delphi, and obtained for the mountain the epithet Cixópupov. Eur. Phon. 234. They were anciently known by the names of Hyampeia and Naupleia, Herod. viii. 39, but sometimes the name Phædriades was applied to them in common. The name of Tithorea was also applied to one of them, as well as to the town of Neon in its neigh

nassus, that so I might on a sudden come forth a poet. The nymphs of Helicon, and pale Pirene,' I resign to those around whose statues 2 the clinging ivy twines.3 I myself, half a clown, bring my verses as a contribution to the inspired effusions of the poets.

Who made the parrot so ready with his salutation,

bourhood. Herod. viii. 32. These heights were sacred to Bacchus and the Muses, and those who slept in their neighbourhood were supposed to receive inspiration from them. Cf. Propert. III. ii. 1, “Visus eram molli recubans Heliconis in umbrâ, Bellerophontei quà fluit humor equi; Reges, Alba, tuos et regum facta tuorum tantum operis nervis hiscere posse meis." Cf. Virg. Æn. vii. 86. Ov. Heroid. xv. 156, seq.

66

1 Pirenen. The fountain of Pirene was in the middle of the forum of Corinth. Ov. Met. ii. 240, “ Ephyre Pirenidas undas." It took its name from the nymph so called, who dissolved into tears at the death of her daughter Cenchrea, accidentally killed by Diana. The water was said to have the property of tempering the Corinthian brass, when plunged redhot into the stream. Paus. ii. 3. Near the source Bellerophon is said to have seized Pegasus, hence called the Pirenæan steed by Euripides. Electr. 475. Cf. Pind. Olymp. xiii. 85, 120. Stat. Theb. iv. 60, “Cenchreæque manus, vatûm qui conscius amnis Gorgoneo percussus equo." Ov. Pont. I. iii. 75. The Latin poets alone make this spring sacred to the Muses. "Pallidam" may refer either to the legend of its origin, or to the wan faces of the votaries of the Muses.

2 Imagines. Cf. Juv. vii. 29, “Qui facis in parvâ sublimia carmina cellâ ut dignus venias hederis et imagine macrâ." Poets were crowned with ivy as well as bay. "Doctarum hederæ præmia frontium." Hor. i. Od. i. 29. The Muses being the companions of Bacchus as well as of Apollo. Ov. A. Am. iii. 411. Mart. viii. Ep. 82. The busts of poets and other eminent literary men were used to adorn public libraries, especially the one in the temple of Palatine Apollo.

3 Lambunt, properly said of a dog's tongue, then of flame. Cf. Virg. Æn. ii. 684, "Tractuque innoxia molli Lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci." So the ivy, climbing and clinging, seems to lick with its forked tongue the objects whose form it closely follows.

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Semipaganus. Paganus is opposed to miles. Juv. xvi. 33. Plin. x. Ep. xviii. Here it means, not wholly undisciplined in the warfare of letters." So Plin. vii. Ep. 25, "Sunt enim ut in castris, sic etiam in litteris nostris plures cultu pagano, quos cinctos et armatos, et quidem, ardentissimo ingenio, diligentius scrutatus invenies."

Affero. tis μéσov pέpw. Casaubon.

Quis expedivit. To preserve his incognito, Persius in this 2nd part of the Prologue represents himself as driven by poverty, though but unprepared, to write for his bread. So Horace ii. Ep. xi. 50, "Decisis humilem pennis inopemque paterni et Laris et fundi paupertas impulit audax ut versus facerem."

Psittaco. Cf. Stat. Sylv. II. iv. 1, 2, " Psittace, dux volucrum, domini facunda voluptas, Humanæ solers imitator, Psittace linguæ!