In pourtraitures, storied with colours meddled, blacke, and other darke colours commenden the golden and the azured painture.-Chaucer. Test. of Loue, b. ii.

Also some of their women race their faces proportionally, as chinne, cheekes, and forehead, and the wrists of their hands, whereupon they lay a colour which continueth dark azurine.-Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 37.

And on his shield enucloped seuenfold
He bore a crowned little ermilin,

That deckt the azure field with her faire pouldred skin.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 2.
By whose ayde

(Weake masters though ye be) I haue bedymn'd
The noone-tide sun, call'd forth the mutinous windes,
And 'twixt the greene sea, and the azur'd vault
Set roaring warre. Shakespeare. Tempest, Act v. sc. 1.
His spear

He walkt with to support uneasie steps
Over the burning marle, not like those steps
On heaven's azure.
Millon. Paradise Lost, b. i.

By the rushy fringed bank,
Where grows the willow and the osier dank,
My sliding chariot stays,
Thick set with agat, and the azurn sheen
Of turkis blue, and emerald green,
That in the channel strays.

Id. Comus.

Direct his eye and contemplation through those azure fields and vast regions above him, up to the fixt stars, that radiant numberless host of heaven; and make him understand, how unlikely a thing it is, that they should be placed there only to adorn and bespangle a canopy over our heads. Wollaston. Religion of Nature 8. 5.

A'ZYME. Gr. Afvuos, without ferment, composed of a, priv. and Cuun, ferment, (Menage.) See Azymus in Vossius.

This word appears to have been used by the translators of the Bibles published at Douay and Rhemes.

They had, (they said.) [i. e. the translators of K. James's bible], on the one side avoided the scrupulosity of the puritanes, who left the old ecclesiastical words and betook them to other, as when they put washing for baptism, and congregation for church; and on the other hand, had shunned the obscuritie of the papists in their azymes, tunike, rational, holocausts, prepuce, pasche, and a number of such like, whereof their late translation was full, and that of purpose to darken the sense, that since they must needs translate the Bible, yet by the language thereof it might be kept from being understood.-Preface to King James's Bible.

BABBLE, v. BABBLE, n.

BABBLEMENT.

BABBLER

BABBLING, n.

BA'BLISHLY.

D. Babelen; Fr. Babille; Gr. Baßažev, Sw. Breablâ; from the Heb. Babel, where, says Junius, the first confusion of speech arose.

To babble, is to talk confusedly, inarticulately; to prate idly, unreasonably, inconsiderately.

Saule knew Samuell by Samuel's owne report; and a Welch man is knowen by his tong; ergo, ministers are knowen by voyce, learning, and doctrine: is not this a proper kind of reasoning? Is this the reuerence due to the scriptures, thus bablishly to abuse them?

Whitgift. Defence, p. 262. For this blessing is geuen to all them that trust in Christe's bloud, that they thrust and hunger to do God's wyll. He that hath not this fayth, is but an vnprofitable babler of faith, and workes, and wotteth neither what he bableth, nor what he meaneth, or wherunto his wordes pertayne.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 66.

Sith frere Barnes I say telleth vs in effecte thys tale contrarye to some other partes of his owne tale, I wel may and will cutte of all his bibble babbel that he maketh in telling vs that the general counsayles maye erre, because it maye be (he sayeth) that they haue not the spirite of God with them.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 754.

And for this cause lette your women in solemn assemblyes holde theyr peace, leste yf, (as that kynde is to muche geuen to babling) there aryse an vncomly confusion.

Udal. Cor. c. 15.

She had a proper wytte, and could both reade and wryte, mery in compaigny, redy and quicke of answere, neyther mute nor full of bable, somtyme tauntyng without displeasure, but not without disporte-Hall. Edw. V.

Ol. Why, what would you?

Vio. Make me a willow cabine at your gate,
And call vpon my soule within the house,
Write loyal cantons of contemned loue,
And sing them lowd euen in the dead of night:
Hollow your name to the reuerberate hills,
And make the babbling gossip of the aire,

Cry out Oliuia.-Shakespeare. Twelfth Night, Act i. sc. 5.

[They] do for the most part grow into hatred and contempt of learning, mock'd and deluded all this while with ragged notions and babblements, while they expected worthy and delig atful knowledge.-Milton. On Education.

B.

When St. Paul was speaking of Christ, and his resurrection, the great Athenian philosophers looked upon all he said to be mere babbling.—Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 89.

The dazzling pomp of words does oft deceive,
And sweet persuasion wins the easy to believe.
When fools and liars labour to persuade,
Be dumb, and let the bablers vainly plead.

Rowe. Golden Verses of Pythagoras.

'Tis not the babbling of a busy world,
Where praise and censure are at random hurl'd,
Which can the meanest of my thoughts control,
Or shake one settled purpose of my soul.

Churchill. The Conference.
Though pointless satire make its weak escape,
In the dull babble of a mimic ape,
Boldly pursue where genius points the way,
Nor heed what monthly puny critics say.

BA'BE. BA'BERY. BA'BY, n. BABY, adj. BABYISH. BABYHOOD. BA'BISH.

Lloyd. Epistle to Churchill. A word, says Skinner, according to Menage, of Syriac origin. Skinner himself would derive it from the Italian, babbolo a babbo : but, as it is purely vor infantulis, and the infants of one country do not borrow from those of another, it needs no foreign etymology. It consists of the repetition of ba, (sc. ba ba,) the earliest, because easiest consonant uttered by children; and framed merely by the interception of the breath from the closure of the lips. Akin to it is the Gr. Пanas, papa; Heb. Ab; Syr. Abba. Udal uses the verb, to babish; and Young, the verb, to baby.

To deceive or delude, as babies; to treat as babies, who are easily deceived, or cheated; deluded, or played upon.

To be leyve leelly upon that litel baby.

Piers Plouhman, p. 326. You, whome it behoued nowe to be strong and stablished in euangelicall Philosophie,haue nede as yet lyke tendre babes to be fed with the mylke of lowest doctryne: rather then be meete to receyue the strong meate of higher learnyng. Udal. Hebrues, c. 5. and the moste parte of the spirituall men also, thynkynge When the duke had doen, the temporal menne wholy, no hurte earthely ment toward the younge baby, condiscended in effecte, that yf he wer not deliuered he shoulde bee fetched oute.-Bp. Hall. Edw. V.

God therfore of mercye, not wyllynge to lose that people of hys, but fauourably to beare with their babysh weakenes, gaue fourth certen rules and preceptes by hys seruaunt Moses.-Bale. Apology, Pref.

And thus hitherto that same oure heauenly soueraigne lord and prince, who had for oure sakes adbassed and humbled hymselfe downe euen to swadlyng cloutes, to the cradle, to crying in his swathing bandes as other children doe, and to the strengillesse babehoode of the bodye, was preached and declared to the worlde by the onelye testymonie of other folkes talkyng.-Udai. Luke, c. 2.

Neuerthelesse we do not thus babyske womankynde, as thoughe we woulde exclude them from the felowslyp of saluation.-Id. Timothy, c. 3.

121

The Phariseis had babished the simple people, with fained and colde religion, and had tangled theyr consciences with mannes ordinaunces.-Id. John, c. 7.

So I have seen trim-books in velvet dight,
With golden leaves, and painted babery,
Of silly boys please unacquainted sight:
But when the rod began to play his part,
Fain would, but could not, fly from golden smart.
Sidney. Arcadia, b. I.

If a yong jentleman be demure and still of nature, they say he is simple and lacketh witte; if he be bashfull and will soone blushe, they call him a babishe and ill brought up thynge.-Ascham. The Scholemaster, b. i.

How many a brave peer, thy too near allies,
(Whose loss the babe that's yet unborn shall rue)
Have made themselves a willing sacrifice
In our just quarrel, who it rightly knew!

Drayton. The Miseries of Queen Margaret.
This retchless innocent
The burning gleed with his soft tongue doth lick.
Which though in Pharaoh her desire it wrought,
His babish imbecility to see,

To the child's speech impediment it brought,
From which he never after could be free.

Id. Moses. His Birth, b. 1

Lift vp thy brow (renowned Salisburie)
And with a great heart heaue away this storme;
Commend these waters to those baby eyes
That neuer saw the giant-world enrag'd,
Nor met with Fortune, other then at feasts,
Full warm of blood, of mirth, of gossipping.

Shakespeare. King John, Act v. sc. 2.
Another taught her babes to talk,
Ere they could yet in go-carts walk;
There Alma settled in the tongue,
And orators from Athens sprung.-Prior. Alma, c. 2.
Much learning shows how little mortals know,
Much wealth, how little worldlings can enjoy;
At best, it babies us with endless toys,
And keeps us children till we drop to dust,

Young. Complaint, Night 6. Nations would do well Textort their truncheons from the puny hands Of heroes, whose infirm and baby minds Are gratified with mischief.-Cowper. Task, b. v. BABOON. Fr. Babouin; It. Babuino; BABION. D. Bavaien. From Babe, according to Skinner and Menage; because, says the former, it very greatly resembles the human

race.

Amo. I am neither your minotaure, nor your centaure, nor your satyre, nor your hyæna, nor your balion, but your mere travailer, believe me.-B. Jonson. Cynthia's Revells. Of all the rest that most resembles man, Was an o'erworn ill favoured babian; Which of all other (for that only he Was full of tricks, as they are us'd to be) Him in her craft so seriously she taught, As that in little time she had him brought, That nothing could afore this ape be set, That presently he could not counterfeit.

R

Drayton. The Moon-C

All rules of pleasing in this one unite,
"Affect not any thing in Nature's spite."
Baboons and apes ridiculous we find;
For what? For ill-resembling human kind.

Congreve. Of Pleasing.
A follower of Bacchus.

BACCHANAL. BACCHANA'LIAN. S One devoted to the pleasures of wine.

Unto whom [Bacchus] was yearely celebrated the feast bacchanal the tenth day of the moneth Antesterion, lyke as the Ionyans, who be desceded of ye Athenias, do yet at this presēt holde it for trouth.-Nicolls. Thucydides, p. 50.

In honour of whom [Bacchus] the old bacchanalian feasts are celebrated on the twelfth day of the menth Anthesterion: which custom is still retained to this day by the Ionians of Attic descent.-Smith. Ib.

Some called him Bacchus, because of the great number of shamelesse drunken bacchanalian women, which followed him with clamors and outcryes, whom he taught to gather fruits, and to presse them, whereof they made drinke, and were daily drunk.-Stow. Chronicles. Brief Abstract. In halls

Carthusian fasts and fulsome bacchanals Equally I hate. Mean's bless'd. In rich men's homes I bid kill some beasts, but no hecatombs.-Donne, Sat. 2. Well, I could wish, that still in lordly domes Some beasts were killed, though not whole hecatombs; That both extremes were banish'd from their walls, Carthusian fasts, and fulsome bacchanals. Pope. Imit. of Donne. Surely those who are acquainted with the hopes and fears of eternity, might think it necessary to put some restraint upon their imagination: and reflect that by echoing the songs of the ancient bacchanals, and transmitting the maxims of past debauchery, they not only prove that they want invention, but virtue.-Johnson. Rambler, No. 29.

BACHELOR. Fr. Bachelier; It. BacceBACHELORSHIP. (liere; Sp. Bacchiler; A. S. Bachilers, Baccalaurii, (Lye); but without citing any authority. Somner has not the word. Wachter suggests, that when applied to students in theology, it may be compounded of the Saxon boc, liber, biblia, and lareow, doctor: and when applied to persons of a certain military rank, he approves of the etymology of Fauchet, viz. that Bachelers are so called, quasi bas chevaliers, because they were lower in dignity than the milites bannereti; with, though behind, whom they were allowed to sit. He rejects, as destitute of authority, the opinion of Calepinus, that a chaplet of laurel berries was placed upon them, and that they were thence called Baccalaurei. The word has probably but one origin, which would account for its various applications. Kilian adopts the opinion of Ludovicus Vives, that that soldier is called Battalarius, who has once been engaged in battle (battalia); and also, in literary warfare, he is called Battalarius, who has publicly engaged in dispute upon any subject. See also Du Cange and Menage.

Bachelor is now generally applied to any man before his marriage. Ben Jonson applies it to an unmarried woman.

Ych wol the marie wel with the thridde part of my londe,
To the noblest bacheler, that thyn herte wol to stonde.
R. Gloucester, p. 30.
Tho he ymad hym a fayr ost of this bachelerie,
He com ageyn in to this lond out of Scicie.-Id. p. 76.
With him ther was his sone, a yonge squier,
A lover, and a lusty bacheler,
With lockes crull as they were laide in press.
Chaucer. Prologue, v. 80.

Phebus, that was flour of bachelerie,
As wel in fredom, as in chivalrie.

Id. The Manciple's Tale, v. 17,074.

And if thou were of suche lignage, That thou to me were of parage, And that thy father were a pere, As he is nowe a bachilere.

So siker as I haue a life,

Thou shuldest than be my wife.-Gower. Con. A. b. L

Faire maide send forth thine eye, this youthful parcell

Of noble batchellors, stand at my bestowing,

Ore whom both soueraigne power, and father's voice

I haue to vse; thy franke election make,
Thou hast power to choose, and they none to forsake.
Shakespeare. All's Well, Act ii. sc. 3.

Wee doc not truste your vncle, hee woulde keepe you
A batohter still, by keeping of your portion:
And keepe you not alone without a husband,

But in a sicknesse.-B. Jonson. The Magnetick Lady.

So thro' the whole course of his bachellorship there was never any one in the then memory of man (so I have been informed by certain seniors of that college at my first coming thereunto) that ever went beyond him [John Hales] for subtle disputations in philosophy, for his eloquent declamations and orations; as also for his exact knowledge in the Greek tongue.-Wood. Athence Oxon. vol. ii. p. 109.

It would not, methinks, be amiss if an old batchelor, who lives in contempt of matrimony, were obliged to give a portion to an old maid who is willing to enter into it." Tatler, No. 261.

It must disappoint every reader's expectation, that, when at the usual time he [Swift] claimed the bachelorship of arts, he was found by the examiners too conspicuously deficient

for regular admission, and obtained his degree at last by

special favor; a term used in that university to denote want of merit.-Johnson. Life of Swift.

BACK, v. BACK, n. BACK, ad. BACKED.

A. S. Bac, Bac; Ger. Bach; Sw. Bak. See BACKWARD.

To back a horse, is to mount upon a horse's back; and also to move him backwards.

To back a friend, &c. is to stand to his back, to support, uphold, assist, encourage him.

Back is much used as a prefix: before nouns it may be denoted an adjective; before verbs, an adverb.

Philip of Flandres fleih & turned sonne the bak,
& Thebald nouht ne deih, schame of tham men spak.
R. Brunne, p. 133.
Backe hem nogt bote lete hem worthe tyl Leaute be justice,
And have power to punyshe hym.-Piers Plouhman, p. 26.
Hire yelwe here was broided in a tresse,
Behind hire back, a yerde long I gesse.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 1052.

This moder is deuided on the backhalfe with a line that cometh discendynge fro the ring downe to the netherest bordure.-Id. The Conclusions of the Astrolabie.

Where behynde a man's backe

For though he preise, he fint some lacke,
Whiche of his tale is ay the laste,

That all the price shall ouercaste.-Gower. Con. A. b. ii. Not the bewtie of his body, not the great occasio of sinne, were able to pull him back into the voluptuouse brode way, that leadeth to hell.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 6.

Richarde the Third, little of stature, ill fetured of limmes, croke backed, his left shoulder much higher then his right, hard fauoured of visage.-Id. Ib. p. 37.

Then tooke she her strong lance, with steele made keene,
Great, massie, actiue, that whole hoasts of men
(Though all heroes) conquers; if her ire
Their wrongs inflame, backt by so great a sire.
Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. i.

BA CKBITE. A word truly elegant, says BACKBITER. Skinner, and worthy to be BACKBITING. compared with any of Greek composition: it signifies

To calumniate the absent, to detract or derogate from the reputation of the absent; formed from our back and bite, q. d. to bite at the back of any one, (i. e.) when he averts his face, and presents his back.

To defame, to slander, to revile, (any one absent.)

In A. S. Bacslitol, from Slitan, to slit, to tear in pieces, is a backbiter, a slanderer.

Gut am ich brocor of bagge bytynge. and blame mennes

With alle the wyles that he can. [he] waggeth the roote
Thorw bak byters and braweleres. and thorwe bold chy-
deres.
Id. p. 306.

My britheren nyle ye bacbite ech othire: he that bacbitith his brothir, either that demeth his brothir, bacbitith the lawe, and demeth the lawe.-Wiclif. James, c. 4.

Backbite not one another, brethre. He that backbiteth hys brother, and he that iudgeth hys brother, backebileth the lawe, and iudgeth the law.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

This sinne of backbiting or detracting hath certain spices, as thus: som man preiseth his neighbour by a wicked entente, for he maketh alway a wicked knotte at the last ende: alway he maketh a but at the last ende, that is digne of more blame, than is worth all the preising. The second spice is, that if a man be good, or doth or sayth a thing to good entente, the backbiter wol turne all that goodnesse up so doun to his shrewde entente. Chaucer. The Personnes Tale.

-Many envious tale is stered, Where that it maie not be answered. But yet full ofte it is beleued And many a worthy loue is greued Through backbityng of fals enuie.-Gower. Con. A. b. ii. He [M. Marcellus] knew full well that there were many Sicilians in the townes and villages neere unto the citie, backbiters and slaunderers of him, whom for his owne part he was so far off from hindering, but that they might freely for all him, divulgate and publish abroad in Rome, all those crimes which were devised and spoken against him by his adversaries.-Holland. Liry, p. 604.

And the apostle ranks back-biters with fornicators, and murderers, and haters of God; and with those of whom it is expressly said that they shall not inherit the kingdom of God.-Tillotson, vol. i. Ser. 43.

The houses of that countrey have large backesydes, and There is a town in Warwickshire of good note, and forpleasaunt orchardes full of trees: being ye chiefe delyght merly pretty famous for much animosity and dissention, the of Prynces, and great lordes there. chief families of which have now turned all their whispers, backbitings, envies, and private malices, into mirth and entertainment.-Spectator, No. 327.

Brende. Quint. Cur. fol. 176. To begin with Beza, (though a truer back friend to the hierarchy than his cooler predecessor) yet this he can say for ours.-Bp. Hall. Episcopacy Asserted.

What region can afford a worthy place
For his exalted flesh? Heau'n is too base,
He scarce would touch it in his swift ascent,
The orbes fled backe (like Jordan) as he went.

Sir J. Beaumont. On Ascension Day. turning back," in the older versions; in King
'backsliding." Joye uses the word

He brought our Saviour to the western side
Of that high mountain, whence he might behold
Another plain, long, but in bredth not wide,
Wash'd by the Southern sea, and on the north
To equal length back'd with a ridge of hills
That screen'd the fruits of th' earth and seats of men
From cold Septentrion blasts.

Milton. Paradise Regained, b. iv. Wherefore being well backed and stood to by his kinsmen, friends, and followers, he practised to make a stir among the Sabyns.-North. Plutarch, p. 90.

The other Highlanders, who did not such military xecutions, yet were good at robbing: and when they had got as much as they could carry home on their backs, they deserted. Burnet. Own Time, b. i.

Sin is never at a stay; if we do not retreat from it, we shall advance in it; and the farther on we go, the more we have to come back.-Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 16.

See I not gaunt revenge, ensanguin'd slaughter,
And mad ambition, clinging to thy soul,
Eager to snatch thee back to their domain,

Back to a vain and miserable world?-Mason. Caractacus.
For ghostly counsel; if it either fall

Below the exigence, or be not back'd
With show of love, at least with hopeful proof

Of some sincerity on th' giver's part;

James's, "

backfaller.

To slide, or slip, back; (sc.) from good and virtuous principles or practices; to return to evil; to forsake or abandon good for evil.

Onias with many lyke backfallers from God fled into Egypte.-Joye. Expos. of Daniel, c. 11.

Corrupting Nero to all kinde of mischiefe, some things attempting vnwitting to him, and at last a traitor and backslider from him; whereupon both the ill and well willers of Nero, vpon diuers respects, cried out importunatly to make him away.-Savile. Tacitus. Hist. b. i.

Neither fear, neither danger, neither yet doubting, nor backsliding, can utterly destroy and quench the faith of God's elect, but that alwayes there remaineth with them some root and spark of faith, howbeit in their anguish, they neither feel nor can discern the same.

John Knox. The Admonition, p. 76.

I have tasted of the sweetness of the heavenly gift, and of the powers of the world to come, yet I have fallen back to my carnal temper, from the holy ways of God, and have again backslided and wallowed in my former pollutions, from which I seemed sometimes to be cleansed and refined. Hopkins. Works, p. 535.

He is able to save the oldest sinners, those that have frequently relapsed into the same sins, and the greatest and most notorious backsliders, if they do but at last repent and return to him.-Id. Ib. p. 536.

Here meeting with a smooth, though slippery path,

I hurried on, but with back sliding haste,
The trodden slime my tottering ancle turn'd.

West. The Triumphs of the Gout.

BA'CON. Evidently the past part. of A. S. Bacan, to bake, or to dry by heat, (Tooke, ii. 71.) Applied to

Swine's flesh dried by heat.

The bacon was not fit for him, I trow,
That som men have in Essex at Donmow.

Chaucer. The Wif of Bathes Prol. v. 5799.
Dry grapes he in his lib'rall mouth doth beare,
And bits of bacon, which half eaten were.

J. Beaumont. Horace, b. ii. Sat. 6. "What frightens you thus, my good son?" says the priest: "You murder'd, are sorry, and have been confest."

O father! my sorrow will scarce save my bacon:
For 'twas not that I murder'd, but that I was taken.'
Prior. The Thief and the Cordelier.

From back and ward.
Ward in the A. S. Ward,

i. 408.)

BACKWARD, n. BACKWARD, v. BACKWARD, adj. or weard, is the imperative BACKWARD, or of the verb wardian, or BACKWARDS, ad. weardian, to look at, or to BACKWARDLY. direct the view. (Tooke, BACKWARDNESS. Ward may with propriety be joined to the name of any person, place, or thing, to or from which our view or sight may be directed. In Shakespeare, "The dark backward or abysm of time;" is the point of time, back, or passed, to which our view may be directed to be backward, is to be after or behind others, or (met.) as those are, whose sight, views, thoughts, wishes, inclinations are directed back; and who thus are

:

Slow, dilatory, unwilling, reluctant; (sc.) to

step or move forward.

R. tille him ran, a stroke on him he fest,

He smote him in the helm, bakward he bare his stroupe. R. Brunne, p. 190. Whanne sche had de seid these thingis, sche turnyde bakward and sigh Jhesus stondynge, and wiste not that it was Iesus.-Wiclif. Jon. c. 21.

And thou, Simois, that as an arow clere
Through Troy rennest.

returne backwarde to thy well.

Chaucer. Troil. & Cres. b. iv.

He ran, but ran with eye o're shoulder cast,
More marking her, than how himself did go;
Like Numid lions by the hunters chac'd,
Though they do fly, yet backwardly do glow
With proud aspect.
Sidney. Arcadia, b. i.
But how is it

That this liues in thy minde? What seest thou els
In the dark backward and abisme of time?
Yf thou remembrest ought ere thou cam'st here,
How thou cam'st here thou maist.

Shakespeare. Tempest, Act i. sc. 2.

Amongst all other encumbrances ar.d delays in our way to heaven, there is no one that doth so clog and trash, so disadvantage and backward us, and in fine, so cast us behind in our race; as a contentedness in a formal worship of God, an acquiescence and resting satisfied in outward performances.-Hammond, Ser. 15.

On each hand the flames Driv'n backward slope their pointing spires, and rowld In billows, leave i' th' midst a horrid vale. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. i. Our Britaines' hearts dye flying, not our men. To darknesse fleete soules that flye backwards: stand! Or we are Romanes, and will giue you that Like beasts, which you shun beastly.

Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act v. sc. 3.

For in my conscience, I was the first man That ere receiued guift from him.

And does he thinke so backwardly of me now,
That he requite it last ?-Id. Timon of Athens, Act ii. sc.3.

Deep would he sigh, and seem empassion'd sore,
And oft with tears his backward heart deplore,
That loving all he could, he lov'd that love no more.
P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 9.

Let me therefore beseech you once again to be serious in labouring after it, and to take pains with your backward hearts to bring them to it; have God always before your eyes; let him remain continually in your thoughts. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 142. He sent a messenger to the old king of Aromaia, named Topiowary, who came the next day before noon, on foot, from his house, and return'd the same evening, being twenty-eight miles backwards and forwards, though himself Oldys. Life of Sir W. Ralegh.

was one hundred and ten years of age.

Where then lies the difficulty; what should be the cause

of all this backwardness which we see in men to so plain, so necessary, and so beneficial a duty! Tillotson, vol. i. Ser. 24. Men should press forward in fame's glorious chace; Nobles look backward, and so lose the race.

Young, Sat. 1. The wisdom of the Roman republic in their veneration for custom, and backwardness to introduce a new law, was perhaps the cause of their long continuance, and of the virtues of which they have set the world so many examples. Goldsmith. Essay on Custom and Law.

BAD. BA'DLY. BA'DNESS.

In the Goth. we find bauths, surdus, baudai, surdi: and Junius observes, that, as whatever has lost its odour or its savour is called surdum in Latin, so in the Coder Argenteus, baud is, insipidus, fatuus. Luke xiv. 34. Gabai salt baud wairthith;sic sal evanuerit, (infatuetur, Beza.) And he suggests, that from this last acceptation of the word, we may have taken our bad, malus, inutilus. (JUThat which is bad then, would be like salt which has lost its savour; nius, Goth. Gloss. p. 85.) i.e. of no use, unfit for any useful purpose; corrupted, spoilt. As Mad is from the A. S. Mat-an, and Sad from A. S. Sat-an, may not Bad be from bat'd, bad; i.e. beaten, or worsted; and then used the A. S. Beat-an, to beat: thus, beat-ed, or bated, actively? Tooke thinks it is the past part. of the verb To Bay, i.e. to vilify, to bark at, to reproach, to express abhorrence, hatred, defiance, &c. Bayed, Baed, i.e. Bay'd, Ba'd, abhorred, hated, defied, i.e. Bad. (Div. of Purley, 8vo ed.) Bad, consequentially, is

Hurtful, injurious, destructive, mischievous, vicious, wicked, ill; worthless, depraved.

So longe hom spedde baddeliche, that hii migte as wel bline.-R. Gloucester, p. 566.

Of sondry doutes thus they jangle and trete,
As lewd peple demen comunly

Of thinges, that ben made more subtilly,
Than they can in hir lewednesse comprehende,
They demen gladly to the badder ende.

Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,538. Selden or with gret peine ben causes ybrought to a good ende, whan they ben badly begonne.-Id. Tale of Melibeus.

Therefore (q.d. she) if any wight should yeue a trew sentence on soche matters, the cause of the disease maiest thou see well, vnderstande therevpon after what end it draweth, that is to sayne good or bad, so ought it to haue his fame by goodnesse, or enfame by badnesse.-Id. Test. of Loue, b. i. For ofte tyme thei despise

The good fortune as the bad.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.

I told ye then he should prevail and speed
On his bad errand; man should be seduc't
And flatter'd out of all, believing lies
Against his Maker.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x

When he [Sylla] was in his chiefest authority, he would commonly eat and drink with the most impudent jesters and scoffers, and all such rake-hells, and made profession of counterfeit mirth, and would strive with the baddest of them to give the finest mocks.-North. Plutarch, p. 386.

Thereupon puffed vp with pride, as a conquerour of publicke seruitude, he [Nero] went to the capitoll, and gaue thanks to the gods: letting loose the raines to all lusts and licenciousnes of life, which before badly restrained, yet the reuerence towards his mother, such as it was, did in some sort bridle.-Grenewey. Tacitus. Annales, b. xiv.

It will be a third good use of what has been discoursed, if we learn from thence, not to measure doctrines by persons, or persons by doctrines; that is, not to make one a com

plete rule and standard, whereby to judge of the goodness

or badness of the other.-Atterbury, vol. iv. Ser. 2.

Every one must see and feel, that bad thoughts quickly

ripen into bad actions; and that if the latter only are forbidden, and the former left free, all morality will soon be at an

end.-Porteus, vol. i. Lect. 7.

The badness of the weather likewise, for several years past, obliges me to think of making some abatements in my rents, which I cannot possibly settle unless I am present. Melmoth. Pliny, b. x. Let. 11. BADGE. Skinner thinks from the Dutch, BA'DGED. Bagghe, gemma; from the Lat. BA'DGELESS. Bacca; and thence also the Fr. Bague, a ring. In the A. S. we find "Beage, corona, sertum, a crown, a garland: also, Armilla, monile, a bracelet to wear on the arm or wrist; a jewell to hang about one's neck, a necklace :" perhaps, says Somner, from the A. S. Bugan, or Bygan, to bend, to curve, to bow; whence also the Bar. Lat. Bauca and Bauga, armilla; and

whence, further, in Wachter's opinion, the Fr. Bague, a ring: which likewise is applied to the reward bestowed on, or prize gained by, him, that does best in any game or exercise, (Cotgrave.) Hence, then, to any

Mark, or note, sign or ensign, of distinction. Christ hath so lefte loue and charity for ye badge of his christe people, that he comaudeth euery mã so largelye to loue other, that his loue shold exted & stretch vnto his enmy. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 314. If thou wylte take vpon the to be Christes disciple, see that thou weare his badge, christen charitie. Udal. Prologue to Eph.

Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood,
So with their daggers, which vnwip'd, we found
Vpon their pillowes. Shakes. Macbeth, Act ii. sc. 3.

Look up, languishing soul! Lo where the faire
Badge of thy faith calls back thy care,

And bids thee ne'er forget
Thy life is one long debt

Of love to him, who on this painful tree
Paid back the flesh he took for thee.

Crashaw. The Hymn of the Holy Cross.
Had Fs shop lyen fallow but from hence,
His doores close seal'd as in some pestilence.
Whiles his light heeles their fearfull flight can take,
To get some badg-lesse blow upon his backe?

Bp. Hall, b. iv. Sat. 5.

The great badge of our religion, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, is so shamefully laid aside, that a great part

of the kingdom never receive it at all, and very few as often as the law requires.-Beveridge, vol. i. Ser. 24,

The fact is, that charity, or love to man in all its extent,

being the most eminent of all the evangelical virtues, being that which Christ has made the very badge and discrimina

ting mark of his religion, is here constituted by him the representative of all other virtues.-Porteus, vol. ii. Lect. 20. BADGER, v. Junius offers no etymology. BA'DGER, n. Skinner says, perhaps, from the Dutch Back, a cheek, a jaw, q.d. backer, (i. e.) endowed with strong jaws : et est sane animal mordacissimum.

To badger, is to hunt, pursue, pester, persecute; as the badger is hunted, bayed, barked at, &c.

Hys [the apes] wyse wylye confessoure sware after vnto the Bageard, that he was weary to syt so long and heare him.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1183.

These being the holiest things, were to be taken down and trussed up by the priests, some of them in blue silk, some in scarlet, some in purple cloth, all in badgers' skins, and the bars and carriages to be put to them by the priests, as is prescribed-Spellman. On Tythes, p. 84.

The fangs of a bear, and the tusks of a wild boar, do not bite worse, and make deeper gashes, than a goosequill sometimes; no not the badger himself, who is said to be so tenacious of his bite, that he will not give over his hold till he feels his teeth meet, and the bones crack.

Howell, b. ii. Let. 2.

In the case of hunting the fox or the badger, a man cannot justify breaking the soil, and digging him out of his earth: for though the law warrants the hunting of such noxious animals for the public good, yet it is held that such things must be done in an ordinary and usual manner.

BAFFLE, v. BA'FFLE, n. BAFFLER.

Blackstone. Commentaries, b. iii. c. 12.

Of unsettled etymology. Fr. Beffler, from the It. Beffare, to deceive, mock, or gull with fair words, &c.-Fr. Baffouer, to baffle, abuse, revile, disgrace, handle basely in terms, give reproachful words to. Junius thinks these French words have some affinity with the Dutch Baffen blaffen and Verbluffen, to baffle, to put out of counor Blaffen, to bark, (to bay,) whence also Vertenance. In addition to the above explanations

To baffle, is to defeat by perplexing, confusing, deceiving; to render or make useless, and ineffectual.

And furthermore, the erle bad the herauld to saye to his master, that if he for his part kept not his appoyntment, then he was content, that the Scottes should baffull him, which is a great reproche among the Scottes, and is vsed when a man is openly periured, and then they make of hym an image paynted reuersed, with hys heles vpwarde, with hys name, wonderyng, cryenge and blowing out of hym with hornes, in the moost dispitefull manner they can. In token that he is too be exiled the compaignie of all good creatures.

Hall. Hen. VIII. an. 5,

First, he is beard did shaue, and foully shent
Then from him reft his shield, and it r'enverst,
And blotted out his armes with falshood blent,
And himselfe baffuld, and his armes vnherst,
And broke his sword in twaine, and all his armour sperst.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 3.

BAIT, n. BAIT, v. Bit or Bait, whether used (like BAITING, n. morso, morceau, or morsel,) for a small piece, part, or portion of any thing; or for that part of a bridle, which is put into a horse's mouth; or for that hasty refreshment which man or beast takes upon a journey; or for that temptation which is offered by treachery to fish or fool; is but one word differently spelled, and is the past part. of the verb, to bite. (Tooke, v. ii. p. 122.)

A. S. Bitan, to bait or.bite.

Yeres and dayes fleet this creature

Thurghout the see of Grece, unto the straite
Of Maroc, as it was hire aventure:
On many a sory mele now may she baite.

Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale, v. 4887.

Whiche thyng whan the crafty temptoure perceyued, thynkyng hym to be nothyng but a man, (althoughe in dede a notable and a wonderfull man,) he casteth his hooke, bayted with ye enticement of vayne glory, for therwith chiefly they be taken, which seme to endeuour to the hyest perfeccion.-Udal. Matthew, c. 4.

For many men be not onely by his prosperose successe dereiued, supposing it to be diuine and perpetuall, (but also because thei be bownde to him by giftes and benefits) thei be as it were fysshes take with a swete beyght.

Joye. The Exposicion of Daniel, c. 8. And for a truith begilde with self conceit,

I thought that men would throwe rewards on me; But as a fish seld bites without a baight,

So none unforst, men's needs will hear or see.

Gascoigne. A Remembrance.

So they taryed at Douer tyll theyr horses were unshypped, and than they rode to Caunterbury: and wheresoeuer they bayted or lay, their hostes were payed: at last they came to Eltham, and there they founde Kyng Henry and part of his counsayle.-Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 246. Algon, oft hast thou fish'd, but sped not straight, With hook and net thou beat'st the water round; Oft times the place thou changest, oft the bait; And, catching nothing, still and still dost wait. Learn by thy trade to cure thee: time hath found, In desp'rate cures, a salve for ev'ry wound. The fish, long playing with the baited hook, At last is caught: thus many a nymph is took.

P. Fletcher. Piscatory Eclogue.

Within the gloomy hole of this pale wight,
The serpent woo'd him with his charmes to inn,
There he might bait the day, and rest the night:
But under that same bait a fearful grin
Was ready to entangle him in sin.

G. Fletcher. Christ's Triumph on Earth.

For the fame goeth, that Hercules vpon a time, after hee nad slaine Geryon, drave that way exceeding faire oxen, and neere the riuer Tibris, where hee had swum ouer with his drove afore him, laid him downe in a faire greene meddow, as well to refresh himself, being wearie of his way, as also to rest and bait his cattell in so plentifull grasse and forage. Holland. Livy, p. 7.

Lil. The winning way we'll follow,
We'll bait, that men may bite fair, and not be frighted.
Beaum. & Fletch. The Wild Goose Chase, Act iii. sc. 1.
For, tempted with imaginary bays,

Fed with immortal hopes and empty praise;
He fame pursues, that fair and treacherous bait,
Grows wise when he's undone, repents when 'tis too late.
Yalden. Epistolary Ode.

For this misfortune careless Jane,
Assure yourself, was loudly rated:
And madam, getting up again,

With her own hand the mouse-trap baited.

Prior. A Reasonable Affliction.

The edict was scarcely published, when all the traps in the kingdom were baited with cheese; numberless mice were taken and, destroyed; but still the much wished for mouse was not among the number.

Goldsmith. Citizen of the World.

Alas! expect it not. We found no bait

To tempt us in thy country. Doing good,

which bears, bulls, &c. are fastened to be attacked by dogs is called, baye. "As boistous as is bere at bay." Hence (he adds) is baighte; now written baite. And it is

Formed regularly from to bay (qv.), thusBayed, bay'd, bayt, bait.

He shall be baighted as a bere.

Chaucer. Plowman's Tale, v. 588. Tyndal saith that ther is nothyng heard in the church among us, but houtyng, buzsyng, and crying out, lyke halowyng of the foxe or bayting of beares. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 414. If the quere bee lowde; then they crye oute. If they synge anye thyng; yet they halowe and baite. Id. Ib. c. 1. p. 415. Factious quarels and enmities there were exceeding many, that tormented him; and he plagued others with as many: and hard it is to say or set downe, whether hee were urged and pressed upon by the nobilitie, or himselfe coursed and baited them more.-Holland. Livivs, p. 1050.

Iniurious Hermia, most vngratefull maid,
Haue you conspir'd, have you with these contriu'd
To baile me, with this foule derision?

Shakespeare. Mids. Night's Dreame, Act iii. sc. 2.
Clif. Are these thy beares? We'el bate thy bears to death,
And manacle the berard [bear-ward] in their chaines,
If thou dar'st bring them to thy bayting place.
Id. 2 Part Hen. VI. Act v. sc. 1.
Oftentimes also he represented the Circensian games in
the Vaticane, and other whiles after every five courses hee
brought in the baiting of wild beastes.

Holland. Suetonius, p. 164.
A. S. Bacan; Dut. Bakken;
Ger. Backen; Sw. Baca.
To dry by heat.

Withouten bake mete never was his hous,

of fish and flesh.

Chaucer. Prologue, v. 346.
Loke of Egipt the king, dan Pharao,
His baker and his boteler also,
Wheder they ne felten non effect in dremes.

Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 15,141.

She saide her husbande was so wayward that he woulde neuer be pleased. For if his brede quod she be dowe baken, than he is angry. Mary, no meruayle & her gossep. Mary and wote ye what gossep, quod she. And if I bake it all to harde colys, yet is he not content neither. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 208.

For the aungell affirmed it (and Daniel sawe before his fete to be made and bakt but of britel bakkery) his bodye therfore now releth and staggerth.

Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 12.

I hold that curiosities, baking of meats, and superfluous provisions upon this day are to be avoided, as being an unnecessary breaking of the rest of this day, and unbeseeming the solemnity of it.-Hale. Cont. On the Lord's day.

The same day in the afternoone, were two men hanged on a gibbet in Paules Church yard by martial law, the one John Egerley, seruant to the Duke of Suffolke, and late Sheriffe of Leicester, the other a baker, one of the white coates sent out of the cittie against Wyat.

Stow. Q. Mary. an. 1554.

For the cariage whereof, hee tooke up even the passengers wagons that usually were hired, yea, the very jades which serued mils and backe-houses.-Holland. Suetonius, p. 141.

But pass-the Esculapian crew,

Who eat and quaff the best, They seldom miss to bake and brew Or lin to break their fast.-Prior. Wandering Pilgrim. Nor seldom waits, Dependant on the baker's punctual call, To hear his creaking panniers at the door, Angry and sad, and his last crust consum'd.

Couper. Task, b. i. BALANCE, v. Dut. Balance; Fr. BaBALANCE, n. lance; It. Balancia; Sp. BALANCER. Balanga Lat. Bilanz, from BALANCING, n. bis and lanx. Lanx libræ is the plate, platter or basin in which the things to

Is life a hundred years, or e'er so few,

'Tis repetition all, and nothing new;

A fair, where thousands meet, but none can stay,
An inn where travellers bait, then post away.

Fawkes. The Miseries of Old Age. BAIT, v. Baizen, incitare canes vel falBAIT, n. cones venandi causa. Verel, in Ind. BAITING, n. Beita, incitare falcones aut canes venaticos in prædam, (Wachter.) In Chaucer, Plowman's Tale, v. 87, (says Junius) the stake to

to their weight, were placed; perhaps from lancinare, to divide or distribute, or separate into portions. See Vossius-Lancea et lanx.

bring to an equipoise; to keep in equipoise; to To divide by weight into equal proportions; to have equal weight, force, power, influence.

To try or prove the proportions; to hesitate. to waver or totter on the beam of the scales, when the weights are equal.

To distribute and arrange accounts, so as to

ascertain, state, and settle the difference of tho proportions, sums, or amounts.

Among hem alle hii were syker al, wythoute balance,
Of an hondred thousend hors. R. Gloucester, p. 200
Ten thousand mark and mo, that now er in balance,
And I betraised of alle, bi God, that alle may auance,
I salle bring him to stalle, but he mak me acquitance.
R. Brunne, p. 156,

Ye wolden not forgon his acquaintance
For mochel good, I dare lay in balance
All that I have in my possession.

Chaucer. The Chanones Yemannes Prol. v. 16,081!

After Virgo to reken in euen
Libra sit in the nombre of seuen,
Whiche hath figure and resemblance
Unto a man, whiche a balance
Beareth in his honde, as for to weye.

Gower. Con. A. b. vii,

And lo a blak hors, and he that saat on him hadde a balance in his hond.-Wiclif. Apocalips, c.6.

And I beheld, and lo a blacke hors: and he that sate on him, had a payre of balances in hys hande.-Bible, 1551. Ib. He said, that he would all the earth vp-take, And all the sea divided each from eyther: So would he of the fire one ballaunce make, And one of th' ayre, without or wind or weather; Then would he ballaunce heaven and hell together, And all that did within them all containe.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 2.

The Gauls at the first privily began to deal falsly with them; but afterwards they openly stayed the ballance, and would not let them weigh no more, whereat the Romans began to be angry with them. Then Brennus in scorn and mockery to despight them more, pluckt off his sword, girdle and all, and put it into the ballance where the gold was weighed.-North. Plutarch, p. 124.

He [Mr. Rushworth] asks, Who is so blind, as not to see that these things are to be found in Scripture by a sensible, common, and discreet reading of it; though perhaps by a rigorous and exact balancing of every particular word and syllable, any of these things would vanish away-we know not how?-Tillotson. Rule of Faith, pt. ii. s. 3.

Him Science taught by mystic lore to trace
The planets wheeling in eternal race;
To mark the ship, in floating balance held,
By earth attracted, and by seas repell'd.

Falconer. The Shipwreck, c. 1.

As sure as God is just, and the gospel is true, so surely will the judgments of the last day be inflicted on all impenitent offenders, not promiscuously and indiscriminately, but in weight and measure precisely balancing their several demerits.-Porteus, vol. i. Ser. 15.

BALCONY, or BALCONY.

Fr. Balcon, from the It. Balcone; from the Lat. Pal

Duchat and Skinner agree, from the Ger. Balek, cus, palco, palconis, palcone, Balcone, (Menage.) a beam. Vor (balco) a Francis relicta, says Wachter; and from it, he and Ihre think the It. Balco is taken.

A platform, on the outside of a window, supported by beams projecting from the wall.

This fair, and animated night,

In sables drest; whose curls of light
Are with a shade of cypress veil'd:
Not from the Stygian deeps exhal'd,
But from heav'ns bright balco'ny came;
Not dropping dew, but shedding flame.

Sherburne. Night