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In this pleasant soile

His farre more pleasant garden God ordain'd, Out of the fertil ground he caus'd to grow All trees of noblest kind for sight, smell, taste. Millon. Paradise Lost, b. iv. If it be in that all have sinned, as taking e [in that] as a causal particle, yet still it implies that all have sinned, and were guilty of an act of sinning, as was argued. Goodwin. Works, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 12.

Now if there be no spirit, matter must of necessity move i:self, where you cannot imagine any activity or causality,

but the bare essence of the matter from whence the motion comes.-H. More. Immortality of the Soul, b. i. c. 6.

If one sin would naturally and by physical causality destroy original righteousness, then every one sin in the regenerate can as well destroy habitual righteousness, because that and this differ not but in their principle, not in their nature and constitution.

Bp. Taylor. On Repentance, s. i. c. 6. Now alwaies God's word hath a causation with it,-he said to him, sit,—that is, he made him sit, or as it is here exprest, he made him sit with a mightie power. Goodwin. Works, vol. i. pt. i. p. 406. For the subject of it [mathematic] being quantity, not quantity indefinite, which is but relative, and belongeth to philosophia prima, as hath been said, but quantity determined, or proportionable; it appeareth to be one of the essen

tial forms of things; as that that is causative in nature of

a number of effects.-Bacon. On Learning, b. i.

O sir, I said, the gods defend that I
Should causelesse kill a man in miserie,
Tell me thy name and place, then by and by
I will prouide for thine aduersitie.

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 232. Confession to a priest, the minister of pardon and reconciliation, the curate of souls, and the guide of consciences is of so great use and benefit to all that are heavy laden with their sins, that they who carelesly and causlesty neglect it, are neither lovers of the peace of consciences, nor are careful for the advantages of their souls.

Bp. Taylor. On Repentance, c. 10. s. 4. If you do not please that there shall arise to me some fruit by all this by your discerning and acknowledging the causelessness of your exceptions, yet if you please let us put it to others to judge between us; for 'tis possible we may judge amiss of our own performances.

Hammond. Works, vol. i. p. 196.

I liue in feare, I languish all in dread,
Wealth is my woe, the causer of my care.

Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 230. To suppose an infinite succession of changeable and dependent beings produced one from another in an endless progression, without any original cause at all; is only a driving back from one question to another, and (as it were) removing out of sight the question concerning the ground er reason of the existence of things.

Clarke. On the Attributes, Prop. 2.

In the notice, that our senses take of the common vicissitude of things, we cannot but observe, that several particulars, both qualities and substances begin to exist; and that they receive this their existence, from the due application and operation of some other being. From this observation, we get our ideas of cause and effect. That which produces any simple or complex idea, we denote by the general name cause; and that which is produced, effect.So that whatever is considered by us to conduce or operate, to the producing any particular simple idea, or collection of simple ideas, whether substance or mode, which did not before exist, hath thereby in our minds the relation of a cause, and so is denominated by us.

Locke. On Hum. Underst. b. ii. c. 26.

There may be veritable relations of some, who without a miracle, and by peculiarity of temper, have far out-fasted Elias. Which notwithstanding doth not take off the miracle;

for that may be miraculously effected in one, which is natu

rally causable in the other.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 21. And thus may it more causally be made out, what Hippocrates affirmeth of the Scythians, that using continual riding, they were generally molested with the sciatica or hip-gout.-Id. Ib. b. v. c. 13.

And therein though Socrates onely suffered, yet were Plato and Aristotle guilty of the same truth; who demonstratively understanding the simplicity of perfection, and the indivisible condition of the first causator, it was not in the power of earth, or Areopagy of hell to work them from it. Id. Ib. b. i. c. 10.

I sometimes use the word cause, in this enquiry, to signify any antecedent, either natural or moral, positive or negative, on which an event, either a thing, or the manner and circumstance of a thing, so depends, that it is the ground and reason, either in whole, or in part, why it is, rather than not; or why it is as it is, rather than otherwise; or, in other words, any antecedent with which a consequent event is so connected, that it truly belongs to the reason why the proposition which affirms that event, is true; whether it has any positive influence, or not.

Jon. Edwards. On the Freedom of the Will, pt. ii. s. 3. Similar objects are always conjoined with similar. Of this we have experience. Suitable to this experience, therefore, we may define a cause to be an object, followed by another, and where all the objects similar to the first, are followed by VOL. I.

objects similar to the second. Or in other words, where, if the first object, had not been, the second never had existed. The appearance of a cause always conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. Of this also we have experience. We may, therefore, suitably to this experience, form another definition of cause; and call it an object followed by another, and whose appearance always conveys the thought to that other. Hume. On Hum. Underst. s. 7. According to Aristotle, a cause, or to action is of four marble stands to the statue that is formed of it. 2nd, The kinds, 1st, the material, which denotes the relation in which formal, which denotes the cause of every thing being precisely what it is, according to the peripatetic doctrine, that every phenomena in nature is a consequence of the operation of the two principles, matter and form. 3d, The efficient, or that from which effects proceed; and 4th, The final, which expresses the purpose or object intended to be accomplished by these effects.-Scott. Elements of Intell. Philosophy, c. 1.

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CAUSEY. Dut. Kautsije, kaussijde. Via CAUSEWAY. ( strata, (Kilian.) Fr. Chaussée; It. Calzata; Sp. Calçada; Mid. Lat. Calceata. Via calce strata, (Skinner.) Spelman observes, every WAY- calcata est, but not calceata is trodden, but not paved. It is not, therefore, called a calcando, but a calceando, because it is fortified with stones or some other hard substance, quasi calceo, against the injuries of waggons and passengers. Somner, a calce, because they are rendered firm with stones, which the Fr. call Chaux, lime. It is applied to

A way, a path, a road, prepared, hardened: formed of stones, or other consolidated substance. And there was Peter de Boyse capitayne, who made good semblant to defende the bridge, for he and his men were by the bridge on the causey, raynging on bothe sydes.

Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 413.

So did they toyle as thereabout,
No causie was vnwrought,
Wherefore new labours for his men
The holie hermit sought.

Warner. Albion's England, b. v. c. 24. The king of England came all along the causey, that I haue spoken of, well accompanied that he seemed well to be a king.-Hall. Edw. IV. an. 13.

-Th' other way Satan went down, The causey to hell gate. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. And hail-stones, pattering from the chilling sky, Hop'd on the thatch, and on the causeway by.

Fawkes. G. Douglas imitated. Ten years were consumed in the hard labour of forming the road through which these stones [for the pyramid] were to be drawn; a work, in my estimation, of no less fatigue and difficulty than the pyramid itself. This causeway is five stadia in length, forty cubits wide, and its extreme heighth thirty-two cubits, the whole is of polished marble, adorned with the figures of animals.

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CA'USTICK. CAUTEL, n. CAUTELOUS, adj. CAUTELOUSLY. CAUTELOUSNESS. CAUTELTY.

Beloe. Herodotus. Euterpe, c. 124. See infra CAUTERY.

Fr. Cauteller, cautelle, cauteleur; from the Lat. Cautus; It. and Sp. Cautela, cauteloso. Cautelous, used as cautious;

Provident, circumspect, wary, and then extended to, cunning, crafty, subtle, insidious. Warburton observes, that cautel signifies only through French hands, it lost its innocence, and a prudent foresight, or caution, but passing now signifies, fraud, deceit." And Mr. Gifford, "our older writers seem to have included in this word not only the sense of wariness, but also something artful and insidious ingrafted upon it."

Whereof a man shall iustifie
His wordes in disputesion,
And knitte vpon conclusion
His argument in suche a forme,
Which maie the pleyne trouth enforme,
And the subtile caulele abate

Whiche euery trewe man shall debate.

Gower. Con. A. b. vii. And the Frenchmen founde cautels and subtelties by wrongefull wayes to renewe agayne ye warre, and thereby toke and usurped all the right that your predecessurs had in that quarell.-Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 222.

By this praty cautele and slighte imposture, was the toune Poûtelarche take and surprised, which toune was the kaye and passage ouer the riuer of Soame, fro Frauce to Normanday-Hall. Henry VI. an. 26.

In all which discourse you may note very many memorable things; as namely, first the wise, discreet, and cautelous dealing of the ambassadors and commissioners of both parts,

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then the wealth of the foresaid nations, and their manifol and most vsual kinds of wares vttered in those dates as likewise, &c.-Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. Pref.

But of such covered cautelty, being taken for good Catholic chastity, I have not to deal, referring that to him, which once I trust shall purge the church of such cloked hypocry Bate in Strype. Memoirs of Q. Mary, an. 1.

In him a plenitude of subtle matter,
Apply'd to cautels, all strange forms receives,
Of burning blushes, or of weeping water,
Or swooning paleness.Shakes. A Louer's Complaint
Perhaps he loues you now,

And now no soyle nor cautell doth besmerch
The virtue of his feare.-Id. Hamlet, Act i. sc. 3.

Sweare priests and cowards, and men cautelous
Old feeble carrions, and such suffering soules
That welcome wrongs.—Id. Julius Cæsar, Act ii. sc. 1.
Beleeu't not lightly, though I go alone
Like to a lonely dragon, that his fenne
Makes fear'd, and talk'd of more then seen: your sonne
Will or exceed the common, or be caught
With caulelous baits and practice.

Id. Coriolanus, Act iv. sc. 1

He had a mind, was of a large extent,
The sign thereof on his bold brow he bore;
Stern of behaviour, and of body strong;
Witty, well-spoken, cautelous, tho' young.

magicians bee passing cautitous and cunning to hide and

Drayton. Miseries of Queen Margaret. Over and besides, these Druidæ (as all the sort of these cover their deceitful fallacies) doe affirme, that there must be a certaine speciall time of the moone's age espied, when this businesse is to be gone about.

Holland. Plinie, b. xxix. c. 3.

We see, I say, that all pretorian courts, if any of the parties be entertained or laid asleep under pretence of arbitrement or accord, and that the other party, during that time, doth cautelously get the start and advantage at common law, though it be to judgment and execution; yet the pretorian court will set back all things in statu quo prius, no respect had to such eviction or dispossession. Bacon. War with Spain.

Old men, saith our best natural master, by reason of the experience of their often mistakes, are hardly brought constantly to affirm any thing, they will always cautelously interline their speeches, with it may bees and peradventures, and other such particles of wariness and circumspection.

Hale. Remains, Ser. 1.

Now of these two, David here (like Mary in the Gospel) teacheth you to make choice of the better part. For let it not offend you, if I compare these two great Christian virtues, {repentance

cautelousness

and not only compare, but much prefer the one before the other. I know the doctrine of repentance is a worthy lesson, the joy and comfort of our souls, we drink it in with thirsty ears; yet let me tell you to be all for it, is some wrong and impeachment to this Christian cautelousness and wariness here commended.-Id. Rem. Dixi Custod. p. 322.

It is a good thing to seek what we have lost, and this repentance doth: but it is a thing of higher excellency not to be of the lacking hand, but to enjoy still what we have. And this the benefit of cautelousness. Hale. Rem. Dixi Custodiam, p. 324.

CAUTERIZE, v.
CA'UTERIZING, n.
CA'UTERY.
CAU'STICK, adj.
CAU'STICK, N.
CAU'STICAL.

up with fire, or fire hot

Gr. Kavorηplov, from Kaiety, to burn. Lat. Cauterium; Fr. Cauterizer; It. Cauterizzare ; Sp. Cauterizar.

instruments, irons, oint

To sear, burn, or close

ments, medicines, &c. (Cotgrave.)

Gr. Kuvarikos, from Kaew, to burn; Lat. Causticus; Fr. Caustique; It. Caustico; Sp. Caustico. That which can or may burn; that has the power to burn.

The use hereof is to be ground into powder, and with vinegre to be reduced into a liniment, for to be applied unto those parts that are to bee cauterized or cut.

Holland. Plinie, b. xxxvi c.7. Cauteries and hot irons are to be used in the suture of the crown, and the seared or ulcerated place, suffered to run a good while. "Tis not amisse to bore the skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginious vapours.

Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 884.

For each true word a blister, and each false
Be as a cautherizing to the root o' th' tongue,
Consuming it with speaking.

Shakespeare. Timon of Athens, Act v. sc. 2.

And to the torturers (her doctors) say,
Stick on your cupping-glasses, feare not, put
Your hottest causticks to, burne, lance, or cut:
'Tis but a body which you can torment,
And I, into this world, all soule was sent.

B. Jonson. Elegie on Lady Pulet
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Cald. You may

(And I must suffer it) like a rough surgeon,
Apply these burning caustics to my wounds
Already gangrened, when soft unguents would
Better express an uncle with some feeling
Of his nephew's torments.

Massinger. The Guardian, Act iil. sc. 2.

The ashes of any snails whatsoever, are astringent and hot, by reason of a certaine abstersive qualitie that they have: which is the reason that they enter into potential cauteries, or causticke and corrosive medicines.

Holland. Plinie, b. xxx. c. 4.

Such are these caustick plaisters preparatively to the in carnative, the knife and the launce that Hippoc. reckons among the μαλαγμάτων λένεα, the mollifying preparations that the physician must always carry about with him.

Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 484.

As flesh that is cauterized, as the word signifies, or seared with an hot iron, at first feels great pain, but afterwards grows hard and senseless. feeling nothing that is put upon it; so the conscience, although at first it be very sensible of the evil and mischief of sin, yet being often enflamed and tormented with it, it afterwards grows dead and stupid, past all feeling, so that nothing will make any impression upon it.-Bp. Beveridge, Ser. 18.

1 remember, that the limbs of soldiers, wounded with gunshot, to have been cut off by the advice of our European surgeons, both Dutch and Portuguese, those barbarous people [the Indians] by recent juices, gums, and balsams to have freed them from knife and cauteries, and happily cured them.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 117.

This whole method, is like to applying of corrosives, and causticks, and the most tormenting remedies, to remove the pain of a cut finger, or like the listing of armies to chase away flies.-South, vol. x. Ser. 9.

As some bold surgeon with inserted steel,
Probes deep the putrid sore, intent to heal;
So the rank ulcers that our patriot load,
Shall she with causticks healing fires corrode.

CAUTION, v. CAUTION, n. CA'UTIONAL.

CAUTIONARY.

CAUTIOUS.

Falconer. The Demagogue. Lat. Caveo, cautum; It. and Sp. Cauto. Varro says, a cavo, and the reason seems to be, that men, in early ages, were said, cavere (to be cautious against) evils and dangers, heat and cold, &c. when they betook themselves in cavos suos recessus et iis sese tuerentur: into their hollow retreats, and secured or protected themselves there.

CAUTIOUSLY.

CAUTIOUSNESS,

CA'UTY, adj.

To caution another is.-to tell him to be cauhous, provident, circumspect, wary; to tell him to secure himself, or to take measures for his security or safety. To apprise or warn him of his danger; and simply-to give notice or warning; though with a subaudition of danger. CAUTEL.

See

Wiclif renders (tuum scriptum) thy caution; i. e. thy written account, thy voucher in writing, as the Fr. Caution, thy surety or warrant. The king suor vpe the boc and caucion vond god, That he al clanliche to the pope's loking stod.

R. Gloucester, p. 506. And he seide an hundrid barels of oyle, and he seide to him take thi caucioun [tuuin scriptum] and sitte doone and wryte fifty.-Wiclif. Luke, c. 16.

Altho there be no express worde for euery thing in specialtie, yet there are general commandments of all things, to the end that euen such cases, as are not in Scripture particularly mentioned, might not be left to any to order at their pleasure, onely with caution that nothing be done against the Word of God.-Hooker. Eccl. Politie, b. iii. § 6.

If peace be made, the Queen must forsake the estates of Holland and Zeeland, and withall lose her money expended upon the war, or else deliver up the cautionary towns into the enemy's nands.-Camden, Q. Eliz. an. 1598.

I fex-like lurking lay about the king,
Into the actions of the peeres I prie,
With cautie observation of each thing.

Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 754.

By night he fled, and at midnight return'd
From compassing the earth cautious of day.
Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ix.

Yet remember
What I foretell thee, soon thou shalt have cause
To wish thou never hadst rejected thus
Nicely or cautiously my offer'd aid,

Which would have set thee in short time with ease
On David's throne.-Id. Par. Regained, b. iv.

For a cautiousness in any one, not to sin scandalously, or on the house top, take this by itself, abstracted from the sin it belongs to, and I cannot see why that should be either a Ball, or aggravation of a sin.

Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p.

809.

However, our doctor demeaned himself in his embassie with such cautiousness, that he not only escaped the Duke's fury, but also procured many priviledges for our English merchants, exemplified in Mr. Hackluit. Fuller. Worthies. Kent.

In reference to sensual pleasures it forbids all irregularity and excess, and strictly enjoins purity and temperance; feiting and drunkenness.-Tillotson, vol. i. Ser. 5. cautioning us to take heed least we be overcharged with sur

I must now close up what I have spoken upon this subject with this cantional observation.-South, vol. ix. Ser. 5. I was now, methought, passing to the other side of the grove, when I met the ghost of Bickerstaff my predecessor, who, (in the manner that is reported of Musæus of old,) dictated to me many cautionary piecepts for my future conduct, and with a siniling gravity, rallied me upon my too eager forwardness in advancing into his province.

Tatler, No. 273.

And yet these same cautious and quick-sighted gentlemen can wink and swallow down this sottish opinion about percipient atoms, which exceeds in credibility all the fictions of Esop's fables.-Bentley. Ser. 2.

I have myself with pleasure, frequently seen some of this species of insects to carry ample provisions into their dry and barren cells, where they have sealed them carefully and cautiously up with their eggs, partly, it is like, for incubation-sake, and partly as an easy bed to lodge their young; but chiefly, for future provision for their young in their nympha-state, when they stand in need of food.

CAW, v.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. iv. c. 15.

Vox a sono ficta. Also written
CAW, n. Kaw, (qv.)
The cry of the different species of crow.
As wild geese that the creeping fowler eye,
Or russet-pated choughes, many in sort,
(Rising and cawing at the gun's report,)
Seuer themselues, and madly sweepe the sky.
Shakespeare. Midsummer Night's Dream, Act iii. sc. 2.

Nor [thou] with an inward murmuring
Hoarsly crow-like caw'st out some idle thing,
I know not what.
Holiday. Perseus, Sat. 5.

He sees, that this great round-about,
The world, with all it's motley rout,
Church, army, physic, law,

Its customs, and its business,
Is no concern at all of his,

And says-what says he ?-caw.-Cowper. The Jackdaw.
CEASE, v.
Fr. Cesser; It. Cessare; Sp.
CEASE, n. Cessar; Lat. Cessare, from
CEASELESS. cedere, or rather the supine,
CEASELESSLY.
Cessare is, cedere a

CE'ASING, n.

labour.

cessum.

labore; to go away from

To leave, to quit, to discontinue, to desist or forbear to do or from doing any thing; to leave or depart from; to end or put an end to, to stay, to stop or put a stop to.

Thei seide to hym softeliche. cesse shulle we neve Til mede be thy wedded wyf.-Piers Plouhman, p. 32. Therfore I heerynge ghoure feith that is in Crist Iesus and the loue into alle seyntis, ceesse not to do thankyngis for ghou, makynge mynde of ghou in my preiers. Wiclif. Effesies, c. 1.

Wherfore euen I (after that I heard of the fayth whiche ye haue in the Lorde Jesu & loue vnto al ye sainctes,) cease not to geue thankes for you makynge mencyon of you in my prayers.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

the cause ceseth, or whan a new cas betideth.
Sothly, a man may change his purpos and his conseil, if
Chaucer. Tale of Melibeus.

And thus was seased the debate
Of Loue.

Gower. Con. A. b. iv.

What stirre and rule (quod order then) do these rude people make?

We hold her best that shall deserue a praise for vertue's sake.

This sentance was no sooner said, but beauty therwith blusht;

The noise did cease, the hal was still and eury thing was husht.-Vncertaine Auctors. Praise of Mistres R.

Their eternall death shall also be with corporal payne and
formente of the bodye, euen with the whole felowship of the
deuyll, and that without any ende or ceaseynge.
Udal. Reuelacions, c. 20.
Wid. I am her mother, sir, whose age and honour
Both suffer under this complaint we bring,
And both shall cease without your remedie.

Shakespeare. All's Well that Ends Well, Act v. sc. 3.
Sen. Get on your cloake, and hast you to Lord Timon,
Importune him for my moneyes, be not ceast
With slight deniall.-Id. Timon of Athens, Act ii. sc. 1.

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Issue to me, that the contending kingdomes

Of France and England, whose very shoares looke pale, With enuy of each others happinesse,

May cease their hatred.-Id. Henry V. Act v. sc. 2.

Which persecution was both longer and also crueller than all the other: for whole tenne yeeres together it continued murthering the martyrs and neuer ceased. in burning the churches, in banishing the innocent, in Stow. The Romanes.

acides,

Suppose there was defect
(Beyond all question) in our king, to wrong
And he, for his particular wreake from all assistance cease.
We must not cease t' assist ourselves.

Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xlii.
About her middle round

A cry of hell hounds never ceasing bark'd
With wide Cerberian mouths full loud, and rung
A hideous peal.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ii.
But much more

That spirit, vpon whose spirit depends and rests
The liues of many: the cease of maiestie
Dies not alone; but like a gulfe doth draw
What's neere it, with it.-Shakes. Hamlet, Act iii. sc. 3,

Love, justice, honour, innocence renew,
Men's sprights with white simplicity indue;
Make all to leave in plenty's ceaselesse store
With equal shares, none wishing to haue more.

Drummond. The Speeches. Saturn.

Aire, and ye elements, the eldest birth
Of nature's womb, that in quaternion run
Perpetual circle, multiform; and mix
And nourish all things, let your ceasless change
Varie to our great Maker still new praise.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. v
Rose-cheeked youth, who garlanded with flow'rs
Still blooming ceaselessly, unto thee pours
Immortal nectar in a cup of gold,
That by no darts of ages thou grow old.

Drummond. Hymn on the fairest Fair.

What mean despicable creatures do we make ourselves, when we forsake the paths of virtue and the commandments of our God! Alas, we cease to be men, and put ourselves upon the same level with the brutes.-Sharp, vol. vi. Ser. 2 Smit with the glorious avarice of fame,

He claims no less than an immortal name;
Hence on his fancy just conception shines,
True judgment guides his hand, true taste refines;
Hence ceaseless toil, devotion to his art,

A docile temper, and a generous heart.

Mason. Fresnoy. Art of Painting. Spencer, (says he,) is much misrepresented; he did not mean by abrogation a ceasing, but an alteration and abatement.-Warburton. Remarks on Occas. Reflect. pt. ii.

CEA'SURE. See CASURE.

CE CITY Fr. Cécité; Lat. Cæcitas, blindCECUTIENCY. (ness; Cacus, blind. Of uncertain etymology. Martinius observes, cæca sane est ejus etymologia.

In him [the Babylonian] unreasonable cecity and blindnesse trampled all lawes both of God and nature vnder feet: wilfulnesse tyrannized ouer reason, and brutish sensualitie ouer will.-Hooker. Ser. On Pride.

So that they [moles] are not blind, nor yet distinctly see; there is in them no cecity, yet more then a cecutiency; they have sight enough to discern the light, though not perhaps to distinguish of objects or colours; so are they not exactly blind, for light is one object of vision.

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Evelyn uses cedry, as the adjective, but Milton, cedarn. See the quotation from Pliny.

Chastitie, humilitie, and charatye or perfeicte loue towards all men, ben ornamentes a great dele more precious in the syght of God, then that other marble pillours, the garnishing of yuerye, the tymbre woorke of cedre tre, the golde, the siluer, and the precious stones whereof the priestes and Phariseis made so muche great pryde and shewe. Udal. Luke, c. 21. And they of Tyrus broght much cedre-wood to David. Geneva Bible, 1561. 1 Chronicles, xxii. 4.

As for cedars, the best simply be those that grow in Candie, Affricke, and Syria: this vertue hath the oile of cedar. that if any wood or timber be thoroughly anointed therewith. it is subject neither to worme nor moth, ne yet to rottenness.-Holland. Plinie, b. xvi. c. 39.

The fume and smoke of the cedar and the citron trees only, the old Trojans were acquainted with when they offered sacrifice.-Id. Ib. b. xiii. c. 1.

By his prescript a sanctuary is fram'd
Of cedar, overlaid with gold, therin
An ark, and in the ark his testimony,

The records of his cov'nant.-Milton. Par. Lost, b. xii.

— It is not for his tall

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the text, Cieling;) in Barker, 1583, Siel. Minshew says, " to siele, (v.) to wainscot." Somner, that the A. S. Sul is basis, limen, the groundpost, a sill, sell or ground-sill. Also, Columna, a pillar. Hercoles syla, Hercules' pillars." In Sw. Syll, according to Ihre, is the foundation of any thing; whence he adds, in Ulphilas, Sulan, gasulan, fundare, to found, or lay the foundation. Junius, in his Gloss. Goth. suggests that Syl may be from the Gr. Evλov, lignum, or from úλŋ, any wooden material fit for building. In 2 Chron. iii. 5. quoted below, "he syled with fyre tree," is in the Septuagint, evλwσe Evλois Redρivois. In Jer. xxii. 14. " the sylynges maketh he of cedere," B. Jonson. New Inn, Act iii. sc. 1. is, evλwueva ev Keoрw. Dr. Jamieson suggests There eternal summer dwells, the Dut. Siele, indusium subuculum. The old And west winds, with musky wing, English, (see the quotation from Leland,) he says, About the ce iarn alleys fling Nard and Cassia's balmy smells. is a canopy. Though Cotgrave explains the Fr. Ciel, to signify heaven, and also a canopy, and the inner roof of a room of state, &c. he discountenances the supposition that they are the same word, by observing that they have different plurals; the first having cieux, and the second ciels. North writes Seeling. (See in v. FRET.)

And growing gravity, so cedar-like,
To be the second to an host in cuerpo,
That knows his own elegancies.

Milton. Comus.

Pindus again shall hear, again rejoice,
And Hemus too, as when th' enchanting voice
Of tuneful Orpheus charm'd the grove,
Taught oaks to dance, and made the cedars move.
Lansdowne. In praise of Myra.
Fr. Céder; It. Cedere; Sp.
Ceder; Lat. Ced-ere, to go,
CE'SSIBLE.
Accede.
to go away.
CESSIBILITY. Cede appears to be of very

CEDE, v.
CE'SSION.

modern introduction.

To go away from, to quit or forsake, to yield or give up, to resign. Cession

A going away from, quitting, or forsaking, yielding, giving up, resigning. Yielding or giving way, (sc.) to pressure, to any external force.

That it is the equal pressure of the air on all sides upon the bodies that are in it, which causeth the easy cession of its parts, may be argued from hence. Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 15.

But lastly, if the parts of the strucken body be so easily cessible, as without difficulty the stroke can divide them, then it enters into such a body till it has spent its force. Digby. On Bodies, c. 9.

There is to be further noted that, if the subject strucken be of a proportionate cessibility, it seems to dull and deaden the stroke; whereas if the thing strucken be hard, the stroke seems to lose no force, but to work a greater effect.

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After the treaty of Ryswick, indeed, some few of those among them, who had not obtained settlements in Martinico and Hispaniola, returned to St. Christopher: but the war of the partition soon after breaking out, they were finally expelled, and the whole island was ceded in sovereignty to the crown of Great Britain, by the treaty of Utrecht. Grainger. Sugar Cane, b. i. Note. CEDULE. Schedule, (qv.) Fr. Cédule; It. Cedola, Sp. Cedula. A scrowl, handwriting, or private instrument in writing, (Cotgrave.)

Then lay deliuered to the Earle [of Surrey] a little cedule, wryten with the kynges secretaries hand unsigned. Hall. Hen. VIII. an. 5.

I have procured a royal cedule which I caus'd to be printed, and whereof I send you here inclos'd a copy, by which cedule I have power to arrest his very person [the Conde del Real]; and my lawyer tells me there was never such a cedule granted before.-Howell, b. i. s. 3. Let. 14.

CE DUOUS. Lat. Cæduus, from cæd-ere, to cut, to cut down.

And first by Trees here, I consider principally for the genus generalissimum. These we shall divide into the greater and more ceduous, fructicant and shrubby.

Evelyn. Sylva, s. 3. Introd. ed. 1679. CEIL, v. In neither Skinner nor Junius. CEILING. Barrett has " Sieling, planking or Doarding - also materiaria crustatio." In the Bible, 1551, it is written Syll; in the Geneva, 1561, Sile; (once in the margin Cieled, and in

Ceiling seems to have been applied, generally,
to any work in wood or timber, whether roof,
sides, or floor: it is still applied to the planking of
a ship. More commonly, to-

beneath an upper flooring or outer roof.
The cover of the top of a room or apartment;

And the greater house he syled with fyre tree and ouer-
layde it wt good golde, and graued thereto paulmetrees and
cheines. Bible, 1551. 2 Chron. c. 3.

CELEBRATE, v.
CELEBRATING, R.
CELEBRATION.

CELEBRATER.

CELEBRIOUS.

CELEBRITY.
CELEBRE, adj.
CELEBRABLE.

Fr. Célebrer; It. Cels brare; Sp. Celebrar; Lat. Celebrare, celebratum; Gr. KA-e, dicere, prædi

care.

To call, to declare, to proclaim, to make known or renowned; to spread the praise, fame, or reputation. Also To treat as worthy of honour, with public ceremony, with solemn rites.

Hercules is celebrable for his hard trauaile, he daunted the proud Centaurus, half horse, halfe man, & beraft the dispoiling fro ye cruell lion, that is to saie, he slough the lion & beraft him his skin. Chaucer. Boecius, b. v.

As for those barking preachers so slaunderously defaming us in so celebre a place [they] ought rather to be called false King Hen. VIII. to Wyatt, an. 30.

prophets and sheep-cloathed wolves.

Wherby they have particularly acquired for theselfe eternal glory, and also right honorable buryall, not onely to be therein ingraued: but that theire vertue and their glory, whan tyme shal require to speake of their feates, or for to be in the same celebrated and magnefyed for euermore, ymitate and followe them.-Nicolls. Thucydides, fol. 56.

And tho many, both bishops and kings, ignorant of true religion, judge otherwise of these deeds; yet godly men know they have more of true praise, than the most ceiebrated triumphs.-Strype. Records. The D. of Saxony to

Hen. VIII. an. 1539.

brating the mass: not of the tradition of Jeames, for yt was as yet vnknowen to the world, & now first of all was it by y' Synode opened to the world.-Barnes. Workes, p. 356.

Before this tyme, of whom tooke you the manner of cele

And yet find we that feast [the Feast of the Dedicatio] euer after continued and had in honour vntyll Christes oune that same feast, as appeareth in the Ghospell of Saynt John. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 318.

And the greater house he ceiled with fir tree, which he dayes, and our Sauiour hymself went to the celebration of overlayd with fine gold, and set thereupon palm trees and

chains.-Bible. Modern Version. Ib.

Then spake the lorde by the prophete Aggeus, and sayde: ye youre selves can finde tyme to dwel in syled houses, and shall thys house lye waste.-Bible, 1551. Aggeus, c. 1.

Then came the word of the Lord by Haggai the prophet, saying,

Is it time for you, O ye that dwell in your ceiled houses, and this house lie waste ?-Bible. Modern Version. Ib.

The chammer was haunged of red and of blew, and in it was a cyll of cloth of gold; bot the king was not under for that sam day.-Leland, vol. iv. p. 295. Fyancells of Marg. eldest Daughter of K. Hen. VII. to K.Jas. of Scotland.

He causeth windowes to be hewen therein, and the sylunges and geastes maketh he of cedere, and paynteth theym

with zenober.-Bible, 1551. Jeremy, c. 22.

And cutteth him out windows, and it is ceiled with cedar,
and painted with vermillion.-Bible. Modern Version. Ib.
Mean while the south wind rose, and with black wings
Wide hovering, all the clouds together drove
From under heav'n; the hills to thir supply
Vapor, and exhalation dusk and moist,
Sent up amain; and now the thick'ned sky
Like a dark ceeling stood.-Millon. Paradise Lost, b. xi.

I myself have, not without some wonder, observed how
very long a plant of aloes torn from the ground, and hung
in the air near the cieling of my chamber, would continue
succulent.-Boyle. Workes, vol. iii. p. 124.

In this convent there is also a singular curiosity of another
kind, a small chapel, the whole lining of which, both sides
and cieling, is composed of human sculls and thigh bones;
the thigh bones are laid across each other, and a scull is
Cook. Voyages, vol. i. b. i. c. 1.
But me perhaps
The glowing hearth may satisfy awhile
With faint illumination, that uplifts
The shadows to the cieling, there by fits
Dancing uncouthly to the quivering flame.

placed in each of the four angles.

Couper. Task, b. iv. Calare, cælatum, insculpere, to cut, to carve, to grave, to engrave.

CELATURE.

With crafty archys raysyd wonder clene,
Embowed over all the work to cure,

So marveylous was the celature.

Lydgate. Troye Boke, in Warton, vol. ii. p. 99. These celatures in the drinking cups were so fram'd that they might put them on or take thein off at pleasure, and were therefore called emblemata: such was that whereof the satyrist speaks.-Hakewill. Apologie, p. 372.

They admitted in the utensils of the church some calatures and engravings. Such was that Tertullian speaks of, the Good Shepherd in the Chalice.

Bp. Taylor. Great Exemplar, pt. ii. s. 10.

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I have sinned against the earth, which so long hath miserably wanted this sacrament: against men, whom I have called from this supersubstantial morsel; the slayer of so many mien as have perished for want of food. I have defrauded the souls of the dead of this daily and most cele brious sacrifice.

Strype. Memoirs. Cranmer's Confession, an. 1555
With what eyes could we
Stand in his presence humble, and receive
Strict laws impos'd to celebrate his throne
With warbl'd hymns, and to his Godhead sing
Forc't Halleluiah's.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. il.

The citizens

I am sure haue shewne at full their royall minds,
As let'em haue their rights, they are euer forward-
In celebration of this day with shewes,
Pageants, and sights of honor.

Shakespeare. Hen. VIII. Act iv. sc. 1. In that sacred and celebrious assembly of all the states, addressing for the royal inauguration, he [Abp. Hubert] added to those lay peeres conditionals, his clergy-sophismes, and second seede plot of treasons.

Speed. Hist. of G. Britaine, an. 1199. Though you tell me not who objected against your writing Occasional Meditations, because you have named me, who encourage you to write more of them, I dare venture to lay my credit with you, that you yourself do think your celebrater as competent a judge, in such cases, as your exceptionsmaker.-Boyle. Works, vol. vi. Letter from Lady Ranelagh. I am really more a well wisher to your felicity, than a celebrater of your beauty. Pope to Mrs. A. Fermor. On her Marriage. The drowsy elements, arous'd by thee, Roll to harmonious measures, active all! Earth, water, air, and fire, with feeling glee, Exult to celebrate thy festival.-Thompson. Hymn to May. It may happen in the various combinations of life, that a good man may receive favours from one, who, notwithstanding his accidental beneficence, cannot be justly proposed to the imitation of others, and whom therefore he must find some other way of rewarding than by publick celebrations.-Rambler, No. 136.

Doctor Warburton had a name sufficient to confer celebrity on those who could exalt themselves into antagonists, and his notes have raised a clamour too loud to be distinct. Johnson. Preface to Shakespeare. CELERITY. Fr. Célérité; Lat. Celer, from KEAA-Ew, impellere, to drive on, urge on, impel. Applied to the motion of any thing driven on, forced or struck on.

Speed, swiftness, velocity.

From this question his ho, descended to the maner of proceding of this mater, and how the same requyred celerite. and therupon called in doubt, whether your gr. shold be refused as suspecte.

Strype. No.23. Records. The King's Ambassadors to Wolscy.

The horsemen made such diligence, and whh such celeritie get forwards their journey, that nothyng was more likely then they to haue obtayned, ye and seased their praye. Grafton. Rich. III. an. 3.

Even a small parcel of air, if put into a sufficiently brisk motion, may communicate a considerable motion to a solid body whereof a notable instance (which depends chiefly npon the celerity of the springy corpuscles of the air) 18 afforded by the violent motion communicated to a bullet shot out of a good wind-gun.-Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 5.

Time, with all its celerity, moves slowly to him, whose whole employment is to watch its flight.-Idler, No. 21.

CELESTIFY, v. CELESTIAL, adj. CELESTIAL, N. CELE'STIOUS.

ius.)

Fr. Céleste, célestial; It. and Sp. Celeste, celestiale; Lat. Calum; Gr. Koλov, i. e. cavum, hollow, (Vos

In application, equivalent to the EnglishHeavenly; having the qualities of the heavens; cf the inhabitants of heaven.

And yff we haue nede of prayers lyvyng in thys worlde, moche more nede shall we haue in the other worlde, where we shall be lett from that celestyal syght.

Strype. Records. Dr. Crome's Declaration, &c. No. 10.

It remaineth therefore, that as your lordship from time to time vnder her most gracious and excellent Maiestie, haue shewed your selfe a valient protectour, a carefull conseruer, and an happy enlarger of the honour and reputation of your country; so at length you may enjoy those celestial bless ings, which are prepared to suche as tread your steps, and secke to aspire to such diuine and heroical vertues.

Haekluyt. Voyages. Epistle Dedicatoree, vol. i.

vprose.

This end the talking had, King Ioue from golden throne Whom home to heauenly court celestials garding al did close.-Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. 10.

For though we should affirm that all things were in all things that heaven were but earth celestified, and earth | but heaven terrestrified, or that each part above had influence upon its divided affinity below: yet how to single out these relations, &c.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.

In the mean time your selves, Illustrious and most Excelent Lords, in whom this pious and noble sedulity, out of meer Evangelical affection, exerts itself to reconcile and pacify contending bretheren, as ye are worthy of all applause among men, so doubtless will ye obtain the celestial reward of peace makers with God; to whose supreme benignity and favour, we heartily recommend in our prayers both you and yours.-Milton, vol. ii. Letter of State, Oct. 1653.

But as poets and astronomers have fancied, among the celestial lights that adorn the firmament, bears, bulls, goats, dogs, scorpions, and other beasts; so our adversaries impute I know not what imaginary deformities to a book, ennobled by its author with many celestious lights fit to instruct the world, and discover to them the ways of truth and blessedness.-Boyle. Works, vol. fi. p. 257.

That mind will never be vacant, which is frequently recalled by stated duties to meditations on eternal interests; nor can any hour be long, which is spent in obtaining some new qualification for celestial happiness.-Rambler, No. 124. No sooner were they of age to be received into the apart

ments of the other celestials, than Wit began to entertain Venus at her toilet by aping the solemnity of Learning, and Learning to divert Minerva at her loom, by exposing the blunders and ignorance of Wit.-Id. No. 22.

CELIBATE, n. Fr. Célibe, célibate; It. and CELIBACY, n. Sp. Celibe, celibato; from the Lat. Calebs. Ακειω, vel κοιτη, et λείπω, est καλιψ, quia eἰ λείπει καιτη γαμικη, deest lectus nuptialis, because the nuptial bed is wanting to him, (Vossius.) And to the same purport is Scaliger (ad Festum.) See Martinius. was applied as Celibacy now is, to

Celibate

the

The state of being unmarried; or ofOne who has not-one who is without nuptial bed; who is single, solitary, without a wife, unmarried. In English Law, the male is called, a bachelor; the female, a spinster.

Not discerning in the mean time that amongst those who pretended to the purities of calibate, some would yet bring women into their houses.

Bp. Taylor. Rule of Conscience, b. iii. c. 4. At length this most holy, zealous, mortified and seraphical Dr. Sherlock having spent all his time in holy and chaste celibacy, surrendered up his most pious soul to God in sixteen hundred eighty and nine, and was buried on the 25th of June within the chancel.-Wood. Athene Oxon.

The former could not be done, while the clergy gave hostages of their fidelity to the civil government by the interests of their families and children; therefore this Pope did most verely forbid all clergy-mens marrying; that as the old Roman soldiers were forbidden marriage while they received

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pay, lest their domestick interests should abate their cou rage; so the celibate of the clergy was strictly enjoyned, to make them more usefuli and hearty for this design. Stillingfleet, vol. ii. Ser. 2. He, that said it was not good for man to be alone, placed the celibate amongst the inferior states of perfection. Boyle. Works, vol. vi. p. 292. Letter from Mr. Evelyn.

This [the poverty of some of the clergy] is the only specious objection, which our Romish adversaries urge against the doctrine and practice of this church, in the point of celibacy, the only matter of just reproach, wherein they visibly triumph.-Atterbury, vol. ii. Ser. 8.

He [the Pope] was sensible, that so long as the monks were indulged in marriage, and were permitted to rear families. they never could be subjected to strict discipline, or requisite to procure to the mandates, issued from Rome, a reduced to that slavery under their superiors, which was ready and zealous obedience. Celibacy, therefore, began to be extolled, as the indispensable duty of priests.

CELL, v. CELL, n. CE'LLAR, N. CELLERAGE, n. CE'LLARER, or CE'LLERER, n CELLULAR, adj. to be out of sight. applied to places description.

Hume. Hist. of England, vol. i. c. 2.

Fr. Cellule; It. Cella; Sp. Celela; Lat. Cella, a celendo. Festus, Calla, quod ea ca·lentur, quæ velimus esse occulta; because in it those things may be concealed, which we wish to be hidden; And cellar is now particularly appropriated to things of this

On a bulk in a cellar, or in a glass-house among thieves and beggars, was to be found the author of the Wanderer, the man of exalted sentiments, extensive views, and cu rious observations.-Johnson. The Life of Savage.

CELSITUDE. Fr. Celsitude, highness, excellency, (terms conferred on Princes,) Cotgrave. From the Lat. Celsus, high, lofty.

Honour to the celestiall and cleare,

Goddes of Lote, and to thy celsitude
That yeuest vs light, so fer downe fro thy spere
Persing our harts with thy pulcritude.

Chaucer. The Court of Loue.

To the most excellent prince in Christ, &c William, &c. greeting in him by whom kings doe reigne and princes beare rule. Vnto your kingly celsitude [Ric. 2.] by the tenour of those presents we intimate that, &c. Fox. Martyrs. Rich. II. an. 7.

CEMENT, v. Į Fr. Cément or Ciment, cimenCEMENT, N. ter; It. Cemento; Lat. Camentum, so called because cæsum, i. e. cul, (sc.) from larger stones; and applied (see Vossius) to those small stones or pieces or fragments of stones, which were used for filling up, stowing, cramming together with other materials. See the quotation from Holland's Livy, where the word morter is improperly introduced.

An adhesive, sticking, fastening, binding compost, of sand, lime, or other materials.

Slyme was their morter, ch. ii. and slyme pittes, ch. iv that slyme was a fatnesse that issued out of the earth, like vnto tarre: and thou mayest call it cement, if thou wilt. Tyndal. Workes, p. 6. Seperate the stoanes, and the wall openeth, and leat the

A place of concealment, of secrecy, of retirement, of seclusion, of store; a secret or retired apartment, or habitation or dwelling: a deposi- ciment faile, and the edifice falleth.-The Golden Boke, c. 17. tory; a retreat.

And for chef charyte, we chargeden vs seluen In amendyng of this men, we maden oure celles To ben in cytes yset. Piers Plouhman. Crede. Biholde the crowis: for thei sowen not neither repen, to which is no celer ne berne, and God fedith them, how mych more ye ben of more prys than thei?-Wiclif. Luke, e. 12.

And if you list to herken hinderward,

I wol you sayn the lif of Seint Edward:
Or elles tragedies first I wol telle

Of which I have an hundred in my cell.

Chaucer. The Monkes Tale, v. 13,978.

Ther be other spices of pride that ben withouten: but natheles, that on of thise spices of pride is signe of that other, right as the gay levesell at the taverne is sign of the win that is in the cellar.-Id. The Persones Tale.

Upon my faith thou art some officer,
Some worthy sextein, or some celerer.

Id. The Monkes Tale, v. 13,942.

Minerue for the head thei soughten,
For she was wise, and of a man
The witte and reason which he can,
Is in the celles of the brayne,

Whereof thei made hir souerayn.-Gower. Con. A. b. v.

Myself a recluse from the world,

And celled under ground,

Lest that the gould, the precious stones,
And pleasures, here be found,
Might happen to corrupt my ninde,
For blindness did I pray,
And so contemplatiuely heere,
I with contentment stay.

Warner. Albion's England, b. vii.

Sec. Br. 'Tis most true, That musing meditation most affects The pensive secrecy of the desert cell, Far from the chearful haunt of men and herds, And sits as safe as in a senate house.-Millon. Comus.

Which fume mounting into the head makes the enthusiast to admiration fluent and eloquent, he being as it were drunk with new wine drawn from that cellar of his own that lies in the lowest region of his body, though he be not aware of it, but takes it to be pure nectar, and those waters of life that spring from above.-H. More. On Enthusiasm, s. 18.

Ham. Ahah boy, sayest thou so. Art thou there, truepenny? Come on, you here this fellow in the selleredge. Shakespeare. Hamlet, Acti. sc. 5.

The soul contending to that light to fly From her dark cell, we practice how to die : Employing thus the poet's winged art To reach this love, and grave it in our heart. Waller. Of Divine Love, c. 6. Thus, though in summer divers cellars, that are not deep, are perhaps no colder than the external air was (when it was judged but temperate) in the winter or the spring, yet it will seem very cold to us, that bring into it bodies heated by the summer sun, and accustomed to a warmer air. Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 482.

As flowers dead, lie wither'd on the ground,
As broken glass no cement can redress,

So beauty blemish'd once for ever's lost,
In spite of physic, painting, pain, and cost.

Shakespeare. The Passionate Pilgrim, s. II. And that was no hard matter to do, for that the cement or morter was not hardened and bound with lime, but tempered with earth and clay, after the old manner of building.

Holland. Livios, p. 400.

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And indeed by variety of cements we may be assisted to make divers experiments that we could not otherwise make so well, if at all; for which reason I have been somewhat curious about making a pretty number of such mixtures. Boyle. Works, vol. iii. p. 463.

An harmony of mould, by nature mixt! Not light as air, nor as a cement fin'd: Just firm enough t' embrace the thriving root, Yet give free expanse to the fibrous shoot. Hart. Christ's Parable of the Sower. CEMETERY, n. Į Fr. Cimitière; It. CimiCEMITERIAL. Stero; Sp. Cementario; Lat. Camenterium. Kontiov, (q. d.) dormitorium, a place to sleep in, from Kouar, to sleep. Applied by Christians, to whom death itself is but a sleep, dormitio, (Vossius,) to—

The place of burial.

Among Christians the honour, which is valued in the behalf of the dead, is, that they be buried in holy ground; that is, in appointed cemeteries, in places of religion, there where the field of God is sown with the seeds of the resurrection, that their bodies also may be among the Christians, with whom their hope and their portion is, and shall be for ever.-Bp. Taylor. Holy Dying, s. 8.

The cemiterial cels of ancient Christians and martyrs, were filled with draughts of Scripture stories. Brown. Urn Burial, c. 3. Though we decline the religious consideration, yet in cemiterial and narrower burying places, to avoid confusion and cross position, a certain posture were to be admitted. Id. 16.

It is for this reason (says Plato) that the souls of the dead appear frequently in comitaries, and hover about the places, where their bodies were buried, as still hankering after their old brutal pleasures, and desiring again to enter the body that gave them an opportunity of fulfilling them.

Spectator No. 20

CENATION.

CEN

Lat. Cana, a supper; perCE'NATORY, adj. Shaps from Gr. Kown, com"Canatory convention," mon, a common meal.

A meeting for supping or taking supper together, or in common.

And concordant hereunto is the instruction of Columella, De positione villa: which he contriveth into summer and winter habitations, the rooms of conation in the summer, he obverts into the winter ascent, that is south-east.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 7. Lastly if it be not fully conceded, that this gesture [discumbency] was used at the Passover, yet that it was observed at the last supper, seems almost incontrovertible, for at this feast or cœnatory convention, learned men make more then one supper, or at least many parts thereof.-Ib. Ib. b. vi. c. 6.

CE'NOBY, n.

CE'NOBITES.

CENOBI'TIC.

CENOBITICAL.

Gr. Κοινόβιον, from Koινos, common, and Bios, life.

See the example from Gib

bon.

His [John Bucke] armes are yet to be seene in the ruines of the hospitall of St. John's near Smithfielde, and in the church of Alhallows at the upper end of Lumbard Streit, which was repaired and enlarged with the stones brought from that demolished cenoby.

Sir G. Buck. History of Rich. III. p. 68. Yet it is hard that any church should be charged with crime for not observing such rituals, because we see some o them which certainly did derive from the Apostles, are expired and gone out in a desuetude; such as are abstinence from bloud, and from things strangled, the cœnobitick life of secular persons, &c.-Bp. Taylor. Lib. of Prophesying, s. 5. They have multitudes of religious orders black and gray, eremitical and cenobilical, and nuns.-Stillingfleet.

The monks were divided into two classes: the cœnobiles, who lived under a common, and regular, discipline; and the anachorets, who indulged their unsocial, independent fanaticism.-Gibbon. History, c. 37.

CENOTAPH, n. Fr. Cenotaphe; Gr. KevoTapiov, from Kevos, empty, and rapos, a tomb.

An empty tomb;-erected in honour of one to whom the rites of burial had been performed elsewhere; or of one, to whom no rites of burial had been performed at all.

Hobeit the armie reared in honour of him an honorarie tombe (or stately herse) (which the Greeks call cenotaphium, i. e. an empty tomb,) about the which every yeare afterwards upo a certain set day, the souldiers should runne at tilt, keepe jousting and turnament.-Holland. Suetonius, p. 153.

Priam, to whom the story was unknown

As dead, deplor'd his metamorphos'd son
A cenotaph his name and title kept

And Hector round the tomb, with all his brothers wept.
Dryden. Ovid. Met. b. xii.

The cenotaph is placed immediately under that of Milton, and represents, in alto relievo, a female figure with a lyre as emblematical of the higher kinds of poetry, pointing with one hand to the bust above, and supporting with the other a medalion.-Mason. On Mr. Gray, Note 2.

}

Fr. Encens, encenser; It. Incenso; CENSE. CE'NSING, n. Sp. Enscienso. Junius says, that Thus was, by the writers of the CE'NSER. middle age, called Incensum; Skinner adds, quia (sc.) incenditur, hoc est, adoletur; because it was

burnt.

See INCENSE.

Any thing burned; any perfumed, aromatick, odoriferous thing, burned, (sc.) in divine honour.

And anothere aungel cam and stood bifore the auter, and hadde a goldun censer, and manye encensis weren gouun to him that he schulde ghyue of the preieris of alle seintis on the goldun auter that is bifore the trone of God. Wiclif. Apocalipse, c. 8.

And another angel came & stod before ye aulter hauing a goldė senser, & much of odoures was geue vnto hym, yt he shold offer of ye praiers of all sainctes vpō the golde aulter, which was before ye seat.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

This Absolon, that joly was and gay,
Goth with a censer on a holy day,
Censing the wives of the parish faste.

Chaucer. The Miller's Tale, v. 3341.

But with vs is the Lorde our God whome we haue not forsaken, and the priestes of the sonnes of Aaron ministrynge vrto the Lorde, & the Leuites in office, burning vnto the Lorde euerye morninge, & euery euen burnt offerynges and swete cense.-Bible, 1551. 2 Chronicles, c. 13.

And as for censing of them, and kneeling and offering unto them, with other like worshippings, although the same hath entred by devotion, and fallen to custom; yet the people ought to be diligently taught, that they in no ways do it."

Burnet. Records. Addenda. Of Images, vol. i.
He spake against invocation and praying to saints, and
against censing in the church and other ceremonies.
Strype. Memoirs Hen. VIII. an 1540.

CEN

Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincence
Which from a golden censer, forth doth rise,
And throwing forth sweet odours mount fro thence
In rolling globes up to the vauted skies.
Spenser. Colin Clout come home.

See, father, what first fruits on earth are sprung
From thy implanted grace in man, these sighs
And prayers, which in this golden censer, mixt
With incence, I thy priest before thee bring.

Millon. Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Lives there on earth to whom I am unknown,
Unconquerable queen of mighty woes?
Whom nor the fuming censer can appease,
Nor victim's blood on blazing altars pour'd.

CENSE.
CE'NSION.

CE'NSUAL, adj.

West. Triumphs of the Gout.
From the Lat. Censere, of
Festus,
unknown etymology.

}

censere, nunc significat putare, nunc suadere, nunc decernere. And then, censio, estimatio. And Varro, censor ad cujus censionem, id est, arbitrium, censeretur populus. It is used as equivalent to

Rate, tax, assessment. See quotation from Livy. For he divised and ordained the cense, to wit, the assessing, and taxation of the citizens; a thing most profitable to that state and government, which was like in time to come, to grow so mightie. By which cense, the charges and contributions, either in war or peace, was not levied by the poll upon the citizens, as aforetime, but according to the valuation of their wealth and abilitie.-Holland. Livivs, p. 30.

And though respect bee a part following this; yet now
here, and still I must remember it, if you write to a man,
whose estate and cense and senses, you are familiar with,
you may the bolder, (to set a taske to his braine,) venter on
a knot.-B. Jonson. Discoveries, p. 123.

God intended this cension onely for the blessed Virgin and
her sonne, that Christ might be borne, where he should.
Bp. Hall. Cont. The Birth of Christ.

He [William the Conqueror] caused the whole realm to be
described in a censual roll, (whereof he took a precedent
from King Alfred,) so there was not one hyde of land, but
both the yearly rent and the owner thereof was therein set
down.-Baker. William I. an. 1079.

CENSOR.

CENSO'RIAL.

CENSO'RIAN.

CENSO'RIOUS.
CENSO'RIOUSLY.
CENSO'RIOUSNESS.
CE'NSORSHIP.
CE'NSURE, n.
CE'NSURE, V.
CE'NSURABLE.

CE'NSURABLENESS.
CE'NSURER.

CE'NSURING, N.

Fr. Censeur; It. Censore; Sp. Censor. (See the example from North's Plutarch.) The popular usage (of censorious) is deduced from that part of the censor's office, by which he "had authority to degrade any senator, who did not worthily behave himself," See CENSURE.

A censorious man is one disposed to detect, and exCensure, censoris officium, vel etiam opus; i. e. pose faults; to pass severe judgments; to degrade. animadversio, reprehensio, (Gessner.) In our old writers, to censure is merely—

To think, to form an opinion, to judge, to adjudge. Now

To judge unfavourably, to condemn, to reprehend, to blame.

Thou saiest in thy letter, that the censores are right rygorous in that realme; and therefore all that nacion hath yllwyll with the senate.-Golden Boke, Let. 11.

If any one intend an inquisitiue survey of my actions,
I intreate him to judge favourably of mee, and not rashly to
admit any censorious conceit.

State Trials. Anna Boleyn. From Harleian MS.
Wherefore to write my censure of this booke
This Glasse of Steele vnpartially doth shewe
Abuses all to such as in it looke

From prince to poore, from high estate to lowe,
As for the verse, who list like trade to trie,
I feare me much shall hardlie reach so high.

Gascoigne. The Steele Glas.
These are to will and command you to convent such
obstinate persons before you, and then to admonish and
command to keep the order prescribed in the same book;
and if any shall refuse so to do, to punish them by suspen-
sion, excommunication, or other censures of the church.

Burnett. Records. Hen. VIII. an. 3. The Bishops. For he that was censor, had authority to put any senator off the council, and so degrade him, if he did not worthily behave himself according to his place and calling and might name and declare any one of the senate, whom he thought to be most honest and fittest for the place again. Moreover, they might by their authority take from licentious young men, their horse which was kept at the charge of the common weal. Furthermore, they be the sessors of the people, and the muster masters, keeping books of the number of persons at every mustering.-North. Plutarch, p. 221. 985

O strange alarme! what must this meeting prove

Where ruine onely hath prepar'd the way?

All known when mustred (though not numbred) there,
A dreadfull censor no man's spot will spare.

Stirling. Dooms-Day. The Fourth Houre. And as the Chancerie had the pretorian power of equitie; so the Star-chamber had the censorian power for offences, vnder the degree of capitall.-Bacon. Henry VII. p. 64.

A third kind of pride is a supercilious affected hautiness that men perhaps meekly enough disposed by nature, are fain to take upon them for some ends, a solemn censorious majestick garb, that may entitle them to be patriots of such or such a faction; to gain a good opinion with some, whose good opinion may be their gain.-Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 614. That brings me to the next thing proposed at first, the Pharisees censoriousness and insinuated accusations of all others.-Id. Ib.

But, when there was an assembly summoned for the
choosing of censors, C. Martius Rutilius professing himselfe
to stand for a censorship, even he that had been the first
dictatour of the commons, troubled the peace and unity of
the states of the citie.-Holland. Livivs, p. 264.
Lidia, appear,

And feast an appetite almost pined to death
With longing expectation to behold
Thy excellencies: thou, as beauty's queen,
Shalt censure the detractors.

Massinger. Great Duke of Florence, Act v. sc. 2.
I know in this

That I am censured rugged and austere,
That will vouchsafe not one sad sigh or tear
Upon his slaughter'd body.-Id. The Unnatural Combat.
Upon this insolent answer, every one looked the king
should have censured him to some terrible punishment;
when contrary to all their expectations, in a high degree of
charity, he not only freely forgave him but gave a special
charge he should be set at liberty, and that no man should
dare to do him the least hurt.-Baker. Rich. I. an. 1199.

Humf. Madam, the king is old enough himselfe
To giue his censure: these are no women's matters.
Shakespeare. 2 Part Hen. VI. Act i. sc. 3.
Giue euery man thine eare; but few thy voyce,
Take each man's censure, but reserve thy iudgment.
Id. Hamlet, Act i. sc. 3.

But where the sun's bright beams could not pierce into, I have to those oscure grotte, darke caves and vaults, brought candlelight, my own conceit and conjecture, which (as they are) I submit to the favourable censure of the more learned and juditious.-Burton in Fuller. Worthies. Leicestershire We must not stint

Our necessary actions, in the feare
To cope malicious censurers, which euer,
As rau'nous fishes doe a vessell follow

That is new trimm'd.-Shakes. Hen. VIII. Act i. sc. 2.

To say true, this and divers other are alike in their censurableness, by the unskilfull (be it divinity, physick, poetry, &c.) we may complain in a metaphor, (as painting can without) the blind world cannot judge of colours.

Whitlock. Manners of the English, p. 493.

He was not so censorious as to imagine, either that the authors of them do seek the praise of men more than the praise of God, or that they do, out of vanity, attempt to make up the real want of good sense, by a show of good words.-Nelson. Life of Bp. Bull.

I have of late years met with divers such vain pretenders, who speak arrogantly and censoriously both of God and men; whilst themselves oftentimes understand no tongue but their mother's.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 304.

They are both very requisite in a virtuous mind, to keep out melancholy for the many serious thoughts it is engaged in, and to hinder its natural hatred of vice from sow'ring into severity and censoriousness.-Spectator, No. 243.

When my great predecessor Cato the elder stood for the censorship of Rome, there were several other competitors who offered themselves, and to get an interest among the people, gave them great promises of the mild and gentle treatment, which they would use towards them in that office.-Tatler, No. 162.

Should I be troubled when the purblind knight,
Who squints more in his judgment than his sight
Picks silly faults, and censures what I write.

Rochester. An Allusion to Horace, b. i. Sat. 10.

I am sorry the first, and the worst of the two [trying a new experiment] is fallen to my share, by which all a man can hope is to avoid censure, and that is much harder than to gain applause, for this may be done by one great or wise action in an age; but to avoid censure, a man must pass his life without saying or doing one ill or foolish thing.

Sir W. Temple. Upon the Cure of the Gout. Nay amongst Europeans themselves, Cicero hath found many censurers, and a book hath been published to prove, that Tully was not cloquent.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 299.

In all the hot debates in King Charles the First's reign, censurable, yet the passing any censure on them was never in which many resolutions taken in council were justly attempted by men, who were no way partial in favour of the prerogative.-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1711.

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