To all yet, he his challenge made at every martiall feafe.
And easily foild all since with him Minerva was so great.
Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. iv.

Scon after this so fierce conflict was done,
Another challenger straight steppeth out,
With whom Martano was required to runne,
But he (whose heart was ever full of doubt)
With fonde excuses sought the same to shunne,
And shew'd himselfe a faint and dastard lout.

Harrington. Orlando, b. xvii. s. 63.

Now, at the time and in th' appointed place,
The challenger and challeng'd, face to face,
Approach; each other from afar they knew,
And from afar their hatred chang'd their hue.
Drayton. Palamon & Arcite.

This [duelling] seems to have begun upon the famous challenge that passed between Charles V. and Francis I. which though without effect, yet it is enough known and lamented, how much of the bravest blood in Christendom has been spilt by that example.

Sir W. Temple. Of Heroic Virtue.

My second excepted against it, and advised me to match my own, and send him the choice, which I obeyed; it being, you know, the challenger's privilege to elect his weapon. Guardian, No. 133.

I claim, not the letter, but the spirit of the old English law, that is, to be tried by my peers. I decline his grace's jurisdiction as a judge. I challenge the Duke of Bedford, as a juror to pass upon the value of my services.

Burke. Letter to a Noble Lord.

When any of them chooses to wrestle, he gets up from one side of the ring, and crosses the ground in a sort of measured pace, clapping smartly on the elbow joint of one arm, which is bent, and produces a hollow sound: that is reckoned the challenge.-Cook. Voyage, vol. v. b. ii. c. 7.

Yet I am far from thinking this tenderness universally necessary; for he that writes may be considered as a kind of general challenger, whom every one has a right to attack: since he quits the common rank of life, steps forward beyond the lists, and offers his merit to the public judgment.

His hour is come.

Rambler, No. 93.

The impious challenger of pow'r divine Was now to learn, that heav'n, though slow to wrath, Is never with impunity defied.-Cowper. Task, b. vi. CHALYBEAN. Fr. Chalibe. Chalybs, a kind of very hard iron, received its name from the Chalybians, a nation of Pontus or Scythia, (Vossius: and see Virg. Geo. i, 58.)

Who tore the lion as the lion tears the kid,

Ran on embattell'd armies clad in irou,

And weaponless himself,

Made arms ridiculous, useless the forgery

Of brazen shield and spear, the hammer'd cuirass,
Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail-
Adamantean proof.

CHA/MBER, v. CHAMBER, 1.

CHAMBERER.

CHAMBERING.

CHAMBERLAIN.

Milton. Samson Agonistes.

Fr. Chambre; It. and Sp. Camera; Ger. and Dut. Kamer; Lat. Camera; Gr. Kauapa, fornix, tectum arcuatum, opus CHAMBERLAINSHIP. fornicatum, aut similis structura. An arched covering, a vault, or similar structure. This, says Wachter, is the first signification of the word, which afterwards was applied, privately, to all (enclosed) parts or apartments of a house, cellas, conacula, dormitoria, and publicly, ad conclavia rationum, et tribunalia principum.

A

To chamber, is merely, to enclose, shut up. chamberer is applied by Shakespeare to those whose pleasures are in chambers; who are lascivious, wanton, intriguing. And so also chambering in the Bible. Chamber is much used-prefixed, as chamber-maid.

Any arch, or vault; any hollow, or cave or cavity a protected, or secluded, or retired room or apartment; whether for lodgment, or council, private deliberation or converse-as a bed-chamber, a council-chamber.

Pouere man wel ofte into hyre chambre heo drou
Bothe mescles & other.
R. Gloucester, p. 434.
-Wan ich ofte was

In chambre mid my felawes, ther com to me bicas
Ane swythe fair mon with alle.

Id. p. 129.

As hys chamberleyn hym brogte, as he rose aday,
A inorwe vorto werye, a peyre hose of say.
He esste, "wat hii costened? thre ssyllyng" the other
seyde.
Id. p. 390.
Chambres with chymeneys, and chapeles gaye.
Piers Ploukman. Crede.

And ye schulen seye to the housebondeman of the hous, the mayster seyth to thee, where is a chamber where I schal ete pask with my discipilis ?-Wiclif. Luke, c. 22.

And say vnto ye good ma of the house. The master saleth vnto the where is the gest chamber, where I shal eate myne ester lambe with my disciples?-Bible, 1551. Ib.

This miller to the toun his doughter send
For ale and bred, and rosted hem a goos,
And bond her hors, he shuld no more go loos:
And in his owen chambre hem made a bedde.
Chaucer. The Reves Tale, v. 4137.

And but thou do to my norice honour,
And to my chamberere within my bower.

Id. The Wif of Bathes Prologue, v. 5882.
And shortly of this matere for to sayn,
He fell in office with a chamberlain,
The which that dwelling was with Emelie.

Satan may looke in at my doors by a tentation; but he shall not have so much as one chamber-room set apart for him to sojourne in.-Bp. Hall. Medit. & Vows, cent. 1. § 5.

About twelve o'clock we went to take our places in the house; Mr. Lenthal our Speaker leading the way, and the officers of the army lining the rooms for us, as we passed through the painted chamber, the court of requests, and th: lobby itself; the principal officers having placed themselves nearest to the door of the Parliament-house; every one seeming to rejoice at our restitution, and promising to live and die with us.-Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 186.

I shall say nothing of those silent and busy multitudes that are employed within doors. in the drawing up of writings and conveyances; nor of those greater numbers that palliate their want of business with a pretence to such chamber-practice.-Spectator, No. 21.

I have upon my chamber-walls, drawn at full length, the figures of all sorts of men, from eight foot to three foot two

Gower. Con. A. b. ii.

Elda come home the same night:
And stille with a preuie light,
As he that wolde not awake
His wife, he hath his weye take
In to the chambre.
For there is none so litell page,
Ne yet so symple a chamberere,
That I ne make hem all chere.
Contecke, as the bokes saine,
Foole hast hath to his chamberlaine.

Id. Ib. b. iv.

Id. Ib. b. iii. And soo she and he wente thyder all alone, and nother chamberer not varlet entred with them, for the lady had noo mistrust in hym of ony dyshonoure. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 61.

This Persinall came to Jhon Ward, a secrete chamberer to the Duke of Gloucester.-Hall. Edw. V.

Let vs walke honestly as it were in the day lyght: not in eatyng and drynekyng; neither in chambarynge and wantones.-Bible, 1551. Romaynes, c. 13.

The hard ground is his feather bed, and some block or stone his pillow; and as for his horse, he is as it were a chamber-fellow with his master, faring both alike. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 250.

The Lord Lisle was made Earl of Warwick, and the Lord Great Chamberlainship was given to him; and the Lord Sudley made Admiral of England: all these things were done, the King being in the Tower.

Burnet. Records. K. Edward's Journal.

I interchangeably hurl down my gage Vpon this ouer-weening traitor's foote

To prove myself a loyall gentleman,
Euen in the best blood chamber'd in his bosome.

Shakespeare. Richard 11. Act i. sc. 1.

Nor in a secret cloister doth he keep
Those virgin-spirits, till their marriage day :
Nor locks them up in chambers, where they sleep,
Till they awake within these beds of clay.

Davies. Of the Creation of Souls.
Haply, for I am blacke,
And haue not those soft parts of conuersation
That chamberers haue.-Shakespeare. Othello, Act iii. sc. 3.
Nor in the house with chamber-ambushes
Close-banded durst attaque me, no not sleeping,
Till they had hir'd a woman with their gold
Breaking her marriage faith to circumvent me.
Millon. Samson Agonistes.

I grieve not court-ling thou art started up
A chumber-crilick and dost dine and sup
At madam's table, where thou makst all wit
Goe high, or loe, as thou wilt value it.

The day after, the Dutchess of Somerset was also sent to the Tower, with one Crane and his wife, that had been much about her, and two of her chamber-women.

Burnet. Hist. of the Reformation, b. i. pt. ii. an. 1551. With nobler gifts of native worth adorn'd, The heroic maid her sex's softness scorn'd; The silken indolence, and soft fatigue, The chamber'd spleen and closeted intrigue.

Brookes. Jerusalem Delivered, b. if The most magnificent and costly dome Is but an upper chamber to a tomb.-Young. Last Day, b. ii. CHAMELEON. Gr. Χαμαιλέων, from χαμαι, humi; and Aewv, leo; humilis, sive pumilus leo: a low or little lion-creeping on the ground. Xauai, Vossius remarks, in composition, diminishes.

Plinie calls it a kind of crocodile. The modern animal is a kind of lizard of a very harmless character.

There is not a creature in the world thought more fearfull than it which is the reason of that mutabilitle whereby it turneth into such variety of colours: howbeit of exceeding great power against all sorts of hawkes or birds of prey; for by report, let them flie and soare never so high over the chameleon, there is an attractive vertue that will fetch them down.-Holland. Plinie, b. xxviii. c. 8.

Though the cameleon loue can feed on the ayre, I am one that am nourish'd by my victuals; and would faine haue meate. Shakes. Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act ii. sc. 1.

He could frame altogether with [men's] manners and fashions of life, transforming himself more easily to all manner of shapes, then the camelion. For it is reported, that the camelion cannot take white colour: but Alcibiades could put upon him any manners, customs, or fashions, of what nation soever, and could follow, exercise, and counterfeit them when he would, as well the good as the bad.-North. Plutarch, p. 175.

Here in the court, camelion- like I fare,
And as that creature, only feed on air.

Drayton. England's Heroical Epistles
As the camelion, who is known,
To have no colour of his own;
But borrows from his neighbour's hue
His white or black, his green or blue;
And struts as much in ready light
Which credit gives him upon sight,
As if the rainbow were in tail,
Settled on him and his heirs male;
So the young 'squire.

Prior. The Camelion.

Maid. I'll conduct ye Even to her chamber-door, and there commit ye. Beaum. & Fletch. Mons. Thomas, Act iii. sc. 8. Auerring notes

Of chamber-hanging, pictures, this her bracelet.

Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act v. sc. 5.

And the said chamberlains and factors to be appointed by the Queene's Majestie, shall have sufficient power to intromit and uptake the fruits and profits aforesaid, in such fulnesse as if speciall letters of factory and chamerlancie were granted to them thereupon.-Knox. Hist. Reform. p. 323.

Where yet there is not laid Before a chamber-maid

Discourses so weigh'd as might have serv'd of old
For schools, when they of love and valour told.
B. Jonson. Answer to an Ode by O. Feltham.

And yet Appollo is much more ridiculous, if it be so, that he sits, giving answers and oracles as touching golden chamber-pols, gards and fringes of gold, yea, and tripping and stumbling of the foot.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 878.

But that in his chamber-pray'rs,
Persuade they would the multitude
This king too holy is and good.

Drummond. An Anti-Covenanter.

Curvatus, fornicatus, striatus, sulcatus, curved, vaulted, furrowed, (Skinner.) And thus of the same origin as chamber, though so differently applied.

To form or cut furrows, grooves, channels, wrinkles; to furrow, to groove.

But eft, when ye count you freed from feare
Comes the breme Winter with chamfered browes,
Full of wrinckles and frosty furrowes.

Spenser. Shepherd's Calendar. February The cornell tree is of a deep yellow, whereof are made the faire bore-speare staves, which shine againe, and bee studded (as it were) with knots and chamfred betweene, both for decencie and handsomenesse.

Holland. Plinie, b. xvi. c. 38.

CHAMLET, n. I See CAMEL, A kind of CHAMLETINGS. stuff made of camel's hair; a stuff made to resemble it. Chamletings, is applied to the waving pattern or figures upon it.

All the strete of Saint Denyce was couered ouer with clothes of sylk and chamlet, suche plentie, as though such clothes shulde cost nothing. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 187.

No man that is not worth 2001. or else 201. in living certain to wear any kind of chamblet.

Stype. Memorials. Edw. VI. an. 1551. |
That [vesture] seem d like siluer sprinkled here and there
With glittering spangs, that did like starres appeare,
And wav'd vpon, like water chamelot,

To hide the metall, which yet euery where
Bewrayd itselfe.--Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 11.

The same chameletings and undulations we may observe from a like cause in the grains of timber, shapes of plants and flowers, variegations of stones, and some minerals. Boyle. Works, vol. vi p. 401. Beale to Mr. Boyle.

And if we have anye stronger meate, it must be chammed afore by the nurse, & so put into the babe's mouths. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 241.

But he that repenteth toward the lawe of God and at the right of the sacrament, or of the breaking, feling, eating, chamming or drinking, &c.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 316.

CHAMOIZE. A word coined by Shelton.
Made of the hair of the Chamois.

Don Quixote left his soft bed, and nothing lazy put on his chamoiz'd apparel, and his boots, to hide the hole in his stocking. Shelton. Don Quixote, vol. iv. c. 5.

CHAMP, v.Į I know not, says Skinner, CHAMPER. whether from the Fr. Champayer, depascere, vel depasci, (as Cotgrave explains it, to run, feed, graze or pasture in fulds,) or from the Gr. Kanrew, to devour greedily.

To champ seems to be distinguished from to chaw; the latter being applied to the grinding action of the chaws or jaws; the former to the compression of the teeth, unaccompanied by the grinding motion of the jaw.

In chamber long she states, and redy brydled best beseene The palfrey stardes in gold, attired riche, and feerce he stampes

For pride, and on the formy bit of gold with teeth he chumpes.Phuer. Virgil. Eneidos, b. iv.

After whose [Ialycus) example, Neakes, another painter, did the like, and sped as well in making froth falling naturally from the horses mouth; namely, by throwing his sponge against the table before him, at what time as he painted a horse-rider cheering and chirking his horse, yet Teiguing him hard as he champed upon his bit.

Holland. Plinic, b. xxxv. c. 10.

Psyche observ'd how they this serious bit
Into their mouths like sullen horses took;
How mutinously they foam'd and champed it,
And in their hearts the reins aforehand broke.
Beaumont. Psyche, c. 20. s. 249.
The courser paw'd the ground with restless feet,
And snorting feam'd, and champ'd the golden bit.
Dryden. Palamon & Arcite.

One day, playing with a tobacco pipe between my teeth, it happen'd to break in my mouth, and the spitting out the pieces left such a delicious roughness on my tongue, that I could not be satisfied till I had champ'd up the remaining part of the pipe.-Spectator, No. 431.

Now Mr. Spec. I desire you would find out some name for these craving damsels, whether dignified or distinguish'd ander some or all the following denominations, (to wit) rash-eaters, oatmeal chewers, pipe chumpers.-Id.

As you travel on the left hand of Arabia, (famous for plenty of sweet odours,) there leth a champaign country ¦ placed between Tigris and Euphrates.

Ralegh. History of the World, b. i. e. 3. s. 12. Where delicious paradise, Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green, As with a rural mound the campain head Of a steep wilderness, whose hairie sides With thicket overgrown, grotesque and wilde Access deni'd.

Milton. Paradise Lost, D. iv.

So let them be, and, as I was saying,
They their live engines play'd, not staying
Until they reach'd the fatal champaign

Toward the south side turned thie thar flete
Thar fader & thei a chance togider gan mete.
R. Brunne, p. 69.
Bote throw a charme hadde ich a chounce and my chief
hele,
Piers Plouhman, p. 91.
Seven is my chance, and thin is cink and treye.
Chaucer. The Pardoneres Tale, v. 12,587.

O thon Cupide, O thou Venus,
Fortuned by whose ordinance

Of loue, is euery man's chance

Ye knowen all myn hole herte.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv. As they joygned themselfe togyders, they came to fygh

Far beyond

That Malian champain, stretching wide below,
Beyond the utmost measure of the sight
From this aspiring cliff, the hostile camp
Contains yet mightier numbers.-Glover. Leonidas, b. iii.

CHAMPERTOR.

CHAMPERTY. Į Fr. Cham-parter, to divide a field into even or due parts, (Cotgrave.) See the example from Blackstone, and an example from Milton under the word CHAPLAIN.

Thus may ye seen, that wisdom ne richesse,
Beaute ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardiness,
Ne may with Venus holden champartie,
For as hire histe the world may she gie.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 1951. Champarty, campi-partitio, is a bargain with a plaintiff or defendant campum partire, to divide the land or other matter sued for between them, if they prevail at law; whereupon the champertor is to carry on the party's suit at his own expence.-Blackstone, b. fv. e. 10.

CHAMPION, v. Fr. Champione; It. CamCHAMPION, n. pione. "One that fights CHAMPIONESS. a publick combat in his See own or another man's quarrel," (Cotgrave.) CAMP.

To champion,-(Shakespeare,) to challenge. For goure campion chivaler. chief knyght of gow alle Yelt hym recreaunt. Piers Plouhman, p. 344. Sothly, he that despeireth him, is like to the coward champion recreant, that flieth withouten nede.

Of crueltee the felonie Engendred is of tyrannie, Ayene the whose condicion

Chaucer. The Persones Tale.

God is hymselfe the champion-Gower. Con. A. b. vii. Then these two champyons were set one agaynst another, and so mounted on theyr horses, and behaued them nobly, for they knewe what perteyned to deades of armes.

Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 61. Rather then so, come fate into the lyst, And champion me to th' vtterance.

Shakespeare. Macbeth, Act iii. sc. I. Dear country, OI have not hither brought These arms to spoil, but for thy liberties; The sin be on their head that this have wrought, Who wrong'd me first, and thee do tyrannize, I am thy champion, and I seek my right: Provok'd I am to this by others spite.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. i. Then laid the noble championesse strong hond Upon th' enchaunter, which had her distrest So sore, and with foule outrages opprest.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 12. Next march'd the brave Orsin, famous for Wise conduct, and success in war;

A skilful leader, stont, severe,

Now marshal to the champion bear.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 2. When the tongue-battle was over, and the championess had harness'd her peacocks, to go for Samos, and hear the prayers that were made to her. Dryden. Amphitryon, Act i. sc. 1.

In a battle, every man should fight as if he was the single champion; in preparations for war, every man should think as if the last event depended on his counsel.-Idler, No. 8.

See the quotation from Dr. Clarke, and Wilson's Logick.

G. Douglas renders "Zephyris felicibus," to the chancy windes.

Chance is used elliptically for perchance, or by

into the ships of the othere, whyche thynge chancedde in many of them, for that the place was narrowe. Nicolls. Thucydides, fol. 192. Commonly one vnhappines chauneeth not, but another foloweth.-The Golden Boke, c. 27.

The Aoods fell from the hils: Dido a den, the Troyan prince the same Chaunced vpon. Surrey. Virgile. Exeis, b. iv. For that is chanceable which happeneth; and if it happen, there was a time before it happened, when it might haue not happened or else it did not happen, and so if chanceable, not eternal.~Sidney. Arcadia, b. iíí.

And he hath not appointed vs, an vncertaine and chance able coflict, but doth promise such a reward, to the which we eught to confer all the couseills, studies, and deayres of our lyfe.-Caluine. Foure Godlye Sermons, Ser. 2.

For to put our lyfe in danger, without any cosideratiō vnaduisedly, and chuunceably, is most against nature.-Id. Ib.

Those accidents are called things chauncing, which chaunce about a thing, so that whether these things chaunce, or no, the thing itselfe may be, or though the thing be not, these may so chaunee to be. As for example, palenesse may chaunce before sicknesse, and the same also may chaunce, though a man be not sicke, and a man may be also sicke, and yet nothing pale at aM.

Wilson. Logike. Things Chaaneing called Contingentia,
Till on a day roaving the field, I chanc'd
A goodly tree farr distant to behold,
Loaden with fruit of fairest colours mixt,
Ruddie and gold.

Millon. Paradise Lost, b. in.
Chaos umpire sits,
And by decision more imbroiles the fray
By which he reigns: next him high arbiter
Chance governs all. Id. Ib. b. ii.

All which kinds [of lots] howsoever they may seem chance ful, are yet ordered by God, as in the Proverb: The lot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposition is of the Lord. Ralegh. Hist. of the World, b. ii. c. 16. s. 2. About that time I chanced to go to the Prince after supper, and found him in the worst humour that I ever saw him.

Sir W. Temple. Memoirs, 1672-79.

It is not, I say, merely in a pious manner of expression, that the Scripture thus ascribes every event to the providence of God; but it is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason, that there is no such thing as chance of accident; it being evident that these words do not signify any thing really existing, any thing that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men's ignorance of the real and immediate cause.

Clarke, vol. i. Ser. 98. Yet besides chance ships of other nations, there come hither a Portuguese ship or two every year in their way to Brazil.-Dampier. Voyages, an. 1699.

A man that is out of humour when an unexpected guest breaks in upon him, and does not care for sacrificing an afternoon to every chance comer; that will be the master of his own time, and the pursuer of his own inclinati n makes but a very unsociable figure in this kind of life. Spectator, No. 132.

If chance, by lonely contemplation led,
Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate.

Gray. Elegy in a Country Church-yard. The superiority of which manner is never more striking, than when in a conection of pictures we enance to see a portrait of Titian's hanging by the side of a Flemish picture, (even though that should be of the hand of Vandyke,) which however admirable in other respects, becomes cold and gray in the comparison.-Sir Joshua Reynolds, Disc. 8.

Our studies will be for ever, in a very great degree, under the direction of chance; like travellers we must take what we can get, and when we can get it.-Id. Disc. 12. CHANCE-MEDLEY, properly

CHAUD-MEDLEY.

Fr. Chaudemelle, caude mellée; Mid. Lat. Calida melleia.

(See Du Cange.) Chaude or Caude, from Caldus or Calidus, hot, and Mellée, a squabble, a conflict, from Meler, to mix. See the quotation from Blackstone.

wilfully, wee make much more adoe, than if it were chanceIf the offence be committed vpon a prepensed minde, and mediy-Wilson. The Arte of Rhetorike, p. 135.

If such an one should have the ill hip at any time to strike a man dead with a smart saying, it ought, in all reason and conscience, to be judged but a chance-medly, the poor man (God knows) being no ways guilty of any design of wit. South, vol. i. Ser. 9.

But the self-defence, which we are now speaking of, is that whereby a man may protect himself from an assault, or the like, in the course of a sudden brawl or quarrel, by killing him who assaults him. And this is what the law expresses by the word chance-medley, or, (as some rather choose to write it,) chaud-medley, the former of which in its etymology signifies a casual affray, the latter an affray in the heat of blood or passion; both of them of pretty much the same import.-Blackstone. Commentaries, b. iv. c. 14.

CHANCEL. From the Franco- Norman Chancel, from the Lat. Cancelli. (See CANCEL.)

A part of a church, so called, because formerly separated from the rest of the church a cancellis, by bars or lattice-work, (Skinner.)

And thus lith Alison, and Nicholas,

In the besinesse of mirthe and in solas,
Til that the bell of laudes gan to ring,
And freres in the chancel gon to sing.

Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3656.

From thence, into the sacred church he broke,
And rob'd the chancell, and the deskes downe threw,
And altars fouled, and blasphemy spoke;

And th' images, for all their goodly hew,
Did cast to the ground.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. vi. c. 12.

Now did Ridley, Bishop of London, by his injunctions, order the altars in his diocese to be taken down, as occasions of great superstition and error, and tables to be set in their room in some convenient places of the chancel or choir. Strype. Memoirs. Edw. VI. an. 1550.

Whoever gives a pair of velvet shoes
To th holy rood, or liberally allowes

But a new rope to ring the curfew bell,

But he desires that the great deed may dwell,
Or graven on the chancel-window-glasse,

Or in the lasting tombe of plated brasse?-Bp. Hall. Sat. 4.

CHANCELLOR, n. Sir Edward Coke CHANCELLERY. says, he has his name CHANCELLORSHIP. of Chancellor from the CHANCERY. highest point of his jurisdiction; viz. a cancellando; that is, from cancelling the King's letters patents, by drawing strokes through it like a lattice. But it is well known, as Hobbs observes, that cancellarius was a great officer under the Roman Empire, whereof this island was once a member, and that the office came into this kingdom, either with, or in initation of, the Roman government. (Hobbs's Dialogue on the Common Law of England.) This officer appears at first to have been a mere clerk, appointed to receive petitions addressed to the Emperor, and to breviate the matter of them; and because he sat, (for whatever purpose,) within a room partitioned off by certain bars or latticework, cancelli, he was called Cancellarius. Spelman and Menage, Junius and Skinner.) Chancery seems to be an abbreviation of chancellery. Somme serven the kynge. and hus selver tellen

(See

In the chekkere and the chaunceirie, chalengynge hus dettes.-Piers Plouhman, p. 5.

I not what thinge it maie amount,

Upon thilke ende of our accompte,
Whiche Christ hym selfe is auditour,

Whiche taketh none hede of vein honour,

The office of the chancellerie.-Gower. Con. A. b. v.

And he tolde me that it was wel and clerelye proued that the chaunceler and hys kepers had kylled the man fyrst, and then haged him after.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 235.

In the tyme of hys hyghe chauncellourshippe, beynge but an alebraar's sonne of Londo, Johan Caygraue sayth, that he [Beckette] toke vpon him as he had ben a prince.

Bale. Votaries, pt. ii. Whyle these two kynges, theyr sonnes and counsailours were at Calais, there was dayly commonynge, and newe ordinaunces deuysed and confermed to ratifye the peace, nat hyndrynge nor brekynge the first letters: for they were euer male erynge one date, to be ye more suretie: of the whiche I haue sen the copy of the regestres in the chaune rues of both kynges. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 213. After which Dr. Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor of England, finding Wolsey, being no

Cardinal, to meddle more in his office of chancellourship, than he could well suffer, resigned up the seal, which the King presently gave to Wolsey.-Baker. Hen. VIII. an. 1516.

For else how should his sonne maintained be
At inns of court or of the chancery:
There to learn law, and courtly carriage,
To make amends for his mean parentage.

Bp. Hall, b. iv. Sat. 2. In April 1692, he [Treby] with others, being called to the degree of serjeants at law, were sworne at the chancery-bar on the 27th of the said month.-Wood. Athena Oxon.

The Lord Sommers was made a Baron of England; and as he was one of the ablest and most incorrupt judges that ever sat in chancery; so his great capacity for all affairs made the King consider him beyond all his ministers. Burnet. Own Time, an. 1698.

He professed to speak from the records of chancery; and he added another very striking fact, that on the property actually paid into his court, (a very small part, indeed, of the whole property of the kingdom,) there had accrued in that year a net surplus of 800,0001. which was so much new capital.-Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 3.

Oh-Ruby lips,

Love hath to you been like wine-vinegar,
Now you look wan and pale, lips ghosts ye are,
And my disgrace sharper than mustard-seed.

Cra. How like a chaundler he do's vent his passions. Beaum. & Fletch. Queen of Corinth, Act iv. sc. 1. They would bear us in hand that we must of duty still appear before them once a year in Jerusalem, like good circumcis'd males and females, to be tax'd by the poll, to be scons'd our head money, our two-pences in their chaunlerly shop-book of Easter.-Millon. Of Reformation in England. The serjeant of the chandlery was ready at the said chamber door to deliver the tapers. Strype. Memorials. Edw. VI. an. 1557. Forty other devices I had, of wyre-men and the chaundrie, and I know not what else, but all succeeded alike. B. Jonson. Masques. Love freed, &c.

His [Col. Okey] parentage was as mean as his calling, having been originally as 'tis supposed to be a drayman, afterwards a stoaker in a brew-house at Islington, near London, and then a poor chandler near Lyon-key in Thames

street in London.-Wood. Fasti Oxon.

Such is the caprice of fortune, the grand-daughter of a man, who will be an everlasting glory to the nation, has now for some years with her husband, kept a little chandler's or grocer's shop, for their subsistence, lately at the lower Holloway, in the road between Highgate and London, and at present in Cock-lane, not far from Shoreditch-church. Newton. Life of Milton.

CHANGE, v.
CHANGE, n.
CHANGER.

CHANGEABLE.
CHANGEABLENESS.
CHANGING, n.
CHANGEFUL.

CHANGELESS.
CHANGELING, N.

Fr. Changer; It. Cangiare; formed, says Menage, from Cambiare; and Cambiare from the Lat. Cambire, and this from the Gr. Kaμπтe, flectere, to bend.

To move from place to place; to cause to be otherwise or different from what it was; different in place, form, or colour; in any mode or manner; to alter, to vary; to exchange, or give one thing for another.

Changeling, n. See the quotation from Spenser for a particular application. An idiot is also so named. See the quotation from Locke.

Louerd, he seyde, that ech thyng madest queynte & sley,
And changest poer and kynedoms al at thy nowe rede,
And monne's sones wreche senst of her fader mys dede.
R. Gloucester, p. 350.
For fraith [fraught] with such frayltie is worldly pros-
perity,
That suddenly it slideth, chaunging as the moone.
Id. p. 579. Appendix.

Now he changes his weie, till Acres may be nought.
R. Brunne, p. 159.
And I wolde now be at ghou and chaunge my vois for I
am confoundid among ghou.-Wiclif, Galathies, c. 4.

I would I were with you now, and could chaunge my voyce: for I stande in a doute of you.-Bible, 1551. Gal. c.4.

For what profiteth it to a man, if he wynne al the world and do peyrynge to his soule? Or what chaunging schal a man geve for his soule ?-Wiclif. Mark, c. 8.

Therefore it behovede thee to bitake my money to encrees to chaungeris that whanne I cam I schuld resseyve that that is myn with usuris.-Id. Matthew, c. 25.

Thou oughtest therefore to haue had my money to the chaungers, and then at my comynge shoulde I haue receaued myne owne with vauntage.-Bible, 1551. fb.

For thilke time (I vnderstonde)

The lumbarde made non eschange

The bisshopriches for to change.-Gower. Con. A. Prologue. The spring is come, the goodly nimphes now daunce in euery place,

Thus hath the yere most pleasauntly of late ychaungde his face.

Vncertaine Auctors. All worldly Pleasures fade
His fift head was lyke a leopardes head of many colours,
full of fycklenesse and chaungeablenesse.
Bale. Image, pt. ii

Suche constaunte folke be better then
those chaunglings in and oute,
Who plunge in euery follye. whiche
theire heades can bringe aboute.

Drant. Horace, b. ii. Sat. 7

After which they [Castor and Pollux] found Such grace with Joue, that both lfu'd vnder ground, By change of daies: life still did one sustaine While the other died; the dead then liu'd againe, The liuyng-dying.

Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. x.

Thrones and Imperial powers, off-spring of heaven,
Ethereal vertues; or these titles now
Must we renounce, and changing stile be call'd
Princes of hell.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ii.

But of these things we need not here stand to argue; though such opinions be not unworthy the propounding, in this consideration, of an eternal and unchangeable cause, producing a changeable and temporal effect.

Ralegh. History of the World, Pref. 26.

Vnto such lawes it is expresly sometimes added, how long they are to continue in force. If this be no where exprest, then haue we no light to direct our judgments concerning the changeablenesse or immutability of them, but by considering the nature and qualitie of such lawes.

Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, b. iii. § 10. Besides, her face and countenance euery day We changed see, and sundry formes partake, Now horn'd, now round, now bright, now browne and gray;

So that as changefuil as the moone men vse to say. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. vii. c. 7 Troi. No, but something may be done that we will not And sometimes we are diuels to our selues, When we will tempt the frailtie of our powers, Presuming on their changefull potencie.

Shakespeare. Troilus & Cressida, Act iv. s. 4 Vnto the cuckooe, ourkinde To broke coriuals, she Adjudg'd a spring-time's changelss wote,' And whilst his young ones be By others hatcht, to name and shame Himself in euery tree.

Warner. Albion's England, b. viii. c. 37. From thence a faery thee unweeting reft, There as thou sleptst in tender swadling band, And her base elfin brood there for thee left: Such, men do chaungelings call, so chaung'd by faries theft. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 10. Changer of all things, yet immutable; Before and after all, the first and last: That moving all is yet immovable.

G. Fletcher. Christ's Triumph after Deith Still, as you rise, the state exalted too, Finds no distemper while 'tis chang'd by you: Chang'd like the world's great scene! when without noise The rising sun night's vulgar lights destroys.

Waller. To my Lord Protector.

Especially since most human acknowledgments, being of so changeable-coloured a complexion, that like pigeon's necks they have various representations, as they are variously looked on.-Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 44.

I chuse to give an instance in the stuff I have been speaking of, because the mixture being more simple, the way whereby the changeableness is produced, may be the more easily apprehended.-Id. Ib. vol. i. p. 64.

What power but his can rule the changeful main.
And wake the sleeping storm, or its loud rage restrain.
Hughes. Ode to the Creator of the World.

Fairest, if, time and absence can incline
Your heart to wandering thoughts no more than mine;
Then shall my hand, as changeless as my mind,
From your glad eyes a kindly welcome find.

Buckinghamshire. A Letter from Seu.

Johnson. The Winter's Walk.

And if it had not chanced that wee had fallen into a chanell of deepe water, closer by the shoare then we accompted of, wee could neuer haue gone cleare of the poynt that lyeth to the southwards of Kenrick's mounts.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 293.

Sometimes likewise, but rarely, channeled, and a little slight sculpture about the hypotrachelion or neck, under the capital.-Reliquiæ Wottonianæ, p. 24.

Thus wonne he Troy, and sacked Troy
And channels flowed blood;
Nor did he breathe whilest any part
Of all the citie stood.

Warner. Albion's England, b. i. c. 5.

The 28 day of Aprill diuers young men of ye citie picked quarrels to certaine strangers, as they passed by the streetes, some they did strike and buffeted, and some they threw into the channel.-Stow. Hen. VIII. an. 1517.

The dart fell through his channel bone,
Pierc't through his shoulders upper part; and set his
spirit gone.
Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xvii.

With all their mouths the nerves these spirits drink,
Which through the cells of the fine strainer sink;
These all the channell'd fibres every way,
For motion and sensation still convey.

Blackmore. The Creation, b. vi. Thus was the world running apace into idolatry, and ready to lose the very notion of the true God, and his worship: had he not been pleased to interpose, and take effectual care to preserve these pure in some one nation; to be kept apart from the common contagion, and made, as it were, the repository of true religion; and a channel to convey it to the rest of mankind; as soon and in as high a degree, as they should become capable of receiving it.-Law. Enquiry, pt. ii.

While those, [Naiads] who love still visible to glad
The thirsty plains from never-ceasing urns,
Assume more awfull majesty, and pour
With force resistless, down the channel'd rocks.

Grainger. The Sugar Cane, b. i.

With this squadron, together with the St. Albans and the Lark, and the trade under their convoy, Mr. Anson, after weighing from St. Helens, tided it down the channel for the first forty-eight hours, and on the 20 September 1740, in the morning, we discovered off the Ram-head the Dragon, Winchester, South sea Castie, and the Rye, with a number of merchantmen under their convoy. Anson. Voyage round the World, b. i. c. 2.

service.

By tale we say orysons, and

To words vnknowne Amen: The quier doth chaunt, we knock our breasts, We bow, and crosse vs then.

O'er the sepulchre profound

E'en now, with arching sculpture crown'd,
He plans the chantry's coral shrine,
The daily dirge, and rites divine.

CHAOS.
CHAO'TICK.

CHAOS-LIKE.

Warton. The Grave of King Arthur.

Chaos, properly, is a vast gap, vastus hiatus; but afterwards, rudis indigestaque moles, ancient Xa-ew, to gape, to open. (see the quotation from Sandy's Ovid,) from the

A huge, confused or disorderly heap; a measureless, shapeless mass.

They breaking forth with rude vnruliment,
From all foure parts of heauen, doe rage full sore,
And tosse the deepes, and teare the firmament,
And all the world confound with wide vprore,
As if instead thereof they chaos would restore.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 9
As yet this world was not, and chaos wild
Reign'd where these heav'ns now rowl, where earth now

rests

Upon her center pois'd.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. v.
The sea, the earth, all-covering heaven unfram'd.
One face had nature, which they chaos nam'd
An undigested lump, a barren load,
Where jarring seeds of things ill-joyn'd aboad.

Sandys. Ovid. Metam. b. i.

At that time (whatever it was) when the terraqueous globe was in a chaotick state, and the earthy particles subsided, then those several beds were in all probability reposited in the earth, in that commodious order in which they now are found.-Derham. Phys. Theol. b. iii. c. 2.

Here hills and vales, the woodland and the plain;
Here earth and water seem to strive again;
Not chaos-like together crush'd and bruis'd,
But, as the world, harmoniously confused;
Where order in variety we see,

And where, though all things differ, all agree.

Pope. Windsor Forest.

Drayton, Ecl. 4.

Thee chauntress, oft the woods among

I woo, to hear thy even-song.-Milton. Il Penseroso.
His chapel be a mournful cypruss shade,

And for a chantry Philomel's sweet lay,
Where prayers shall continually be made

By pilgrim lovers, passing by that way.-Drayton, Ecl. 2.
Fiue hundred poore I haue in yeerely pay,
Who twice a day their wither'd hands hold vp
Toward heauen, to pardon blood:

And I haue built two chauntries,
Where the sad and solemne priests sing still
For Richard's soule.-Shakespeare. Hen. V. Act iv. sc. 1.
Let us behind these myrtles' twining arms
Retire unseen; from thence survey her charms,
Wild as the chanting thrush upon the spray,
At man's approach, she swiftly flies away.

Gay. Dione, Act ii. sc. 2. He [Wettenhall] became first schoolmaster of the public school in Dublin, then curate of S. Warburgh's, and afterwards chantor of Christ church there.-Wood. Athene Oxon. The chanter at his early matins yawns.

Garth. The Dispensary, c. 5. In 1534, he [Richard Langrigg or Langrish] became Archdeacon of Cleveland, in the place of Dr. Will. Clyffe, promoted to the chauntorship of York.-Wood. Fasti Oxon. Within this homestead liv'd, without a peer, For crowing loud, the noble chanticleer; So hight her cock, whose singing did surpass The merry notes of organs at the mass.

Dryden. The Cock and the Fox. These [Christmasse earolles] were festal chansons for enlivening the merriments of the Christmas celebrity; and not such religious songs as are current at this day with the common people under the same title, and which were substituted by those enemies of innocent and useful mirth, the Puritans.-Warton. Hist. of England. Poetry, vol. iii. s. 26.

We observed, that they used to be well pleased with hearing the chant of our two young new Zealanders, which consisted rather in mere strength, than in melody of expression.-Cook. Voyage, vol. v. b. ii. c. 9.

Resume the lyre, Chauntress divine, and every Briton call Its melody to hear.

Lyttelton. On Reading Miss Carter's Poems.

294

Johnson. Preface to Shakespeare. In these early and unrefined ages the jarring parts of a certain chaotick constitution supported their several pretensions by the sword.-Burke. Vindication of Nat. Society. CHAP, v. From A. S. Yppan, ge-yppan, CHAP, n. to open, to gape. Gap and chap CHA'PLESS. vary only by pronouncing ch in the one and g in the other.

To chap is to open; and is applied, particularly, when the cold breaks the continuity of the skin; causes gaps, openings, or separations in it.

Chap, n.-Applied to those parts of the face, which, by their separation, open (sc.) the mouth. Also the chops or chaps of a river, of the British Channel, &c. where the mouth or entrance opens between the opposite banks or shores into the river or channel.

And when he gapes full gredilie
unthriftie thirst to slake,
The river wasteth speedilie,

and awaywarde goes the lake: That all the licour from his lips And dryed chaps away it slips.

Turberville. The Louer obtaining his Wish. When the heat of lust hath shriveled up the conscience into wounds and clefts, (as rain on earth that's chapp'd) repentant tears will fill up all those chasms.

Feltham, pt. ii. Resolve 19 It cureth clifts and chaps.-Holland. Plinie, b. xxiii. c. 4. And with my manies blood

Imbrud their fierce deuowring chappes,

And forced me to clime

This tree, where I (vnhappy man!)
On leaues haue fed long time.

Warner. Albion's England, b. i. c. 5.
While she thus musing sat, run from the wood
An angry lion to the crystal springs,
Near to that place; who coming from his food,
His chaps were all besmeard with crimson blood.

Cowley. Pyramus & Thisbe and knockt about the mazard with a sexton's spade. Ham. Why e'en so: and now my Lady Wormes chaplesse, Shakespeare. Hamlet, Act v. sc. 1

Bel. Heaven further it; For till they be key-cold dead, ther's no trusting of 'em, Whate'r they seem, or howsoe'r they carry it, Till they be chap-fala, and their tongues at peace.

Beaum. & Fletch. Wild-Goose Chase, Act iv. so. 3.