AERONAUT.

From the Greek anp, the AERONAUTICS. air, and vavrns, a sailor. One who sails through, soars through the air. The words are common in the narratives of the exploits and disasters of these adventurers.

ESTUATION. See ESTUATION.

AFA'R, or FAR, (qv) A. S. Far-an, to fare, to go.

Gone; moved to a distance; remote, distant.

And the pupplican stood afer: and wolde not reise hise yghen to heuene, but smoot his breste and seyde: God be mersyful to me synner.-Wiclif. Luk. c. 18.

And ye publyca stondyng a farre of, wolde not lyfte vp hys eyes to heauen, but smote vpon hys brest sayinge: God be mercyfull to me a synner.-Bible, 1539. Ib.

And for to telle it more pleine

These olde philosophers seyne,
That Orbis, whiche I spake of er,

Is that, whiche we, fro therthe a ferre

Beholde, and firmament it calle,

In whiche the sterres stonden all.-Gower. Con. A. b. vii.

Did her perfections call me on to gaze,

Then like, then love, and now would they amaze;

Or was she gracious afar off, but near,

A terror? or is all this but my fear?-B. Jonson. Eleg. 35.
For soon a whirlwind rose around,

And from afar he heard a screaming sound,
As of a dame distress'd, who cry'd for aid,
And filled with loud laments the secret shade.
Dryden. Theod. & Honoria.

Ah, who can tell how hard it is to climb
The steep where fame's proud temple shines afar!
Beattie. Minstrel.

AFFABLE, adj.

A'FFABLENESS.

AFFABILITY.

Fr. Affable; It. Affabile; Sp. Afable; Lat. Affabilis, (Ad-fari, to speak.) Obvius atque expositus quibusdam affari volentibus. (Junius.)

A'FFABLY.

That may be spoken to, accosted, or addressed; and, therefore, gentle, courteous, conciliating. See the quotation from the Governour.

He was prudent, comely, princely, affable, ientle, and amiable, he loued iustice and punisshed the malefactors. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 11.

Affabilitie is of a wonderfull efficacie or power in procuryng loue. And it is in sondry wyse, but moste proprely, where a man is facyle or easye to be spoken vnto. It is also where a man speketh courteysely with a swete speche or countenaunce, wherwith the herers (as it were with a delycate odour) be refreshed, and alured to loue him, in whom is this moste delectable qualytie.

Elyot. The Governour, b. ii. c. 5.

Say, goddess, what ensued when Raphael,
The affable arch-angel, had forewarn'd
Adam, by dire example, to beware
Apostacy, by what befel in heaven

To those apostates.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vii. He [the Christian] is neither too austere in his retiredness; nor too good cheap in his sociableness: but carries so even an hand, that his discreet affableness may be free from contempt; and that he may win his people with a loving conversation.-Bp. Hall. The Christian. s. 6.

I am a gentleman of Verona, Sir,
That hearing of her beautie and her wit,

Her affability and bashfull modestie :

Her wondrous qualities and milde behaviour,

Am bold to show myselfe a forward guest

Within your house.-Shakes. Tam. of the S. Act ii. sc. 1.
Eug. She sighs and says, forsooth, and cries, heighho;
She'll take ill words o' th' steward, and the servants,
Yet answer affably and modestly:
Things, Sir, not usual with her.

Beaum. & Fletch. Martial Maid, Act iii.

This led him [Charles] to a grave, reserved deportment, In which he forgot the civilities and the affability that the nation naturally loved, to which they had been long accustomed.-Burnet. Own Time, b. i.

Distinguished as he [Euphrates, the philosopher] is by the sanctity of his manners, he is no less so by his polite and affable address.-Melmoth. Pliny, b. i. Let. 10.

AFFAIR, n. Fr. Afaire, Affaire, (tout ce qui est à faire, Menage); It. Affare, (qui a été fait d'adfacere, Id.).

That which is to do; to be done; a matter or thing, doing, done, managed, conducted, transacted, settled. Afore, Chaucer, (in the original strepitus), Skinner thinks may be Afear: it seems to mean Ado.

But what desirest thou of fortune, with so greate afare? (tanto strepitu.--Chaucer. Boecius. De Consol. b. ii.

No man that warreth, entangleth hym self with the affaires of this life, because he wolde please him that hathe chosen hym to be a souldier.-Geneva Bible. 2 Tim. ii. 4.

And certainly I am abashed that among wise men so highe affaires should be so soone and sodaynly concluded and determined.-Golden Boke, c. 12.

on the wind: wher is he now?

·

Caes. I have eyes upon him, and his affaires come to me
Shakespeare. Ant. & Cleop. Act iii. sc. 6.

They teach her to recede, or to debate,
With toys of love, to mix affairs of state.-Prior. Solomon.
Could chance

Find place in his dominion, or dispose
One lawless particle to thwart his plan,
Then God might be surprised, and unforeseen
Contingence might alarm him, and disturb,
The smooth and equal course of his ars.

Cowper. Task, b. ii. AFFAIT, v. Fr. Affaicter. Used by R. of Gloucester as we use Defeat. Used by Piers Plouhman and Gower, in a consequent application

To tame, to make subservient to, to subdue. Tho the kyng hem adde afayted so, that hyi ne kepte nanmore hym mete.

Gut he thogte asayty the Scottes, as he hem lete.
R. Gloucester, p. 177.
Hue sholde unsywe hure smok. and sette ther an heire
To afaiten hure flesche that fers was to synne.
Piers Plouhman, p. 87.

My father ye shall well beleue
The yonge whelpe, which is affaited
Hath not his maister better awaited
To couche.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.
And eche of them his tyme awaiteth,
And eche of them his tale affaiteth,
All to deceiue an innocent,
Whiche woll not be of her assent.-Id. Ib. b. ii.
AFFA'MISH, v. Fr. Affamer;
AFFA MISHMENT.
Lat. Fames.

MINE.

mare;

To starve with hunger.

It. AffaSee FA

But th' only image of that heavenly ray,
Whereof some glance doth in mine eye remayne,
Of which beholding the idea playne,
Through contemplation of my purest part,
With light thereof I doe myself sustayne,

And thereon feed my love-ajamisht hart.-Spenser, Son.86. What can be more unjust, than for a man to endeavour to raise himself, by the affamishing of others? Neither can it serve his turn to say, by way of excuse, that the multitude of buyers may be the cause of a dearth.

Chin as woolly as the peach,
And his lip should kissing teach,
Till he cherish'd too much beard,
And made love or me afear'd.

AFFE'ER, v. AFFE ERER. AFFE ERMENT.

B. Jonson. Her Man described.

Fr. Affeurer, is to appraise, to set or affix a price, or tax: and an Affeeror (Law Lat. Afferator) was one who fixed the amount of the tax or amercement upon oath; and the verb, Affeurer, may have been formed upon Affier (to affy)-

To assure, affirm, affix.

Macduffe. Bleed, bleed, poor country, Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure,

For goodnesse dare not check thee: wear you thy wrongs, The title is affear'd.-Shakespeare. Macbeth, Act iv. sc. 1. Which method of liquidating the amercement to a precise sum, was usually performed in the superior courts by the assessment or affeerment of the coroner, a sworn officer chosen by the neighbourhood.-Blackstone. Com. b. iv. c. 29.

In the court leet and court baron it is still performed by affeerors, or suitors sworn to affeere, that is, tax and moderate the general amercement according to the particular circumstances of the offence and the offender.-Id. Ib.

AFFE AR. v.

A gret ok he wolde breide a doun, as it a smal gerde were,
And bere forth in his hond, that folc forte a fere.
R. Gloucester, p. 22.
The stones stondeth ther so grete, no more ne mowe be,
Euene vp rygt & swythe hye, that wonder it is to see:
And other liggeth hye aboue, that a mon may be of a ferd,
That vche mon wondre may how heo were first a rered.
Id. p. 7.
To Joppyn whan he cam, the Soudan was not there,
The flom (river) the Soudan nam, Richard forto affere.
R. Brunne, p. 187.
Thauh ge come by fore kynges. and clerkes of the lawe
Beeth nat a ferd of that folke, for ich shal geve gow tonge
Connynge and clergie. to conclude hem alle.
Piers Plouhman, p. 198.
With scalled browes blake, and pilled berd:
Of his visage children were sore aferd.

Chaucer. Prologue. The Sompnour.

Ther as by aventure this Palamon
Was in a bush, that no man might him se
For sore afered of his deth was he.

Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 1521.

This wif was not aferde ne affraide,
But boldely she saide, and that anon;
Mary I defie that false monk Dan John,
I kepe not of his tokenes never a del.

Id. The Shipmannes Tale, v. 13,329.
A foole, where was thyne herte tho
Whan thou thy worthie ladie sie?
Were thou afered of hir eie!

For of hir honde there is no dreade.-Gower. Con. A. d. lv.

The kind, tender, benevolent feelings as love,

attachment.

:

Affectuous and effectuous were formerly used, as we now use both effectual and affectionate.

To that sollempnite com lordes of renoun
That weddyng for to se, for gret affectioun.

R. Brunne, p. 162. Men schulen be louynge hemsilff, coueitouse, high of berynge, proude, blasfemeris; not obedient to fadir and modir, unkynde, cursid, withouten affeccioun. Wiclif. 2 Timo. c. 8.

Thus can she maken hie and low
Whan they from richesse arne throw
Fully to knowen without were
Frend of affect, and frend of chere.-Chaucer. Rom. of R.
Ful lusty was the wether and benigne,
For which the foules again the sonne shene,
What for the seson and the yonge grene,
Ful loude songen hir affections.

Id. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,370.
An eye, whose judgment none affect could blinde,
Frendes to allure, and foes to reconcile;
Whose persing looke did represent a minde
With vertue fraught, reposed, voyd of gile.

Surrey. On the Death of Sir T. W.

It signifieth cryste, vnto all men desyering to vnderstand prophecies euer to sende some that will teche hi that is so minded towerdes God as was daniel affected towerds cryste & his aungel when this vision shuld be declared.

Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, e. 2.

The text saith that Antiochus shall consult the forsakers and travterouse transgressors of the lawe which were y

bisshopes with their affinite affectinge and prouoking antioc. to robbe and defyle the temple with images and haithen rytes. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 11.

Be mery with the that are mery. Wepe also with them yt wepe. Be of lyke affeccyon one towardes another. Bible, 1539. Rom. c. 12.

But though a man cannot haue any wille at al in that thing whereof he hath vtterlye nothing knowen nor heard tell of, nor had ymaginacion in hys mynde, nor any thyng thought vpon yet when the minde with diuers reasons and argumentes is once moued of a matter, the wille as it happeth of other occasions at the time to be well or euill affectionate, so may geue it selfe in to the consent and agreement of the tone syde or of the tother, yea & that sometyme on that syde for affection, vpō whiche syde he seeth leaste parte of hys witte and reason.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 584.

Thus being affectioned towarde you, our good will was to haue dealt vnto you, not the gospel of God onely, but also our owne soules, because ye were dere vnto vs. Geneva Bible. 1 Thessal. ii. 8.

The councel of Nice, as it is alleged by somme in Greeke, plainely forebiddeth vs to be basely affeciioned, or bent towarde the breade, and wine, which are sette before vs. Jewel. Defence of the Apologie, p. 281.

The duke of Brabande, named Antony, a man of great polycy and wysedome, forecastyng ye great shedyng of Cristen mannys bloode, with many other inconuenyencys lykely to haue ensuyd of this variaunce atwene theyse ii dukis, made such affectuouse labour, yt with great dyffycute he pacyfyed them agayn for that tyme. Fabyan. Car. VII. an. 27.

The quene put all her confydence in God, to whome both she and seynt Remigeus prayed so affectuously that the childe was restoryd vnto perfyte helth.-Id. Ib. c. 97.

Incorporal it [light] cannot be, because it sometime affecteth the sight of the eye with offence.

Ralegh. History of the World, b. i. c. 1. § 7.

Albeit he trusted the Englishmen well inough, yet being borne on the other side of the seas, he was affectionated to the people of those prouinces there subiect vnto him.

Holinshed. Chron. The Conquest of Ireland, b. ii. c. 39.

Whereof she now more glad, than sorry earst,
All over come with infinite affect

For his exceeding courtesie that pearc't
Her stubborne heart with inward deepe effect,
Before his feet her selfe she did proiect.

Some indeed have been so affectedly vain, as to counterfeit immortality, and to have stoln their death in a hope to be esteemed immortal.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 10.

He loves you too, with such an holy fire,
As will not, cannot, but with life expire:
Our vow'd affections, both have often tried,
Nor any love but yours, could ours divide.

Dryden. Palamon & Arcite. He [Pearson, bishop of Chester] was a judicious and grave preacher, more instructive than affective; and a man of a spotless life, and of an excellent temper.

Burnet. Own Time, b. iv. an. 1686.

It is one thing to make an idea clear, and another to make it affecting to the imagination. Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful.

O, friendly to the best pursuits of man,
Friendly to thought, to virtue, and to peace,
Domestic life in rural leisure past!
Few know thy value, and few taste thy sweets;
Though many boast thy favours, and affect
To understand, and choose thee for their own.

Cowper. Task. b. iii. It is not meant, that we should be affectedly forward in talking of our religion; but, whenever we are called to do so, unaffectedly own it, and stand by it.-Secker, vol. i. Ser.3.

Those expectations of mine seem now so well grounded, that my disappointment, and consequently my anger, will be so much the greater if they fail; but, as things stand now, I am most affectionately and tenderly yours. Chesterfield, Let. 159.

This passage carries such a lively affectingness with it that I well remember the impression which it made upon my mind, when I last read it, and nearly half a century ago.-Whitaker. On Gibbon, p. 164.

Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality. Cogan. On the Passions, c. 1. §1.

When we remark that a person has an affectionate heart, we mean to applaud his being under the influence of the best affections, of a social and relative nature.-Id. Ib.

And lion-skinn'd freethinking, safe affector of thy bravery, insults whom thou hast disarmed, ten times slays the slain, and claims to be the sole gatherer up of the spoils.

Search. Light of Nature, vol. ii. pt. iii. c. 27. AFFEIGN. i. e. feigned; invented; falsely

'Tis most true,

That musing meditation most affects
The pensive secrecy of desart cell,
Far from the cheerful haunt of men and herds.

Milton. Comus.

Affectation is the greatest enemy, both of doing well, and good acceptance of what is done. Bp. Hall. Meditations, Con. 1, No. 86.

There are or should be bonds of affectation, bonds of mutual respects and reciprocal duties betwixt man and wife, and these must hold firm notwithstanding any local separation. Id. Cases of Conscience, Dec. 4. c. 3.

How apt parents are to make use of this lawful authority in matching their children for their own worldly advantage, contrary to their affections and disposition, we have too lamentable experience every day.-Id. Ib. c. 4.

Then gan the Palmer thus: "Most wretched man,
That to affections does the bridle lend;

In their beginning they are weake and wan,

But soon, through suffrance grow to fearful end;
Whiles they are weake, betimes with them contend.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 4.

To shew thee

How infinite my love is, even my mother

Shall be thy prisoner, the day you're without hazard;
For I beheld your danger like a lover,
A just affecter of thy faith.

Beaum. & Fletch. Bonduca, Act iii.

The mouse made answer; Why enquires my friend?
For what so well, know men and deities,
And all the wing'd affecters of the skies?

Chapman. Homer. Batracho.

Profit is therefore so much affected and pursued, because it is, or doth seem, apt to procure or promote some good desirable to us.-Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 2.

Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural.-Locke. On Education.

There affectation, with a sickly mien,
Shows in her cheek the roses of eighteen.

Pope. The Rape of the Lock, c. 4.
Many that were well affected to the church, but that made
Conscience of subscribing to a book that they had not seen,
eir benefices on that very account.
Burnet. Own Time, b. ii. an. 1661.

-She is Fortune verely

In whom no man should affy,
Nor in her yefts haue faunce

She is so ful of variaunce.-Chaucer. Rom. of R.

Ne shal I never, for to gon to helle,
Bewrey o word of thing that ye me tell,
Nought for no cosinage, ne alliance,
But veraily for love and affiance.

Id. p. 87.

Id. The Shipmannes Tale, v. 13,070.

She parseueryd knelynge at his feete, & sayde, that by Goddys purueyaunce she [Joan of Arc] was taught that he was hir very soueraygne prynce & none other. Wherfore ye kynge and all his lordes had in hyr ye more affyaunce, that by hyr the lande shulde be releuyd, which at that daye was in passynge mysery.-Fabian. Car. VIII. an. 1422.

If it be so presumptuous a matter to put affiance in the merites of Christe, what is it then, to put affiance in our owne merites.- Jewel. Defence of the Apologie, p. 76. All bounteous offers freely they embrace, And, to conclude, all ceremonies past, The prince affies fair Philip at the last. Drayton. Barons' Wars.

Mar. As there comes light from heauen, and words frð

breath,

As there is sence in truth, and truth in virtue,
I am affianced this man's wife, as strongly
As words could make up vows.

Shakespeare. Meas. for Meas. Act v. sc. 1.
At last such grace I found, and meanes I wrought,
That I that lady to my spouse had wonne;
Accord of friends, consent of parents sought,
Affiance made, my happinesse begonne.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 4. Trust and reliance on God is our duty and privilege. Every being has a necessary dependance on him for its subsistence; but man of all the visible creatures is only capable of affiance in him.-Bates. On the Existence of God.

AFFILE, v. Fr. Affiler; It. Affilare; Sp. or AFILE. Afilar. See FILE.

To rub, to smoothen (by rubbing), to polish or refine.

For wel he wiste, whan that song was songe,
He must preche, and wel afile his tonge,
To winne silver, as he right wel coude:
Therfore he sang the merier and loude.

Chaucer. Prol. The Pardonere.

For whan he hath his tonge afiled
With softe speche, and with lesynge,
Forthwith his false pitous lokynge
He wolde make a woman weene
To gone vpon the feire greene,

Whan that she fauleth in the myre.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.
AFFINED, part. Fr. Affinité; It. Affinith;
AFFINITY.
Sp. Afinidad; Lat. Affim-

tus, Affinis, (Ad-finis.) See FINE.
That which bounds, terminates, ends; that
which surrounds or incloses within bounds: in-
cludes, concludes.

The kindred of man and wife are called Affines, or said to be in affinity, because two families are united by the marriage; and the one has approached ad finem alterius cognationis. Affinity is applied generally toRelationship, alliance, connexion, resemblance. similarity.

For I am sure that Fryth and al his felowes, with all the friendes that are of theyr affiniti, shal neither be able to quenche and put out that faith.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 903.

Osway assemblyd his knyghtes, & made towarde hym: and for affynite of maryage that was atwene theyr children, Oswy offeryd to hym many great offirs to thentent to have had peace with hym.-Fabyan, c. 133.

Jago. Now, sir, be judge yourselfe,
Whether I, in any just terme, am affin'd

To loue the Moore ?-Shakespeare. Othello, Act i. sc. 1
The king [Henry VI.] unto a fatal match is led
With Rayner's daughter, king of Sicily,
Whom with unlucky stars he married;
For by the means of this affinity
Was lost all that his father conquered.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. v.

Some have thought its [Cameleon] name not unsuitable unto its nature; the nomination in Greek is a little lion, not so much for the resemblance of shape, as affinity of condition.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 21.

When I consider the affinity betwixt sleep and death, whose image it is, I cannot but think it unlikely this life should be design'd for our happiness, since not to lose almost half of it were an infelicity.

Boyle. Occasional Reflections, § 2. Med. 6. Every one who has been long in Italy knows very well, that the cadences in the recitativo bear a remote affinity to the tone of their voices in ordinary conversation.

Spectater, No. 29.

And take this for a generall reule, that every conseil that is affer med so strongly, that it may not be chaunged for no condition that may betide, I say that thilke conseil is wicked. Chaucer. Tale of Melibeus.

Doughter, stint thin hevinesse;
Among the goddes highe it is affermed,
And by eterne word written and confermed,
Thou shalt be wedded unto on of tho,
That han for thee so mochel care and wo.

Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 2350. Parde euery conceipte of euery reasonable creature, otherwise wil not graunt: will in affirmatife with not willing by no waie show accord.-Id. The Test. of Loue.

To appease the multytude, the kynge toke the childe in his armys, and so bare hym into the place of the assemble of the people, and there shewed vnto theym, wt affirmaunce of great othes, that his entent was oonly for the wele of the childe and for defence of his countre.-Fabyan, c. 186.

And for a more vehement affyrmacyon he doubleth his owne wordes sayenge, he that here hath not receyued forgeuenesse of his synnes, he shall not be there, he shall not surelye be there he meaneth that he shall neuer come to heaue, which here hath not his remission.

Johan Fryth. An Answere vnto my Lorde of Rochestre, k. 2. Yet is it not euen so, so fieble as his owne, where he argueth in the negatiue, as I lay the sample for thaffyrmatiue.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1131.

Believing it the word of God, he must of necessity believe it true and if he believe it true, he must believe it contains all necessary direction to eternal happiness, because it affirms it self to do so.-Chillingworth. Relig. of Protestants.

Those attributes and conceptions that were applicable and affirmable of him when present, are now affirmable and applicable to him though past.-Hale. Orig. of Mank. p.104.

The common opinion of the Oestridge, struthiocamelus or sparrow camel, conceives that it digesteth iron, and this is confirmed by the affirmations of many.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 22.

The rule, as it is prescribed in the gospel, is affirmative and preceptive: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so." But this affirmative precept implies the negative, that so much celebrated rule of righteousness and justice: "That which ye would not that men should do to you, do ye not to them."-Hale. Contemp. Matt. vii. 12.

They tell you, it is as gross a paradox to hold there are no antipodes, and that the negative is now as absurd as the affirmative seemed at first.-Howell, b. iii. Let. 9.

The reason of man hath not such restraint; concluding not onely affirmatively but negatively; not onely affirming there is no magnitude beyond the last heavens, but also denying there is any vacuity within them.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 7. All our affirmations are only in concrete, which is the cffirming, not one abstract idea to be another, but one abstract idea to be joined to another.

Locke. On Hum. Underst. b. iii. c. 8.

An affirmative proposition is when the idea of the predicate is supposed to agree to the idea of the subject, and is oined to it by the word is, or are, which is the copula; as, All men are sinners.-Walls. Logick, pt. ii. s. 2.

If one writer shall affirm that virtue added to faith is sufficient to make a christian, and another shall as zealously deny this proposition, they seem to differ widely in words, and yet perhaps they may both really agree in sentiment: If by the word virtue, the affirmer intends our whole duty to God and man; and the denier by the word virtue means only courage, or at most our duty toward our neighbour, without including in the idea of it the duty which we owe to God.-Id. Ib. pt. i. c. 6.

I do not mean to affirm generally that reason is not a judge in matters of religion; but I do maintain, that there are certain points concerning the nature of the Deity, and the schemes of Providence, upon which reason is dumb and revelation is explicit.-Horsley, vol. i. Ser. 1.

The magna charta of King John was connected with another positive charter from Henry I., and both the one and the other were nothing more than a re-affirmance of the still more ancient standing law of the kingdom.

Burke. On the French Revolution.

AFFIX, v. Fr. Afficher; It. Affigere; AFFIX, n. Sp. Afixar; Lat. Affixum, AFFIXION, n. past part. of Affigere, (Adfigere,) to fasten to. See Fix.

To fasten, join, or unite closely, or fastly; inseparably to attach to, to connect with.

For there be men, whiche other wise

Right onely for the couetise,

Of that thei seen a woman riche,

There wol thei all her loue affiche.-Gower. Con. A. b. v.,

The royal maid woxe inly wondrous glad,

To hear her love so highly magnifyde;
And ovd that ever she affixed had
Her hart on knight so goodly glorifyde,
However finely she it faind to hyde

VOL. I.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 2.

In which tract of 70 years time, the vulgar sort of Jews neglecting their own maternal tongue (the Hebrew,) began to speak the Chaldee; but not having the right accent of it, and fashioning that new-learned language to their own innovation of points, affixes, and conjugations, out of that

A/FFLUENCE, n.
A'FFLUENT.
A'FFLUX.
AFFLUXION.

Fr. Affluence; It. Af fluenza; Sp. Afluencia; Lat. Affluentia, Affluens, pres. part. of Affluere,

intermixture of Hebrew and Chaldee, resulted a third lan- (Ad-fluere,) to flow to. Applied metaphorically, to

guage, call'd to this day the Syriac.-Howell, b. ii. Let. 60. Sixe severall times do we find that Christ shed his blood; in his circumcision, in his agonie, in his crowning, in his scourging, in his affixion, in his transfixion. Bp. Hall. Ser. Gal. ii. 20.

We see two sorts of white butterflies fastening their eggs to cabbage-leaves, because they are fit aliment for the caterpillars that come of them; whereas, should they affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food, such caterpillars must needs be lost.-Ray. On the Creation.

In my possession is a remarkable piece, which so many circumstances affix to the history of this prince (Hen. VI.], that I cannot hesitate to believe it designed for him, though I imagine it was painted after his death. Walpole. Anecdotes of Painting, vol. i. c. 2.

AFFLICT, v. AFFLICTEDNESS. AFFLICTION. AFFLICTIVE. AFFLICTIVELY.

Fr. Affliger; It. Affliggere; Sp. Afligir; Lat. Afflictum, past part. of Affligere, (Adfligere,) to dash against. See

CONFLICT.

To strike against with violence; to break, to shatter; and, consequentially, to pain; to distress; to cause sorrow or calamity; to grieve greatly. Abbay & priorie, & other religions,

For vs salle pray & crie in ther afflictions.

R. Brunne, p. 202. Perkyn Warbeck then beyng in Flaunders, had taken great care and sorowe for that his craftie conueighaunce was espied and openly knowen, and also that kyng Henry alyes, and thereby [he was] in despaire of all the ayde and had afflicted and punished diuerse of his confederates and succour that was to hym promysed and appoyncted. Hall. Hen. VII. an. 11. For as Salamon sayth. The hope that is differred and delaied, paineth and affiicteth the soule. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1080. For as the affliccions of Christ are plenteous in vs, euen so is oure consalacion plenteous by Christ. Bible, 1539. 2 Cor. c. 1.

Shed thy faire beames into my feeble eyne,
And raise my thoughts, too humble, and too vile,
To think of that too glorious type of thine,
The argument of mine afflicted stile.

Spenser. Introd. to Faerie Queene. Thou art deceived, if thou thinkest God delights in the misery and afflictedness of his creature.

Wealth, riches, or opulence, flowing with the fulness of a flood; in abundance.

They were both [Buckingham and Essex] of sweet and accostable nature, almost equally delighting in the press and affluence of dependants and suiters.

Wotton. Reliquiæ. A Parallel.

I shall not need to relate the affluence of young nobles, and others, from hence into Spain, after the voice of our prince; his being there had been quickly noised, and at length believed.-Id. Ib. Life of Buckingham.

External or worldly prosperity, consists in an accommodate condition of man in this world, as health of body, comfort of friends and relations, affluence, or at least competency of wealth, power, honour, applause, good report, and the like. Hale. Contemp. vol. i. Victory of Faith.

[Pleurisy is] an inflammation, either simple, consisting only of an hot and sanguineous afluxion; or else denominable from other humours according to the predominancy of melancholy, flegm, or choler.-Brown. Vulg. Err. b. iii. c. 3.

I see thee, Lord and end of my desire, Loaded and blest with all the affluent store Which human vows at smoking shrines implore. Prior. Henry & Emma. Though an unwieldly affluence may afford some empty pleasure to the imagination, yet that small pleasure is far from being able to countervail the imbittering cares that attend an overgrown fortune.

Boyle. Occasional Reflections, § 4. Dis. 11. An animal that must lie still, receives the afflux of colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as it happens to come to it.-Locke.

This country is so highly indebted to Sir Edward Hawke, that no expence should be spared to secure to him an honourable and affluent retreat.-Junius, Let. 1.

Our writers of rising merit are generally neglected, while the few of an established reputation are overpaid by luxurious affluence.-Goldsmith. On Polite Learning.

AFFORD. No satisfactory etymology has been given of this word. It is perhaps formed upon Affeered, the past part. of Affeer, (qv.) to appraise, to set, or fix, a price, a value; and then applied, consequentially—

To prize, to value, to estimate; to rate; sc. as the price of sale, for which any thing may be sold; vended, set out for sale, brought forth, produced, yielded. And hence generally

To bring forth, to produce, to yield, to supply:
Bp. Hall. Balm of Gilead, c, 2. s. 6. and further, to be able to buy, or sell, or expend.

What! when we fled amain, pursued and struck
With heaven's afflicting thunder, and besought
The deep to shelter us? This hell then seem'd
A refuge from those wounds.-Milton. Par. Lost, b. ii.
Glo. I do remember now: henceforth I'le beare
Affliction, till it do cry out it selfe

Enough, enough, and dye --Shakes. Lear, Act iv. sc. 6.

If he be compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shews that his heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the balm.-Bacon. Ess. On Goodness.

He that cures his sin by any instruments, by external, or interiour and spiritual remedies, is penitent, though his dyet be not ascetick, and afflictive, or his lodging hard, or his sorrow bursting out into tears, or his expressions passionate and dolorous.-Taylor. Gt. Exemp. pt. ii. § 11.

The fallen angels, having acted their first part in heaven, are made sharply miserable by transition, and more afflictively feel the contrary state of hell.-Brown. Christ.Mor.x.2.

The evils in this life afflict men more or less according as the soul is fortified with considerations proper to support us under them.-Tillotson. Works, vol. i. Ser. 8.

It is implied, and intended to be inferred, that there are

many just and good, wise and useful ends; upon account of which, God permits so many afflictions to fall upon man

kind; and the consideration therefore of which, (so far as we can discover them in this present dark and imperfect state,) ought to teach us patience and chearful resignation

to the divine will.-Clarke. Works, vol. i. Ser. 96.

From evil, that is, principally, from sin or evil moral and spiritual; the onely evil, simply and in its own nature such; and the root of all other evil; from that, and consequently from all mischief (evil, natural, and temporal; or evil penal and afflictive,) which may grow upon, or sprout from thence.-Barrow. An Expos. of the Lord's Prayer.

Fair Fancy wept, and echoing sighs confess'd
A fixt despair in every tuneful breast.
Not with more grief the afflicted swains appear,
When wintry winds deform the plenteous year."
Collins. To Hanmer.

[There is no such offering of Christ in the Scripture, where you will find it once afford for all.

Sheldon. in Life of Chillingworth. Par. I would the cutting of my garments wold serue the turne, or the breaking of my Spanish sword. Lo. E. We cannot affoor'd you so.

Shakespeare. All's Well that Ends Well, Act iv. King. Why speak'st thou not? Hier. What lesser liberty can kings afford Than harmless silence? Then afford it me. Spanish Tragedy, Act v.

No, no, Hieronimo, thou must enjoin Thine eyes to observation, and thy tongue To milder speeches than thy spirit affoords.-Ib. Act iv. So farre was the huge vnwealdie empire of Alexander, or of the Romans, short of the Tartarian greatnesse, that the expedition of some one of the subiects of this empire, hath pierced as farre into the west, as euer Alexander into the east, and that happily among more resolute courages than the Persians or Indians, effeminated with wealth and peace, could affoord.-Purchas. Pilgrimage, b. iv. c. 2.

She bad, Be silent now; and not a word
Do you, or any of your friends afford,
Meeting me afterward in any way.

Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. xv.
We came to Pylos, where the studious due
That any father could affoord his son,
Nestor, the pastor of the people, show'd
To me arriu'd.

Id. Ib. b. xvii. Whether the flux and reflux of the sea be caused by any magnetism from the moon; whether the like be really made out, or rather metaphorically verified in the sympathies of plants and animals, might afford a large dispute.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3. Great Dryden next, whose tuneful muse affords The sweetest numbers, and the fittest words.

Addison. English Poels. The quiet lanes of Surry, leading to no great mart, or general rendezvous, afford calmer retreats on every side, than can easily be found in the neighbourhood of so great a town.-Gilpin. Tour to the Lakes.

F

Now er alle on floté, God gif tham grace to spede. R. Brunne, p. 169. When Minos his navy was once afloat, navigators had the sea more free; for he expelled the malefactors out of the islands, and in the most of them, planted colonies of his own.-Hobbes. Thucydides, b. i.

With which words of King Lewis, the young King Henry was set afloat, and from that time forward, stuck not openly to oppose his father.-Baker. Chronicle, an. 1170.

Others you'll see, when all the town's afloat,
Wrapt in th' embraces of a kersy coat,
Or double-bottom'd frieze; their guarded feet
Defy the muddy dangers of the street.-Gay. Trivia.

AFOOT. On foot. It is applied, consequentially, to that which is in motion or in action.

And thei sayen hem go awey and manye knewen and thei wenten a foote fro al citees and runnen thidir and camen bifore hem -Wiclif. Mark, c. 6.

And the people spyed the when they departed; & many Enewe hym & rane a fote thyther out of all cytyes, ad cam thyther before the.-Bible, 1539. Ib.

I see you stand like grey-hounds in the slips,
Strayning upon the start. The game's afoot:
Follow your spirit; and upon this charge,
Cry, God for Harry, England, and St. George.

Shakespeare. Hen. V. Act iii. sc. 1. The king [Harolde] himselfe stoode afoote by the standarde, and his brethren Girthe and Leofwine with him, to the ende that in such a common perill and ieopardy, no man should once thinke to flie or run away.

Stow. Chronicle, an. 1000.

AFORE, ad. Aforne. On the fore part. It Written by Chaucer, Aforen,

AFORE, prep. is much used in composition; but without effecting any change of usage in the component words. (See FORE.) It is applied to

Precedence in order of time; in order of place; and, metaphorically, to the desires and pursuits of the mind.

I meane this, that trespace hight
But reason conceiueth of a sight

Shame of that I speake aforne.-Chaucer. Rom. of Rose.

Pandarus

Gan draw him to the window nie the strete
And said nece, who hath araied thus

The yonder house, that stant aforyene vs.-Id. Troil. b. ii.

But for he wolde a while abide

To loke, if he wolde him amende,

To him afore token he sende,

And that was in his slepe by night-Gower. Con. A. b. i.

This prisoner afore the kynge

Was brought: and therupon this thynge

In audience he was accused.-Gower. Con. 4. b. ill.

He, back returning by the yuorie dore, Remounted up as light as cheerfull larke, And on his little winges the dreame he bore In haste unto his lord, where he him left afore. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 1. Those who have gone afore me in that argument have made so copious a harvest, that the issue of my gatherings must needs have been but small.-Hales. Gold. Rem. Ser.1. While Rodmond, fearful of some neighbouring shore, Cries ever and anon, "Look out afore !"-Falconer. Shipw. AFRE'SH. In fresh. See FRESH. Wherefore let vs make our prayer [that we] may through our owne repentaunce and his mercye, be renued afreshe to attayne his endlesse glory.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1390. The faction still defying Edward's might, Edmond of Woodstock, with the men of Kent, Charging afresh, renew the doubtful fight Upon the barons languishing and spent.

Imo. Thou should's have made him

As little as a crow, or lesse, ere left

To after-eye him.-Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act i. sc.
Thy worth and skill exempt thee from the throng,
With praise enough for envy to look wan;
To after-age thou shalt be writ the man
That with smooth air could'st humour well our tongue.
Milton, Son. 13.

The men that formed the Royal Society in London, were, Sir Robert Murray, the Lord Brounker, a profound mathematician; and Dr. Ward, soon after promoted to Exeter, and afterwards removed to Salisbury.

Burnet. Own Time, an. 1662.

Is it a new thing for a scholar to make such a progress in learning, as to be able afterward to teach the master, from whom he received his first rudiments?

Wollaston. Religion of Nature, s. 3.

When o'er the ship, in undulation vast,
A giant surge, down rushes from on high,

So when the sun to west was far declin'd,
And both afresh in mortal battle join'd;
The strong Emetrius came in Arcite's aid,
And Palamon with odds was overlaid.

Dryden. Palamon & Arcite.
No more thy soothing voice my anguish chears,
Thy placid eyes with smiles no longer glow,
My hopes to cherish, and allay my fears.

"Tis meet that I should mourn, flow forth afresh my tears. Beattie. Minstrel.

That day, as fortune was, Euander king, in solemne guise, His patron feast did keepe, with honors great to Gods in skies.

But vnto Hercules most chiefe, in greene-wood groue upstald

Afront the towne.-Phaer. Eneidos, b. viii.

Ne Turnus sluggish sloth doth stay, but fierce with speed he bends

Gainst Troians all his power, and on the shore afront them tends.-Id. Ib. b. x.

Falst. These foure [rogues] came all a-front and mainly thrust at me; I made no more adoe, but tooke all their seuen points in my targuet.-Shakes. Hen. IV. Act ii. sc. 4.

I sought the shade in vale, which low did lie,
Where we reposde vs on a greene wood side,
Afront the which a siluer streame did glide.

A'FT,

A'FTER, prep. A'FTER, ad. A'FTEREYE. A'FTERWARDS. Tooke, i. 444.

Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 651. Goth. Aftaro; A. S. Efter, supposed by Tooke to be the comparative of the noun Aft (A. S. Eft.) Hind, Aft, and Back, have the same meaning.

After, is much used in composition, but without effecting any change in the usage of the component words. See the quotations from Milton and Gilpin.

After-eye, is used as a verb by Shakespeare. To eye or look after.

After, is applied to

Succession, or subsequence, or consequence, in order of time; in order of place: and, metaphorically, to the desires and pursuits of the mind. In the vyf hondred ger of Grace Seynt Austyn hyder com And four score ger and tuo, to prechy Cristendom. And aboute an hondred ger yt was, and fyfty al so, After that Saxons and Englysse verst come thys lond to. R. Gloucester, p. 230. This emperour August was of so gret fame, That, for Juli the emperour, (that bi fore hym was er) Hadde aftur hym y clepud a moneth in the ger, The nexte moneth afturward, that heruest moneth ys, He let clepe aftur hym August y wys.-Id. p. 61. Help thi kynne Crist bit. [bid] for ther by gynneth charite And afterwarde awhaite, hoo hath moost neede

And ther help yf thou hast.-Piers Plouhman, p. 288. Therfore kepe ye and do ye alle thingis, whatever thingis, thei seyen to you: but nyle ye do aftir hir werkis; for thei seien and do not.-Wiclif. Matt. c. 23.

All therfore whatsoeuer they bid you obserue, that obserue and do but do not ye after their workes: for they saye, and do not.-Bible, 1539. Matt. c. 23.

And saw the fox toward the wode is gon
And bare upon his back the cok away.
They crieden, out! harow and wala wa!
Aha the fox! and after him they ran
And eke with staves many another man.

Chaucer. Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 15.388.

AGA'IN, ad. AGA'INST. AGA'INWARD. AGA'INSAY.

Variously written Agen, Agens, Ayen, Ayenst, Agane, &c. In Dutch, the verb Jegenen, means to meet, to oppose, The collateral A. S. verb,-from which the adverb Against, in A. S. Ongegen, appears to be lost, (v. Tooke, i. 423.)

to rencontre.

Again; turn again, i. e. turn to meet; to oppose; to withstand; to return. Do this again; i. e. to meet, a new demand, a new emergency; to act, and continue to act in return; to persist in meeting, or opposing; and hence the application to frequent repetitions.

Wiclif uses, Aghen-buying, i. e. redemption; Aghen-rising, i. e. resurrection; Aghen-stand, i. e. resist; Aghen-say, i. e. contradict.

Dryden writes Agen, or Again, to suit his rhyme.

Toward hys fon with hem alle with god herte he drow,
And ouer com this false kynges & here wyues also,
And a gegn in his kyndom mid gret honour y do.
R. Gloucester, p. 36

He gedere ys ost anon
To werre, & to stonde a geyn the Romaynes ys fon.

Sir, said kyng Guyon, turne ageyn, I rede, Frankis & Burgoillon, els alle gos to dede.

Id. p. 80

R. Brunne, p. 191 Haldayn of Doncastre was chosen that ilk day, To bere the kynge's banere ageyn the paien lay.-Id. p. 17

Ye schul be blessid whanne men schul curse you, and schul pursue you; and schul seye al yvel agens you liynge for me.-Wiclif. Matt. c. 5.

Not yeldinge yuel for yuel, neither cursyng for cursyng,

but agenward blessynge. Id. 1 Peter, c. 3.

For I schal gyue to you mouth and wisdom to whiche all youre aduersaries schulen not mowe agenstonde and agen seye.-Id. Luke, c. 21.

We hopeden, that he should have agen-bought Israel.
Id. Luke, c. 24.
And he was bifore ordeyned the Sone of God in vertu, by
the Spirit of halowing of the agen-risyng of deede men.
Id. Rom. c. 1

And therfore is I come, and eke Alein
To grind our corn, and cary it home agein.
Chaucer. The Reves Tale, v. 4031.

And Tullius sayth, that no sorwe, ne no drede of deth, no nothing that may fall unto a man, is so muchel agzins nature, as a man to encrese his owen profite, to harme of another man.-Id. Tale of Melibeus.

And Custance han they taken anon fote-hot,
And in a ship all stereles (Got wot)
They han hire set, and bidden hire lerne sayle
Out of Surrie againward to Itaille.

Id. Man of Lawes Tale, v. 4861.

All that day she out-wore in wondering,
And gazing on that chambers ornament,
Till that again the second evening
Her couered with her sable vestment.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 18

O father, what intends thy hand, she cried,
Against thy only son? What fury, O son,
Possesses thee to bend that mortal dart
Against thy father's head ?-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. il