DUKE.

DU'KEDOM.
DU'KELING, n.
DUKESHIP.

DU'CAL.

DUCHESS.

DU'CHERY.
DU'CHY.

Gibbon.

Fr. Duc; It. Duca; Sp. Duque. Fr. Duchesse; It. Duchessa; Sp. Duquesa; from the Lat. Dux, from duc-ere to lead.

A leader: now a mere title of rank.

The titles of counts and dukes have obtained in modern

languages so very different a sense, that the use of them may
occasion some surprize. But it should be recollected, that
the second of those appellations is only a corruption of the
Latin word, which was indiscriminately applied to any
military chief. All these provincial generals were, therefore,
dukes.-Gibbon. The Roman Empire, c. 17.

In this sense it is distinguished into four quarters, into
See the quotation from empires, kingdoms, states, commonwealths, principalities,
dukedoms, provinces, &c.
Watts. Geography & Astronomy, s. 12.

"Lord Angelo dukes it well;" i. e. acts the part, performs the duties of the duke.

An hey duk of al that stude, he clepede that town ywys
Aftur ys name Gloucestre, as he gut y clepud ys.
R. Gloucester, p. 67.
Aibrik was his fadir, a duke of faire fame,
Lord of Wicombe, of Redynges, and of Tame.

R. Brunne, p. 14.

A voys aloud seyde
The lord of myght and of man, that made all thynges
Duke of this dymme place. anon undo the gates
That Crist mowe comen in. the kynges sone of hevene.
And with that breth hell brake.-Piers Plouhman, p. 358.

Ich am hus dure douheter. duchesse of hevene.-Id. p. 25.

A kingdom oth" duche

May nat be sold sothly.-Id. p. 50.

Be ye sugett of ech creature of man for god, either to the kyng as to him that is higer in staat, either to duykis as to thilke that ben sent of hym.—Wiclif. 1 Peter, c. 2.

'Tis virtue can alone impart
The patent of a ducal heart:
Unless this herald speaks him great,
What shall avail the glare of state.

Cotton. Visions. Content, Vis. 4.
But now grown desp'rate, and beyond all hope.
I curse the ball, the dutchess, and the pope.

Cambridge. Elegy wrillen in un empty Assembly Rom.
The interest of the Duke of Cornwall has given occasion
to a regulation nearly of the same kind in that ancient
duchy. Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. ii. c. 11.

Lat. Dulcis, quia delicit, id est, delectat. It was first written delicis, then delcis, dolcis, and lastly dulcis. Vossius,de, and lacere, to draw,

to attract.

DULCE, v.
DULCE, adj.
DULCING, n.
DULCET.
DULCIFY.
DULCIFICATION.
DULCORATE, v.
DULCORATION.
though now disused.
To delight, to be or cause to be delightful,
sweet, pleasant, gratifying, agreeable; to sweeten;
Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. to soothe; to harmonize.

Whilom, as olde stories tellen us,
Ther was a duk that highte Theseus.
Of Athenes he was lord and governour,
And in his time swiche a conquerour.
That greter ther was non under the sonne.

She smote thee to ground for all thy crueltie
Wherefore ye dukeship of Diamedes & dignitie
Unto her great laud and glorie perpetuall
Attributed is with triumph laureall.

Id. Balade. The Nine Ladies Worthie.

And sothly suster mine (qd. she)
Now be we duchesses both I and ye.

Id. Legend of Ariadne.

I rede in old bokes thus,
There was a duke, whiche Spartacus
Men clepe, and was a warriour.-Gower. Con. A. b. vii.

Of these besauntes I haue lernyd there shuld be ii.; that one is called a bezaunte imperiall, and ye other a bezaūt ducall.-Fabyan, an. 1273.

For firste he gaue him ye duchie of Berry, and after that whole Normandy, wherof in no long time he bereft him the possession, regimet & title, without any cause geue, on the partie of yong Charles.-Hall. Edw. IV. an. 12.

In whiche tyme came vnto hym certayne men of the duchie Burgoyne, as lordes of dyuers holdes and townes within that duchery, and gaue vnto hym, to the entent he shulde nat molest or hurte that coûtre. cc. M. floryns of golde. Fabyan, an. 1359. Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence, he puts transgression too't. Shakespeare. Measure for Measure, Act iii. sc. 2. When they devis'd to link, by wedlock's band, The house of Suffolk to Northumberland; Our fatal dukedom to your dukedom bound, To frame this building on so weak a ground.

Drayton. Lady Jane Grey to Dudley.

K. Hen. Urswick, command the dukeling and these fellows,

To Digby, the Lieutenant of the Tower.

Ford. Perkin Warbeck, Act v. sc. 2.

Petron. Will your dukeship
Sit down and eat some sugar-plumbs?
Massinger. The Great Duke of Florence, Act iv. sc. 2.

From whence a fatal volley we receiv'd,

It miss'd the duke, but his great heart it griev'd:

Three worthy persons from his side it tore,

And dyed his garment with their scatter'd gore.

Waller. Instructions to a Painter.

The King, before his expedition into England, had promised his eldest son Robert the dukedom of Normandy, in case he conquered the kingdom he then pretended.

Sir W. Temple. Introduction to the History of England.

What shall I advise?

Ev'n quit the house, for thou too long has sat in't;
Produce at last thy dormant ducal patent;
There near thy master's throne in shelter plac'd,
Let Will, unheard by thee, his thunder waste.
Swift. On Mr. Pulteney's being put out of the Council, 1731.
The Duke of Lorrain being in this manner dispossessed
of his duchy, without any preceding declaration of war on
the part of France, filled all Europe with his complaints.
Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 188.

Dulce, the verb, is not uncommon in our old writers,

See ADDULCE.

O howe delicious (sayth Dauid) are thy sayenges vnto my throte? More dulceth tha hony are thy wordes Lorde to my mouth.-Bale. Image, T. 7.

And the lawes and exercise therof, beinge in pure Latin or doulce Frenche, fewe men in consultations shuld (in myne opinion) compare with our lawyars.

Sir T. Elyot. Governovr, b. i. c. 14.

Framinge himselfe to plye his booke
with lesser greefe of mynde,
He will see the (my dulcet frinde)
with warmie westerne wynde.

Drant. Horace. Epistle to Numitius.

Not now deere son, from thyne embrasings sweete shuld
I be pluckt,

O dulcet son.-Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. viii.

And lytle and lytle fro theyr very childhoode to accustome
them dulcely and pleasātly in the meditacion thereof.
Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1215.

Musick (quoth he) [Aristoxenus] is brought in thither,
because that whereas wine is wont to pervert and overturn
as well the bodies as the minds of those who take it im-
moderately, music by that order, symmetry, and accord
which is in it, reduceth them again into a contrary tempera-
ture, and dulceth all.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 1029.

Good reason therefore, that such asperity of the spirit or
rather indeed of the vitall breath should be dulced and
appeased, by the use of some sweet and pleasant liquour.
Id. Plinie, b. xxii. c. 24.

For there came ambassadors to Rome, which brought
letters from King Tarquine, full of sweet and lowly speeches,
to win the favour of the people, with commission to use all
the mildest means they could, to dulce and soften the
heardned hearts of the multitude: who declared how the
king had left all pride and cruelty, and meant to ask nought
but reasonable things.-North. Plutarch, p. 83.

This we may undoubtedly gather and conjecture by his
great dilligence, which he employed in that musick and
harmony, which he inferred for the dulcing, taming, and
appeasing of the soul.--Holland. Plutarch, p. 54.

Upon his dulcet pipe the merle doth only play.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 13.

I know that a decoction of wild gourd or colocynthis
(though somewhat qualified) will not from every hand be
dulcified into aliment by an addition of flour or meal.
Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11.
The factor whereof may discover itself by sweat and urine,
as being unmasterable by the natural heat of man, not to be
dulcified by concoction beyond an unsavoury condition.
Id. Ib. b. iv. c. 10.
The ancients. for the dulcorating of fruit, do commend
swines-dung above all other dung.
Bacon. Naturall History, § 465.

The fourth is in the dulcoration of some metals; as sac-
charum, Saturni, &c.-Id. Ib. § 358.

Licymnia's dulcet voice, her eye

Bright-darting its resplendent ray
Her breast, where love and friendship lie
The Muse commands me sing in softer lay.
Francis. Horace, b. ii. Ode 12,

In the former of these cases the medicine may be danger. ous, unless it be, after the solution or corrosion ended, exquisitely dulcified from all remainder of the corrosive salt. Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 375.

Fair water must be so often poured, till you have dulcified the matter therein contained, the sign of which dulcification is (you know) when the water that has passed through it, comes from it as tasteless as it was poured upon it. Id. Ib. vol. i. p. 783.

Yet will I view her still, however coy, In dreams poetic; see her to the sound Of dulcet symphonies harmonious lead Her sportive sister-graces, Mirth serene, And Peace, sweet inmate of the sylvan shade. Whitehead. To the Nymph of Bristol Spring. They to the dome where smoke, with curling play, Announc'd the dinner to the regions round, Summon'd the singer blithe, and harper gay, And aided wine with dulcet-streaming sound. Johnson. Parody of a Translation, DULCIMER. It. Dolcimelle; a musical instrument so called a soni dulcedine; from the And see the sweetness of its sound, (Skinner) quotation from Warton: whence it appears that, in his time, a particular kind of bonnet was called a Dulcimer.

The harp

Had work and rested not; the solemn pipe,
And dulcimer, all organs of sweet stop,
All sounds on fret by string or golden wire,
Temper'd soft tunings, intermix'd with voice
Choral or unison.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vii.

The females that are guilty of breaking my orders, I shall respectively pronounce to be kits, hornpipes, dulcimers, and kettle drums.-Tatler, No. 225.

With bonnet trimm'd and flounced withal,
Which they a dulcimer do call,
And stockings white as snows that fall.

Warton. The High-Street Tragedy.

DULL, v. Ger. Doll, which Wachter DULL, adj. derives from Dol-en, dwalen, DU'LLARD, n. desipere, delirare, and that DU'LLARD, adj. from the A. S. Dwol-ian. DU'LLER. Tooke derives the Eng. Dull DU'LLY. from the same A. S. verb, DU'LNESS. which he renders Hebere, heDU'LSOME. betare, to thicken. Lye and Somner, Errare. Skinner thinks from the A. S. Dol-ian, to bear, to sustain. Wachter and Tooke differ only in this, that the former gives the common usage or consequential application, the latter the primitive meaning. See DOLT.

To thicken; to blunt, (sc.) the edge of a knife or other instrument; to thicken, blunt, or deaden (met.) the faculties or powers of the mind; to deaden, to stupify; to diminish the keenness, the lustre, weaken the power of; to damp, to sadden, to drowse, to lethargise.

Right nought am I through your doctrine,

I dull vnder your discipline.-Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose.

I not (qd. she) wherof it serueth thy question to assoil, me thinketh the now duller in wittes, than when I with thee first mette.-Id. The Testament of Loue, b. iii,

Sothly the good workes that he did before that he fell in dedly sinne, ben all mortified, astoned, and dulled by the eft sinning. Id. The Persones Tale.

Therwith her list so wel to liue,

That duinesse was of her a drad.-Id. Dreame.

But bycause that in cunning I am young, and can yet but creepe, this leud A, B, C, haue I set into learning, for I cannot passen the telling of three as yet: and yf God will, in short time I shall amend this lewdnesse in ioyning of sillables, which thyng for dulnesse of witte I may not in three letters declare.-Id. The Testament of Loue, b. il.

I am so rude in my degree,

And eke my wittes ben so dull,
That I ne maie nouht to the full

Attaine unto so high a lore.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv.
The discretion of a tutor consisteth in temperaunce: that
is to saye, that he suffre not the child not to be fatigate with
continuall study or learning: wherwith the delycate and
tender wytte may be dulled or cppressed.

Sir T. Bigot. Governonr, b. i. o 7,

To rouse him from lethargic dump,

He tweak'd his nose, with gentle thump
Knocked on his breast, as if't had been

To raise the spirits lodg'd within.—Hudibras, pt. i. c. 3.

If we consult experience, or observe the world, we shall find this precept very ill obeyed, for do we not commonly see people in heavy dumps; do we not hear doleful complaints? Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 11. Generally a marry'd man is the creature of the world the most out of fashion; his behaviour is dumpish, his discourse his wife and family; his habit so much neglected, it looks as if that were marry'd too. Dryden. Marriage Alamode, Act v. sc. 1.

This [suspiciousness] renders a man heavy and dumpish, slow and tedious in his resolutions and in his proceedings. Barrow, vol. ii, Ser. 9. Whenever he was with me, his short, dumpy, gouty, crooked fingers were continually teizing my spinnet, to his own harmonious croaking.-Student, li. p. 225.

Our honest neighbour's goose and dumplings were fine, and the lamb's wool, even in the opinion of my wife, who was a connoisseur, was excellent. Goldsmith. Vicar of Wakefield, c. 10.

But when thou dun'st their parents, seldom they
Without a suit before the tribune pay,
And yet hard laws upon the master lay.

Dryden. Juvenal, Sat. 7. They are ever talking of new silks, and serve the owners in getting them customers, as their common dunners do in making them pay.-Spectator.

For the miser is as much disquieted, dunned, and called upon by the eagerness of his own desires, as he whose door is haunted and rapped at every hour, by those who come crying after him for what he owes them. South, vol. iv. Ser. 11.

But you have something to add, Sancho, to what I owe your good-will also on this account, and that is to send me the subscription money, which I find a necessity of dunning my best friends for before I leave town. Sterne. Works, vol. iv. Let. 94.

Many married ladies have been constrained to petition the brutes their husbands for the advance of a quarter's pin money, to satisfy the importunate dunnings of a needy honourable gamester.-Adventurer, No. 23.

Yet has he suffered long and much, and lost the beginning of life, the season of rational delight and solid improvement, in distress and fears, in fabricating excuses and pretences, and in flying from the eager pursuit of duns and bailiffs. Knox. Essays, No. 97.

The impes name which this examinant sent to destroy the said Bumstead was Margaret; and that the impe, which the said Joyce Boanes sent was a dun'd one like unto a mouse. State Trials. The Essex Witches, an. 1645.

Dun hackle; body, dun-coloured silk, with a dun cock's
hackle.-Walton. Angler, Appendix, No. 3. January.

The first is the dun-fly, in March: the body is made of
dun-wool, the wings of the partridge's feathers.
Id. Ib. pt. i. c. 5.
They [the sea lions] have no hair on their bodies like the
seal; they are of a dun colour, and are all extraordinary fat.
Dampier. Voyage, an. 1683.
Oh! send them to the sullen mansions dun,

Her balefull eyes where sorrow rolls around;
Where gloom-enamour'd mischief loves to dwell,
And murder, all blood-bolter'd, schemes the wound.
Johnson. Parody of a Trans. from the Medea of Euripides.

DUNCE.
DU'NCEMAN.
DU'NCERY.

DU'NCIFY.

The passages quoted below leave no room to doubt that the word (as severally conjectured by Mr. Tooke and Mr. Todd) was first introduced by the Thomists, or disciples of Thomas Aquinas, in contempt towards their antagonists the Scotists, or disciples of John Scot of Duns. Dunce's disciples, Duncemen, Dunces: and see the quotation from Holished, in v. Nickname, and the one from Hobbs here following:

For the first rector of the university of Paris, as I have
read somewhere, was Peter Lombard, who first brought in
them the learning called school-divinity; and was seconded

by John Scot of Duns, who lived in, or near the same time,
whom any ingenious reader, not knowing what was the
design, would judge to have been two of the most egregious
blockheads in the world, so obscure and senseless are their
writings.-Hobbs. Behemoth.

Remember ye not how within this xxx. yeares and farre
lesse, and yet dureth vnto this day, the old barkyng curres
Dunce's disciples & lyke draffe called Scotistes, the children
of darkenesse, raged in euery pulpit agaynst Greke, Latin,
and Hebrue.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 278.

Here it is open, that the Pelagias graunt as much of grace, as my Lord of Rochester doth, and all his Duns-men, which learneth that man may haue a good purpose, bonum studium, and a good mynde, & a loue to grace, of his owne naturall strēgth.-Barnes. Workes, p. 272.

Here is also to be noted, that ye Pelagians, & our Dunsme agree all in one, for they both say, that ye grace of God doth helpe mas good purpose, so that man doth first intende & purpose well.-Id. İb.

Now would Aristotle deny such speakyng, & a Duns man would make xx. distinctions.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 88.

How thinke you? is not this a likely answere for a great doctour of diuinitie? for a great Duns man? for so great a preacher.- Barnes. Workes, p. 232.

Talke altogether of most graue matters, or deepely search out the ground of things, or vse the quiddities of Dunce, to set forth God's misteries: and you shall see the ignorant (I warrant you) either fall asleepe, or els bid you farewell. Wilson. The Arte of Rhetorique, p. 201.

Mer. Was ever man but I in such a stocks? well this shall be a warning to me, and a fair one too, how I betray myself to such a dunce, by way of benefit.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Coxcomb, Act ii. sc. 1.

I would he had not cast the gracious eye of his duncery upon the small deserts of a pamphlet, whose every line, meddled with, uncases him to scorn and laughter.

Milton. Colasterion.

His father, methinks, should be one of the dunce-table,
times.-Ford. The Sun's Darling, Act v. sc. 1
and one that never drank strong beer in's life, but at festival

In school-divinity as able

As he that hight irrefragable;

A second Thomas, or at once

Hil. I must take breath;

Then, like a nightingale, I'le sing his death.
Soph. His death!
Hil. I am out.

Coris. Recover, dunder-head.

Massinger. The Picture, Act ii. sc. 1.
What a dunder-whelp,
Beaum. & Fletch. Wild-goose Chase, Act ii. sc. 3.
You know what a dunder-whelp my master is.

To let him domineer thus.

Id. Woman Pleased, Act ii. sc. 5. Why then was it left so? and here, without staying for my reply, shall I be called as many blockheads, numskulls, doddypoles, dunderheads, ninny-hammers, &c. Sterne. Tristram Shandy, c. 25.

DUNE. See Down, and the quotation there made from Verstegan. R. of Gloucester uses the verb, dune, which Hearne interprets bent, bowed; but it is more probably the A. S. Dyn-an, to make a noise, to resound: the earth resounded under the steps of the horses. See DUN.

The erthe dunede vnder hem, vor stappes [steps] that
harde ware.
The hors neyde and lepte, that yt was gret fere.

DUNG, v.
DUNG, H.
DU'NGY.

R. Gloucester, p. 459. Ger. Tunghen; Dut.Dunghen; Sw. Dynga; A. S. Dyng-an, stercorare. Tooke says that dyng-an means dejicere, to cast down, and that dung or dong means dejectum, and in that meaning only is applied to stercus.

"And Dowel shall ding him down, and destroi his might," (Vision of Piers Plouhman.) See Tooke. See also To DING.

Thei shulden deluen, and dyken, and dongen the erthe.
Piers Plouhman. Crede.

On fat londe and ful of donge. foulest wedes groweth.

Id. Vision, p. 29. Lord, suffre it also this yeer. the while I delue about it, and I schal dunge it if it schal make fruyt, if nay, in tyme comyng thou schalt kitte it doun.-Wiclif. Luk, c. 13.

Salt is good, but if salt vanysche: in what thing schal it be sauered? Neither in erthe, neither in donghille it is profitable.-Id. Ib. c. 14.

Behold my blody woundes, depe and wide,
Arise up erly, in the morwe tide,

And at the west gate of the toun (quod he)
A carte ful of donge ther shalt thou see,

In which my body is hid prively,

Do thilke carte arresten boldely.

Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 15,024
And forth he goth, no longer wold he lette,
Unto the west gate of the toun, and fond
A dong carte, as it went for to dong lond
That was arraied in the same wise

As ye han herde the dede man devise.—Id. Ib. v. 15,042
Now fie churle, (qd. the gentel Tercelet)
Out of the dounghil, came that word aright.
Id. The Assemblie of Fowles.
After the same sorte a diligent husbandman, whan he
breaketh vp his ground, whan he donggeth it, whan he
soweth it, whan he weedeth it, he is altogether in his worke.
Udal. Timothye, c. 2.

We found nothing in their [white beares] mawes; but we iudged by their dung that they fed vpon grasse, because it appeared in all respects like the dung of an horse, wherein we might very plainly see the very strawes.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 101.

The dung-fermers seek in every streete by exchange to buy this durtie ware for herbs and wood. The custom is

To name them all, another Dunce.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 1. very good for keeping the citie cleare.

Say, you, her instruments, the great
Call'd to this work by dulness, Jove and fate,
You, by whose care, in vain decry'd and curst,
Still Dunce the second reigns like Dunce the first;
Say, how the goddess bade Britannia sleep
And pour'd her spirit o'er the land and deep.
Pope. The Dunciad, b. i.
Here you have a fellow ten thousand times more duncified
than dunce Webster.-Warburton to Hurd Letter L. 130.

DUNDER-HEAD. Perhaps from Dut.

DUNDER-WHelp. Donderen, tonare, to thunder, (q.d.) stupified, stupid with din or noise. A stupid head or knoll : a stupid whelp, a stupid

dog.

Charles. I mean your grammar, O thou dunder-head.
Beaum. & Fletch. The Elder Brother, Act ii. sc. 4.

Id Ib. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 69.

He makes his Laertes a gardener all that while, and seek-
ing his consolation for the absence of his son in the plea-
sures of planting and even dunging his own grounds.
Cowley. Ess. Of Agriculture.
Would it not vex thee where thy sires did keep,
To see the dunged folds of dog tayl'd sheep.
Bp. Hall, b. v. Sat 1.
Here is my space,
Kingdoms are clay; our dungie earth alike
Feeds beast as man.

Shakespeare. Anthony & Cleopatra, Act i. sc. 1.

You must not suffer your thoughts to creep any longer upon this dunghill earth, but refine your drossy, and raise up your drowsy spirits to behold, contemplate, and admire the glories that are in heaven.

Bp. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 137,

|

But shee [Philippa wife of Edward III.] built to herself a monument of more glory and durability by founding, and richly endowing, the colledge called the Queenes in Oxford, which, if it had been finished according to the project, had beene a foundation of marueilous state and magnificence. Speed. Edw. III. an. 1374. b. ix. c. 12. s. 115. They all of them vary much from their primitive tenderness, and bigness, and so become more durous. Smith. Port. of Old Age, p. 186. For there is neither picture, nor image of marble, nor arch of triumph, nor sumptuous sepulchre, that can match the durableness of an eloquent history, furnished with the properties which it ought to have.

North. Plutarch. To the Readers, p. 1.

As for the timber of the walnut-tree, it may be termed an English shittim-wood for the fineness, smoothness, and durableness, thereof, whereof the best tables, with stocks of guns and other manufactures, are made.

Fuller. Worthies. Surrey.

The souls ever durancy I sung before,
Ystruck with mighty rage.

More. On the Soul, pt. iii. c. 1. s. 1. The misery that after death attends the misspent present life, overbalanceth all the good that this life can yield, both in degree and duration.

Hale. Cont. vol. i. The Victory of Faith over the World.
For neither pretious stone, nore durefull brasse,
Nor shining gold, nor mould'ring clay it was.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 10.
But of this composition are all the devout lovers of the
world, that they fear all that is dureless and ridiculous.
Ralegh. History of the World, Pref. p. 19.

You had ever an ear open to listen for the crack, and were in the same agony for the Powder Plot that Charles V. was in for the Pope's duress, giving order in all his dominions that prayers should be made for his release, when in the mean time he kept and held him in his own hand prisoner.

State Trials. Henry Garnett, an. 1606.

These light and vicious persons say Our soul is but a smoke, or airy blast, Which during life, doth in our nostrils play, And when we die doth turn to wind at last.

Davies. Immortality of the Soul, s. 30.

As for irradiancy or sparkling, which is found in many gems, it is not discoverable in this; for it cometh short of their compactnesse and durity.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

That by the Sion here mentioned is not chiefly meant that material mountain in Judea, but rather that mystical rock of divine grace and evangelical truth, upon which the Christian church, the onely everlasting temple of God, is unmovably seated, is very probable, (or rather manifestly certain,) by the prophets constant acceptation thereof in this sense, when they assign the character of perpetual durability thereto.-Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 12.

The successive vibrations of the small parts do, even in 80 solid and close a body as bell-metal, run many times round; as may appear by the durableness of the ringing noise, which seems plainly to proceed from the circularly successive vibrations of the parts.

Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 30.

That we have our notion of succession and duration from this original, viz. from the reflection on the train of ideas, which we find to appear one after another in our own minds, seems plain to me, in that we have no perception of duration, but by considering the train of ideas that take their turus in our understandings.

Locke. On Humane Understanding, b. ii. c. 14.
More durable than brass, the frame
Which here I consecrate to fame;
Higher than pyramids that rise

With royal pride to brave the skies.

Francis. Horace, b. iv. Ode 30.

A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds, by its size, its height, its awful obscurity, its strength, its antiquity, and its durability.—Blair, vol. 1. Lect. 3.

The durableness of metals is the foundation of this extra-
ordinary steadiness of price.
Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. i. c. 11.
An error in physical speculations is seldom productive of
such consequences, either to one's neighbour or one's self
as are deeply, durably, or extensively injurious.
Knox. Essays, No. 1.
It will not be amiss to take a view of the effects of this
royal servitude and vile durance, which was so deplored in
the reign of the late monarch, and was so carefully to be
avoided in the reign of his successor.
Burke. On the Present Discontents.

Dirstelie. Boldy, or as we might say, durstingly, of one
daring to doe a thing of hazard or difficulty.
Verstegan. Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, c. 7.
Dut. Duister; Ger. Duster;
Sw. Dyster;
A. S. Thyster,
obscurus.
In Dutch, Duysteren is cali-
gare, to darken; and this Lye
thinks is from A. S. Thystrian,
tenebrescere, to grow or be-
come dark.

DUSK, v.
Dusk, n.
DU'SKEN.
DU'SKING, n.
DU'SKISH.
DU'SKISHLY.
DU'SKISHNESS.
DU'SKY.

DU'SKINESS.

To be or become dark or
dim; to darken, to obscure; to be or cause to be
gloomy, dull or dingy.

The penonnes and the pomels. and poyntes of sheldes
With drawen his deuocion. and dusken his herte.
Piers Plouhman. Crede.
The which clothes a darkenesse of a foreleten and despised
eld had dusked and darked, as it is wont to darke by smoked
images.-Chaucer. Boecius, b. i.

Time had somewhat sullied the colour of it with such kind
of duskiness, [in Translation, 1609, by J. T., Duskishness,]
as we may observe in pictures that have hung in a smoky
room.-Translation of Boecius, Oxford, 1674, p. 3.

Dusked his eyen too, and failled his breth.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v.2808.

The faithfulnes of a wife is not stained with deceipt, nor dusked with any dissembling, nor yet parted with any charge of the world, but disseuered at last by death only, no not by death neither.-Wilson. Arte of Rhetorique, p. 55.

And yet neuertheles the sayd epigrame was not vtterly defaced, but onely duskened or so rased, that it myght be redde, thoughe that with some difficulty.

Nicoll. Thucydides, fol. 163. Wherof is ingendred, duskynge of the eyes, head aches, hotte and thyn reumes, after euery littel surfete, and many other inconueniences.-Sir T. Elyot. Castel of Helth, b. iii.

Which ascendynge vp into the head, and touchynge the
ryme, wherin the brayne is wrapped, causeth head-ache,
trembling of the members, duskyshnes of the sight, and
many other sycknesses.-Id. Ib.

A showre aboue his head there stoode, all dusky blacke
with blew,

Both night and storme it brought, and straight the waters
darke their hew. Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. v.
Fyrste, of sacietie or fulnesse be ingedrid paynfull diseases
& sicknesses, as squynces, distillatios, called reumes or
poses, hemorroydes, great bledynges, crampes, duskenesse
of sight, the tisike, and the stiche, with many other that
come nat now to my remembrance.

Sir T. Elyot. The Governour, b. iii. c. 21.
Meanwhile the south wind rose, and, with black wings
Wide hovering, all the clouds together drove
From under heav'n; the hills to thir supply
Vapor, and exhalation dusk and moist,
Sent up amain.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. xi.

So spake our Morning Star then in his rise,
And looking round on every side beheld
A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.

Id. Paradise Regained, b. i.

But straight the sun that gives me light,
With many duskish vapours cled,
Doth seeme to boast with me some fearful storme.
Stirling. Aurora, s. 6.
The swiftest in consuming was that with saw-dust; which
first burned faire till some part of the candle was consumed,
and the dust gathered aboute the snaste; but then it made
the snaste big and long, and to burn duskishly, and the
candle wasted in half the time of the wax pure.

Bacon. Naturall History, § 369.

But see, the smoke mounting in village nigh,
With folded wreaths steals through the quiet air;
And mix'd with dusky shades, in eastern sky,
Begins the night, and warns us home repair.

P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 5.

For who can it unfold, and reade aright

The divers colours and the tinctures fair,
Which in this various vesture changes write
Of light, of duskiness, of thick, of rare
Consistences: ever new changes marre
Former impressions.-More. On the Soul, pt. i. b. i. s. 22.
Prone to the lowest vale th' aerial tribes
Descend the tempest-loving raven scarce
Dares wing the dubious dusk. Thomson. Summer.

It [a spot in the sun] was a very dark spot almost of a quadrangular form, and was inclosed round with a kind of a duskish cloud.-Boyle. Works, vol. iii. p. 511.

So may I reach, conceal'd, the cooling flood,
From my tir'd body wash the dirt and blood,
As soon as night her dusky veil extends,
Return in safety to my Trojan friends.

Pope. Homer. Iliad, b. xxii.

The sergeant soon after went to him, and ordered him to follow him to the deck; he obeyed him without reply; but it being in the dusk of the evening he slipped from the sergeant and went forward.-Cook. Voyage, vol. i. b. i. c. 6.

We all saw an atmosphere or dusky cloud round the body of the planet, [Venus,] which very much disturbed the times of contact, especially of the internal ones; and we differed from each other in our accounts of the times of the contacts much more than might have been expected. Id. Ib. vol. i. b. i. c. 13.

DU'SSONS, i. e. dozens.

If I priz'd life so much

As to deny my act, but that I would not,
Should I try death by dussons.

Beaum. & Fletch. The two Noble Kinsmen, Act iii. sc. 2.

DUST, v.
DUST, n.
DU'STY.
DU'STINESS.
DU'STER.

Dut. Dust; A. S. Dyste or Dust, pulvis, powder, (Somner.) Skinner thinks it may be from the Ger. Durren, to dry, to parch, (as if Durst.) In the Goth. Thaursjan is arescere, siccari, whence also thirst. But the A. S. Thystrian; Dut. Duysteren, to obscure, to darken, seems to present a more probable etymology: Clouds of dust; the dust flies in clouds; are common terms of expression. As now applied, dust is—

Any thing reduced to a dry powder, any thing pulverised. And more generally to the earth; and met., to a low, humble or contemptible state or condition. To dust is

Either to sprinkle, to cover with dust; or,-to wipe, to clear away the dust.

And the kyng Vortiger was to doust y barn'd ther inne.
R. Gloucester, p. 137.

And when they commyn to hur, she satt vppe, and with
her honde sche wypid of her face the doste that was ther on,
& spake to hem as holle and sownde as sche was by fore.
R. Brunne, Pref. p. 198.

And who evir resseyveth not you, ne heerith youre wordis, go ye fro that hous or citee, and sprenge off the dust of yours feet.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 10.

In fortune is full trust,
Though he lie in straw or dust,

In hope is all his sustaining.-Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose.

And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hils side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dus. ¡Heb. dusted him with dust.]-Bible. 2 Samuel, xvi. 13.

Men into stones therewith he could transmew,
And stones to dust, and dust to nought at all.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. o..
Who, soone as she beheld the sudden stound,
Lightly vpstarted from the dusty ground.
Id. Ib. b. iii. c. 7.
Clo. Then let him be more manly, for he looks
Like a great school-boy that had been blown up
Last night at dust-point.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Captain, Act iii. sc. 1. The most part of the people abode and dwelt in the country, and such were termed Compodes, which is as much as to say, as dusty-feet, for that when they came down to the city (as a man may conjecture) they were known by their dusty-feet.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 727.

Although the terraqueous globe be of an orbicular figure, yet it is not strictly so. 1. On account of its hills and vallies. But these are [so] inconsiderable to the earth's semidiameter, that they are but as dust upon a common globe. Derham. Physico-Theology, b. ii. c. 1. (Note 1.) Whom nor the prancing steed, nor pond'rous shield, Nor the hack'd helmet nor the dusty field, But the soft joys of luxury and ease, The purple vests and flow'ry garlands please.

Addison. Ovid. Metam. b. iii.