It is true indeed that Plato himself seems to acknowledge a certain plastick or methodical nature in the universe, subordinate to the Deity, or that perfect mind, which is the supreme Governor of all things.

Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 110.

Can we climb above the heaven of heavens, and there unlock his closet, rifle his cabinet, and peruse the records of everlasting destiny by which the world is governed? Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 23.

It [the storm] came on very fierce, and we kept right before the wind and sea, the wind still increasing the ship was very governable and steered incomparably well. Dampier. Voyage, vol. iii. an. 1699.

The bishop's governance should be so gentle and easie, that men hardly can be unwilling to comply with it.

Burrow. Of the Pope's Supremacy.

To convince the world you are not partial, pray proceed to detect the male administration of governesses as successfully as you have expos'd that of pedagogues. Spectator, No. 314. That, which begins and actually constitutes any political society, is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite and incorporate into such a society. And that is that, and that only, which did, or could give any beginning to any lawful government in the world.-Locke. Of Civil Government, b. ii. c. 8.

So that their politick societies all begun from a voluntary union, and the mutual agreement of men freely acting in the choice of their governors and forms of government.

Id. Ib. The old prerogative enthusiasts, it is true, did speculate foolishly, and perhaps impiously too, as if monarchy had more of a divine sanction than any other mode of government, and as if a right to govern by inheritance were in strictness indefeasible in every person, who should be found in the succession to a throne, and under every circumstance which no civil or political right can be. Burke. On the French Revolution. Charles the First and his Queen, and the Lady Morton, governess of the royal children, who is celebrated by Waller. Walpole. Anecdotes of Painting, vol. ii. c. 3.

The Revolution was made to preserve our ancient indisputable laws and liberties, and that ancient constitution and government which is our only security for law and liberty. Burke. On the French Revolution.

It was observed, that men had ungovernable passions which made it necessary to guard against the violence they might offer to each other. They appointed governours over them for this reason, but a worse and more perplexing difficulty arises, how to be defended against the governours. Id. A Vindication of Natural Society.

GOUGE, v. Fr. Gouge. A joiner's tool, says Menage, from guvia, mot Gaulois.

The word is used by the North Americans, who in their savage quarrels not unfrequently gouge out eyes.

I will saue in cork

In my mere stop'ling, 'boue three thousand pound
Within that terme: by googing of 'hem out
Just to the size of my bottles, and not slicing.

B. Jonson. The Divelle is an Asse.

GO UJEERS. The Goujeres, i. e. morbus gallicus. Gouge, Fr. signifies one of the common women attending a camp; and thus, Goujeers, gougeries, the disease incident to and derived from the gouges. In the first folio written good yeares. Sir Thomas Hanmer has the credit of making the correction and explaining the word.

1

Wipe thine eyes,

The good yeares shall deuoure them, flesh and fell
Ere they shall make vs weepe.-Shakes. Lear, Act v. sc.3.

GOURD. Fr. Gohourde, from the Lat. Cucurbita, (Menage.)

The extract from Cook's Voyages explains that given from Chaucer.

And wete ye what? I have here in my gourd
A draught of win, ye of a ripe grape.

Chaucer. The Manciples Prologue, v. 17,031.
Gourdes rawe be vnpleasant in eatinge, yll for the stomake,
and almost neuer digested.
Sir T. Elyot. The Castel of Helth, b. ii. c. 14.

Of the like nature (I meane for their manner of growing) be the gourds. Winter and all cold weather they cannot endure: they love also places well watered and dunged. Holland. Plinie, b. xix. c. 5.

All these pleasant gourds, under which we were sometimes solacing and caressing ourselves, how are they perish'd, in a moment how are they withered in a night! how are they vanish'd, and come to nothing!

VOL. I.

Clarendon. Civil War, vol. iii. p. 630.

The gourd and olive brown Weave the light roof: the gourd and olive fan Their amorous foliage, mingling with the vine Who drops her purple clusters through the green. Dyer. Ruins of Rome.

It [the catalogue of household utensils] consists of gourdshells, which they convert into vessels that serve as bottles to hold water, and as baskets to contain their victuals and other things, with covers of the same; and of a few wooden bowls and trenchers of different sizes.

GOURMAND, v. GOURMAND, n.

GOURMANDer. GOURMANDIze, v. GOURMANDIze, n.

Cook. Voyages, vol. vi. b. iii. c. 9.

Not giving like to those, whose gifts though scant
Pain them as if they gaue with gowty hand;
Such vex themselves, and ease not others' want;
But we alike enjoy, alike command.

Davenant. Gondibert, b. i. c. A, Among all the diseases to which the intemperance of this Age disposes it, (at least in these Northern climates) I have observed none to increase so much within the compass of my memory and conversation as the gout.

Sir W. Temple. Of the Cure of the Gout Another shakes the bed, dissolving there, Till knots upon his gouty joints appear, And chalk is in his crippled fingers found.

Woe vnto you, for whan bothe these corporal meates and drinkes wherwith ye so delicately and voluptuously fede yourselfes, yea and the bealy too whiche gourmaundeth, shall bee consumed, than shal ye bee houngrie and finde no relief. Udal. Luke, c. 6. Foreseene alway, that they eate without gourmandyse, or leaue with somme appetyte. Sir T. Elyot. The Castel of Helth, b. ii. c. 1. That great gourmond, fat Apicius.

B. Jonson. Sejanus, Act i.

A tigre forth out of the wood did rise,
That with fell clawes, full of fierce gourmandize,
And greedy mouth, wide gaping like hell gate,
Did run at Pastorell, her to surprise.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. vi. c. 10.
The pamper'd stomach more than well suffic'd,
Casts up the surfeit lately gormandiz'd.

Drayton. The Barons' Wars, b. vi.

But with his teeth rending her throat asunder,
Besprinkel'd with her blood the green grass under,
And gurmundizing on her flesh and blood,
He vomiting returned to the wood.

Browne. Britannia's Pastorals, b. i. s. 4.
How happy floods are ye,
From our predestin'd plagues that priviledged be,
Which only with the fish which in your banks do breed
And daily there increase, man's gormandise can feed.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 2.

Now Pardie (quoth he) the Persians are great gourmanders and greedy gluttons, who having so great store of viands come hither among us, for to eat up our browne bread and course bisket.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 385.

Such as those hardy people use,
To walk on fire without their shoes,
Who, on occasion, in a dark hole
Can gormandize on lighted charcoal.

King. Orpheus & Eurydice.
The world, the cit-like world,
Bids thee beware; thy little craft essay;
Nor piddling with a tea spoon's tender form,
See with soup-ladles devils gormandize.

Shenstone. Economy, pt. i.

GOUT. Fr. Goutte; It. Gotta; Sp. Gota; Go'UTY. Barb. Lat. Gutta; from the Lat. Gutta, a drop, (say Skinner and Junius) i. e. the former (who was a physician) adds, 66 Distillatio vel catarrhus in articulos."

The goute let hire nothing for to dance. Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 14,846. They [radishe roots] be vnholsome for them, that have continually the goute, or peynes in the joyntes.

Sir T. Elyot. The Castel of Helth, b. ii. c. 16.

O ye olde gourtie people, ye forgeat yourself, and renne in poste after the lyfe, and ye neuer regarde what shall fall. Golden Boke, Let. 5. Touching the gout, [Podagra] the time hath been when it was not so common a disease as now it is; and not only in our fathers and grandsires daies, but even in our age and within my remembrance it was not ordinary sicknesse here in Italie, as being a forrein maladie and come out of straunge countries hither to us: for certainly if it had been knowne to the Italians in old time, I doubt not but it would haue founde a Latine name to be called by. Holland. Plinie, b. xxvi. c. 10. Were I a leech, as who knows what may be; The liberal man should live, and carle should die, The sickly ladie and the gowtie peere, Still would I haunt, that love their life so dear. Bp. Hall, b. ii. Sat. 4. The best lies low, and loathes the shallow view, Quoth old Eudemon, when his gout-swolne fist Gropes for his double ducates in his chest.

921

Id. b. iv. Sat. 1.

GOUT. Fr. Goutte; Lat. Gutta, a drop. Dr. Farmer says, that gouts for drops is frequent in old English.

I see thee still; And on thy blade, and dudgeon, gouts of blood, Which was not so before.-Shakes. Macbeth, Act ii. sc. 1. GOWK, v. Go WKY.

}

See GAWK.

The gome that so gloseth chartres. a goky he is yholden. Piers Ploukman, p. 221.

Nay, looke how the man stands, as he were gok't! B. Jonson. The Magnetick Lady, Act iii. sc. 6. GOWN, n. Fr. Gonne, gonnelle; It. Gonna; Go'WNED. Low Lat. Guna; and Gr. Barb. Go/WNIST. Γουνα, which Spelman thinks may be from youva pro youvaтa, i. e. genua, quasi vestis quæ genua tegit, ut humerale quæ humeros, podera, quæ pedes: but this does not seem to be the proper use of the word, Is not a gown an open garment, open in the front? and may it not be from the A. S. Gin-an, hiare, to yawn. (See the quotation from Kennet.) Applied to-A long open garment; as a lawyer's gown, a morning gown for men. It is now also applied to

Garments not open; as a round gown.
And fewe robis ich fonge. othr forrede gounes.

Piers Plouhman, p. 253.
Ther is also the costlewe furring in hir gounes.
Chaucer. The Persones Tale.
Tell, quod the lord, and thou shalt have anon
A goune-cloth, by God and by Seint John.

Id. The Sompnoures Tale, v. 7834. Girt in my giltles gowne, as I sit here and sow I see that thinges are not indede as to the outward show. Surrey. An Answere in the Behalfe, &c. Their shoubes or gownes are hayrie on the outside, and open behind, with tailes hanging downe to their hammes. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 54. The Duke of Buckingham ware a gowne wrought of needle worke and set vpon cloth of tissue, furred with sables, the which gowne was valued at 15002.

Stow. Hen. VII. an. 1507. Mertilla. Then, dainty girls, I make no doubt, But we shall neatly send her out: But let's amongst ourselves agree, Of what her wedding gown shall be.

Drayton. The Muses' Elysium, Nymph. 8.

For if that time doo let thy glory liue,
Well maist thou boast, how ever base thou bee,
That thou art first, which of thy nation song
Th' olde honour of the people gowned long.

Spenser. The Ruines of Romo.
A noble crew about them waited round
Of sage and sober peeres, all grauely gown'd.
Id. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 12.
The comparison then is briefly between a gownd man and
a souldier's condition in respect of expedition.

Holiday. Juvenal. Illus. of the Sixteenth Salyre. For those inrich our gownists, these Eternize with their pen.

Warner. Albion's England, b. v. c. 27.

The weary swain, fast in the arms of sleep, And busy gown-man, by fond love disguis'd Will leisure find to make themselves despis'd. Buckinghamshire. Essay on Poetry. The toga, or gown, seems to have been of a semicircular form, withort sleeves, different in largeness, according to the wealth or poverty of the wearer, and used only upon occasion of appearing in publick. Kennet. Koman Antiquities, pt. ii. b. v. c. 7.

6 B

The mercer entertained me with the modern manner of Ame of the nobility receiving company in their morning gowns; perhaps, sir, adds he, you have a mind to see what kind of silk is universally worn.

Goldsmith. Citizen of the World, Let. 76.

GRABBLE. A. S. Grapian, to feel, to handle, to grab or groap, (Somner.) Of this obsolete grab, grabble is a diminutive.

To feel, (sc.) as if to find something; as if to find the way we should go.

And so [Cato] went forward at adventure, taking extream and incredible pains, and in much danger of his life, grabling all night in the dark without moonlight, through wild olive trees, and high rocks.-North. Plutarch, p. 294.

GRACE, v.

GRACE, n.

GRACEFUL.

GRACEFULLY. GRACEFULNESS. GRA'CELESS. GRA'CELESSLY. GRACING, n. GRACIOUS. GRACIOUSLY.

Fr. n. Grace; It. Grazia ; Sp. Gracia; Lat. Gratia, from grat-es; grates, from the Gr. Xapires, by metathesis for gartes; and this from χαιρειν, gaudere; which Lennep and Scheidius derive from xa-eiv, explicare; and the latter adds, that the verb xap-e, seems to be GRACIOUSNESS. equivalent to the Lat. ExpliGRATIO'SITY. catá, exporrectâ, fronte esse, opposed ad frontem in rugas contractam, tristem, austeram; and that hence is deduced the notionanimi liberalis et benè confidentis: and thus it may be considered as having been primarily applied to

An open (countenance;) a serene, calm, benignant (countenance ;) to free good-will or kindness; favour, favourable or kind appearance, (generally) pleasing appearance: also to- -the effect of favour, of beneficence, of God's favour. And the verb, to grace,

To favour or bestow favour, or honour or dignity; to honour, to dignify, to decorate, to adorn. Grace, the noun, is applied as a title of honour; also, to the thanks (gratias) offered before or after meals. The Gloss. to Wiclif refers to Mark xiv. for graces, (thanks,) but the word is not there: the constant expression of Wiclif is "to do thankings." Graceful (in Winter's Tale,) full of grace. Gracious, sometimes, as we now use graceful. And nathles he bygan ys herte in bocsumnesse amende, An thogte on the vayre grace, that houre Louerd hym sende. R. Gloucester, p. 318.

Than was Inglond in pes & charite,

& alle in Henry gracious kyng & fre.-R. Brunne, p. 133.
Fair grace William fond, his chance fulle well him satte,
The reame of Inglond so graciously he gatte.-Id. p. 72.
Ich have forgyve the meny gultes. and my grace graunted
Bothe to the & to thyne. in hope thow sholdest amende.
Piers Plouhman, p. 44.
And God is ay gracious. to alle that gredeth [calleth] to
hym.
Id. p. 236.
Id. p. 304.

Graciousliche hit growede.

And the aungel entride to hir. heil ful of grace the Lord be with thee. blessid be thou among wymmen. Wiclif. Luk, c. 1. And the angel went in vnto her, & sayde: hayle full of grace, the Lord is with the, blessed art thou amonge wemen. Bible, 1551. Ib. And whanne twei gheeris werin fillid Felix took a suc

cessour Porcius Festus, and Felix wolde give grace to lewis,

and left Poul boundun.-Wiclif. Dedis, c. 24.

Who coud it tell, or who coud it endite,
The joye that is maked in the place :
Whan Theseus hath don so fayre a grace

Chaucer. The Knighies Tale, v. 1876.

O rodie rosier flouring without opine
Fountain al filthless, as birell currant clere.
Sum drop of thy graceful hewe to us propine.

Id. A Balade of our Ladie.

Why liked me thy youth and thy fairnesse
And of thy tongue, the infinite graciousnesse.

Chaucer. Legend of Hypsipyle & Medea.

Yeue and departe thyn almesse,
Do mercy forth with rightwisenes,
Beseche and praie the highe grace,

For so thou might thy peas purchace

With God, and stonden in good accorde,

But pride is loth to lese his lord.-Gower. Con. 4. b. i.

O Abraham, sith it so is

That Lazar maie nought do me this
Which I haue axed in this place,

I wold prale in an other grace.
For I haue yet bretherne fiue,
That with my father bene aliue,
Together dwellende in one hous,
To whom, as thou art gracious,
I praie, that thou woldest sende
Lazar.
Id. Ib. b. vi.

When I was faire and younge then favoure graced me;
Of many was I soughte their mistresse for to be;
But I did scorne them all, and answered them therefore,
Goe, goe! goe, seeke some other-wher, importune me no

more.

Vere, Earl of Oxford, in Ld. Orford's Works, vol. i. Aristotle, in whome nature hath powred her graces plenti

Because Cassandra's mad, her brainsicke raptures
Cannot distaste the goodnesse of a quarrell,
Which hath our seuerall honours all engag'd

To make it gracious.-Shakes. Troil. & Cress. Act ii. 86.2

O pardon, and vouchsafe with patient eare
The brave aduentures of this faery knight,
The good Sir Guyon, graciously to heare;
In whom great rule of temp'raunce goodly doth appear.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii.

For like as of valiant he derived valour, of just justice, of clement clemency; so also of gracious he comes in with gratiosity, of good goodnesse, of great greatnesse, of honest honesty, and all other such like dexterities, affabilities, and courtesies he termed by the name of virtues, and so pestered philosophy with new, strange, and absurd words, more iwis than was needful.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 54.

Then it is [when a sinner repents] that our blessed Lord feels the fruits of his holy death, the acceptation of his holy sacrifice, the graciousness of his person, the return of his prayers.-Bp. Taylor, vol. i. Ser. 1.

Alone Laertes reign'd, Arcesius' heir,
Alone, Ulysses drew the vital air,
And I alone the bed connubial grac'd,
An unblest offspring of a sire unblest.

Pope. Homer. Odyssey, b xvi. And indeed great reason it was, that he that was Lord of

aduice.-Wilson. The Arte of Logike, fol. 1.

And that he was not all witles, though bi defaute of good wil he waxed in conclusio gracelesse, appereth well. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 585.

The French, in his whole language, hath not one word that hath his accent in the last syllable, saving two, called antepenultima; and little more hath the Spanish; and therefore very gracelessly may they use dactyls. Sidney. Defence of Poesy.

they are rebuked in me) with all meekenes & reuerence, I Wherefore thirdely, in my name, and in our names (for al beeseche your grace of gracious audience and of fauourable justice.-Barnes. Workes, p. 218.

To what persones (be they neuer so ignoraunt or vnlearned) maie not this most earneste zeale of a princesse of such high estate, be an effectuall prouocation and encouraging, to haue good mynde and wil to reade, heare and embrace, sibly translated, and so graciously by her offered, and (as ye this deuoute and catholike paraphrase, so plainly and senwould saie) put in al folkes handes to be made familiar vnto the.-Udal. To Queen Katherine, vol. i.

and owned with the testimonies of stars and angels, one shining and the other singing at so great a blessing coming upon mankind.-South, vol. xi. Ser. 4.

Tell her that's young,
And shuns to have her graces spy'd,
That hadst thou sprung

In deserts, where no men abide,
Thou must have uncommended dy'd.

Waller. Song: Go Lovely Rose. Not much unlike [is it] to that comparison, which Pytha goras made for the gracing and magnifying of philosophy and contemplation.-Bacon. Advan. of Learning, b. ii.

So little do the events of things answer the first appearances, that a royal family of three princes and two princesses all young and graceful persons that promised a numerous issue, did moulder away so fast, that now, while I am writing, all is reduced to the person of the Queen, and the Dutchess of Savoy.-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1662.

gracefully when she throws it aside in order to take up a This [to ground their fans] teaches a lady to quit her fan pack of cards, adjust a curl of hair, replace a falling pin, or apply herself to any other matter of importance.

Spectator, No. 102.

But infinite in pardon was my Judge
That I, who first brought death on all, am grac't
The source of life.
Milton. Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Certis said he, I n'ill thine offred grace
Ne to be made so happy doe intend:
Another bliss before mine eyes I place,
Another happinesse, another end.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 7.
You haue a holy father,
A gracefull gentleman, against whose person
(So sacred as it is) I haue done sinne.

Shakespeare. The Winter's Tale, Act v. sc. 1. And ent'ring as a suppliant all sad With graceful sorrow, and a comely gate, She pass'd the presence; where all eyes were cast On her more stately presence as she past.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. viii.

I by his wisdom sage and learned am;
He by my beauty gracefully doth shine.

Beaumont. Pysche, c. 16. In like maner the flowers and adornments of Moral Phi

losophy, are apt and serviceable for the affecting and entertaining our Imagination by the gracefulness and elegancy of their perswasions, which are very congruent with the nature of our affections.

Mountague. Devoute Essayes, pt. i. Treat. 19. s. 3.

(For they were three Ungracious children of one gracelesse syre.) Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 5. Which cruell outrage when as Artegall Did well avize, thenceforth with wearie head He shun'd his strokes, where-ever they did fall, And way did give unto their graceless speed. Id. Ib. b. v. c. 11. With his faire mother he him dights to play And with his goodly sisters, Graces three.

Id. Ib. b. ii. c. 8. La. Why that word makes the faults gracious. Shakespeare. Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act iii. sc. 1.

For thee Ile lock vp all the gates of loue,
And on my eie lids shall coniecture hang,
To turn all beautie into thoughts of harme,
And neuer shall it more be gracious.

Id. Much Adoe about Nothing, Act iv. sc. 1.

So Schism was begot; and Sacrilege and she,
A well-match'd pair, got graceless Heresy.

Dryden. The Hind and the Panther, pt. i.
Or if my heedless youth has step'd astray,
Too soon forgetful of thy gracious hand,
On me alone thy just displeasure lay,
But take thy judgments from this mourning land.
Id. Annus Mirabilis.

I therefore beg you will be graciously pleased to accept this most faithful zeal of your poor subject, who has no other design in it, than your good, and the discharge of his own conscience.-Bp. Burnet. Life. Letter to Charles II. The graciousness and temper of this answer, made no impression on them; but they proceeded in their usual manner. Clarendon. The Civil War, vol. i. p. 325.

The grace-cup follows to his Sovereign's health,
And to his Country, plenty, peace, and wealth.
King. The Art of Cookery.
Thus have I thought to grace a serious lay
With many a wild indeed but flow'ry spray,
In hopes to gain, what else I must have lost,
The attention pleasure hath so much engross'd.

Cowper. Charity. What I mean is in relation to the grace, which the assertors of the right of appeal thought fit to propose, in order to refer the decision of this point to the arbitration of the senate.-Hurd. The Opinion of an Eminent Lawyer. Slow melting strains their Queen's approach declare: Where'er she turns, the Graces homage pay. Gray. The Progress of Poesy.

Yet there are those, who're fond of wit,
Although they never us'd it yet,
Who wits and witlings entertain,
Of Taste, virtù, and Judgment vain;
And dinner, grace, and grace-cup done
Expect a wond'rous deal of fun.

Lloyd. To George Coleman, Eq.

In this case, this roundness, this delicacy of attitude and motion, it is that all the magick of grace consists, and what is called its je ne sçai quoi, as will be obvious to any observer, who considers attentively the Venus de Medicis, tho Antinous, or any statue generally allowed to be graceful in a high degree.-Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful, 6. 22

In both these [posture] to be graceful it is requisite that there be no appearance of difficulty; there is required a small inflexion of the body; and a composure of all the parts In such a manner as not to incumber each other, not to appear divided by sharp and sudden angles.

Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful, pt. iii. s. 22. For the philosophic nature of his worth requiring he

should shew by what means those societies were introduced, this affords him an opportunity of sliding gracefully and easily from the preliminaries into the main subject.

Warburton. On Mr. Pope's Essay on Man. Gracefulness is an idea not very different from beauty; it consists in much the same things; gracefulness is an idea belonging to posture and motion.

Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful, pt. iii. s. 22. Instead of regulating the selfish appetites, they laboured all they could to eradicate and destroy them, as things, even in their nature vicious; as the graceless furniture of the old man with his affections and lusts. Warburton. Works, vol. ix. Ser. 8. The call of Abraham from a heathen state, represents the gracious call of Christians to forsake the wickedness of the world.-Gilpin, vol. ii. Ser. 16.

All the sacrifices which were enforced on account of transgressions, were considered as solemn acts of atonement; for, if they were performed precisely according to the manner appointed, they were graciously accepted, and the particular offence was considered as obliterated.

Cogan. Theol. Disq. pt. ii. c. 1.

We may conclude, therefore, that this prophetic text had a completion, in the literal and superficial sense of the words, in both its branches,-in the beauty of our Saviour's person, no less than in the graciousness of his speech. Bp. Horsley, vol. i. Ser. 6. Fr. Grade; It. and Sp. Grado; Lat, Gradus. "Duplicata scansio gradus dicitur, quod gerit ab inferiore in superiorem," (Varro, lib. iv.) Gradus is thus applied to

GRADE, v. GRADATION.

GRA'DATORY.

GRA'DIENT.

GRA'DUAL.

GRADUALLY. GRADUALITY. GRADUATE, V. GRADUATE, adj. GRADUATE, n. GRADUATESHIP. GRADUATION.

The motion of one (foot) to pass before the other, over or above the other; to pass forward or backward; to a step upward or forward. (See DEGREE.) And graGRADUA'TORY. dation,Advance or promotion, rise or exaltation, step by step, in regular order or series, in rank or title, dignity or honour. To graduate,

To have or cause to have, to give or take, advancement, or promotion, or rise; to advance, or promote, to proceed, in regular order or series; to confer or assume, rank or title or honour; to note or mark out, delineate or describe, the order or series.

Gradely, orderly, decently,—still in use in the North, (Brockett.)

Grade, n. has crept into frequent use. Also some observed the eleuation of the pole, and drew plats of the countrey exactly graded. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 153. Gradation, is when we rehearse the word that goeth next before, and bring an other word thereupon that encreaseth the matter, as though one shoulde goe vp a payre of stayres and not leaue till he come at the top.

Wilson. The Arte of Rnetorique, p. 207. The Chinians therefore do vse a kinde of gradation in aduuncing men vnto sundry places of authority, which for the most part is performed by the senatours of Paquin. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 94.

The three principall graduates do, for honours sake, drinke off a cup filled euen with the king's owne hand, and are graced with other solemnities.-Id. Ib. p. 93.

Had they not learn'd of men, who was their king,
They civilly had spent their lives' gradation,
As meeke and milde as in their first creation.

Browne. Britannia's Pastorals, b. i. s. 4.

Preferment goes by letter, and affection,
And not by old gradation where each second
Stood heire to th' first.-Shakespeare. Othello, Act i. sc. 1.
Flours and thir fruit

Man's nourishment, by gradual scale sublim'd To vital spirits aspire.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. v. If the transition from humane into perfect mind, is made by a gradual ascent; we cannot conceive, that the personal relation which mind hath to body, should be quitted all at once; but answerably, by degrees.

Grew. Cosmo. Sacra, b. ii. c. 8.

That the salts of natural bodies do carry a powerful stroke in the tincture and vernish of all things, we shall not deny, if we contradict not experience, and the visible art of dyars, who advance and graduate their colours with salts.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.

Habits do, in like manner, gradually evolve themselves, in a long train or series of regular and artificial motions,

readily promoting the doing of them, without comprehending Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 157.

that art and reason by which they are directed.

This fresh man colledge [an university in Durham] lived not to be matriculated, much less (not lasting seven years) graduated, God in his wisdom seeing the contrary fitter. Fuller. Worthies. Durham. Then it evidently follows, that, if there were any such action in the next life, the pure soul would apply itself thereto according to the proportion of her judgments, and as they are graduated and qualified. Digby. Of Man's Soul, c. 2. That which strikes the great stroke toward our after deceptions, is the pertinacious adherence of many of these first impressions to our graduate understanding.

Glanvill. The Vanity of Dogmatizing, c. 8.

Dane. I would be a graduate sir, no freshman.

Beaum. & Fletch. Maid of the Inn, Act iv. sc. 1. [He may] finish his circuit in an English concordance and a topic folio, the gatherings and savings of a sober graduateship.-Millon. Liberty of Unlicens'd Printing.

For upholding the fabrick this order would be taken, that every Earl's son at his entry should give 40s. with so much at his graduation; every Lord's son, 30s. &c.

Spottiswood. Church of Scotland, b. iii. an. 1560. And, if each system in gradation roll, Alike essential to th' amazing whole, The least confusion but in one, not all That system only, but the whole must fall.

Pope. Essay on Man, Epist. 1. Others or the same [chemists] speak of [it] as a graduatory substance (as to some metals) or both. Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 591. Amongst these [gradient] automata; that iron spider mentioned in Walchius, is more especially remarkable, which, being but of an ordinary bigness, besides the outward similitude (which was very exact) had the same kind of motions with a living spider, and did creep up and down as

if it had been alive.-Wilkins. Dedalus, b. ii. c. 4.

The next degree to these, will give him no great trouble: and thus by a gradual progress from the plainest and easiest historians, he may at last come to read the most difficult and sublime of the Latin authors, such as are Tully, Virgil,

and Horace.-Locke. Of Education, s. 184.

The texture is so artful, that it may be compared to the work of his own Arachne, where the shade dies so gradually, and the light revives so imperceptibly, that it is hard to tell where the one ceases and the other begins.

Garth. Orid. Metam. Pref. According to these observations he graduates his thermometers.-Derham. Physico-Theology, b. i. c. 2. Note 3.

The sum of these articles were, "that no bishop should make any minister, but of the full age of four and twenty, and a graduate, or at least able to give an account in Latin of the thirty-nine articles, and to note the sentences of Scripture whereupon those articles were grounded.

Strype. Life of Abp. Grindal, b. ii. c. 11.

We must remember, that the idea of pain, in its highest degree, is much stronger than the highest degree of pleasure; and that it preserves the same superiority through all the subordinate gradations.

Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful, pt. ii. s. 5. Most people must have observed the sort of sense they have had on being swiftly drawn in any easy coach on a smooth turf, with gradual ascents and declivities. This will give a better idea of the beautiful, and point out its probable cause better, than almost any thing else. Id. Ib. pt. iv. s. 23. It is a melancholy consideration that man, as he advances in life, degenerates in his nature, and gradually loses those tender feelings which constitute one of his highest excellencies. Knox. Essays, No. 39.

One is, that she [Nature] works within certain limits, allows of a certain latitude within which health may be preserved, and within the confines of which it only suffers a graduated diminution.-Paley. Natural Theology, c. 26. Invest me with a graduate's gown,

Midst shouts of all beholders,
My head with ample square-cap crown,
And deck with hood my shoulders.

Smart. On taking a Bachelor's Degree.

The bounty which that Philosophical Emperor, [Marcus Antonius] as we learn from Lucian, bestowed upon one of the teachers of philosophy, probably lasted no longer than his own life. There was nothing equivalent to the privi

Could this gradatory apostacy [of Macbeth] have been shown us; could the noble and useful moral, which results, have been thus forcibly impressed upon our minds, without a violation of those senseless unities.-Seward, Let. 3. p. 243,

GRAFF, v.

GRAFF, n.

GRAFT, t.
GRAFT, N.
GRA'FTER.

Fr. Greffer; Dut. Greffier, which, says Lye, you may derive from the A. S. Graf-an, insculpere, (in Goth. Graban.) Graft (sometimes written graff) is the past tense of this A. S. verb, graf-ed, grafd, graft, (see Tooke, ii. 176,) and upon this participle the verb, to graft, is formed. To graff or graft, is-

GRAFTING, n.

To cut into, to make an incision; by usage,→ for the purpose of an insertion,-and, consequentially, to insert or fix or fasten in or upon.

And the graffe of grace.-Piers Plouhman, p. 23.

What if ony of the braunchis bin brokun whanne thou were a weilde olyue tree art graffid among hem, and art maad felowe of the roote and of the fatnesse of the olyue tree?-Wiclif. Romaynes, c. 11.

Though some of the braunches be broken of, and thou beynge a wylde olyue tree, arte grafte in amonge them, and made partaker of the rote and fatnes of the olyue tree. Bible, 1551. Ib. Then they framed themselfes to lyue by lawes and not by force, then they lerned to shred their vynes, and they lerned to plant and graffe their olyues-Goldyng. Justine, fol. 178.

Nature is a right that phantasie hath not framed, but God hath graffed and gyuen man power therunto whereof these are deriued.-Wilson, Arte of Rhetorique, p. 33. How coulde so barraine soile

bring forth so good a graffe,

To whom the reast that seeme good corne are in respect but chaffe?

Turbervile. To a late acquainted Friend.
At this time it is enough for you to bee grafted in the
stocke from whence through faith ye may receiue life.
Udal. John, c. 25.

So long haue I listened to thy speech
That graffed to the ground is my breach.

Spenser, Shepheard's Calender. February. Make choice of your graffs from a constant and well bearing branch. As to the success of graffing, the main skill is, to joyn the inward part of the cion to the sappy part of the stock, closely, but not too forecably; that being the best and most infallible way, by which most of the quick and juicy parts are mutually united, especially toward the bottom. Evelyn. Pomona, c. 3.

The first is, to set the graffe or sion betweene the barke and the wood: for in old time truly, men were affraid at first to cleave the stocke, but soon after they ventured to bore a hole into the very heart of the wood: and then they set fast into the pith just in the mids thereof, but one sion or graffe, for by this kind of graffing, impossible it was that the said pith should receive or bear any more. Holland. Plinie, b. xvii. c. 14. For all this, he [a prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ.-Knox. Hist. of the Reformation, Pref.

Touching other points belonging to the feat of grafting, all dependeth upon the goodnesse or malignitie of the skie and weather.-Holland. Plinie, b. xvii. c. 15.

God doubtless makes her, and doth make her good,
And grafts her in the body, there to spring;
Which, though it be corrupted flesh and blood,
Can no way to the soul corruption bring.

Davies. Immortality of the Soul, s. 8. But as it is false husbandry to graft old branches upon young stocks; so we may wonder that our language (not long before this time, created out of a confusion of others, and then beginning to flourish like a new plant) should (as helps to its increase) receive from his hand new grafts of old withered words.-Davenant. Preface to Gondibert.

And kills the slimy snail, the worm, and labouring ant,
Which many times annoy the graft and tender plant.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 18.

Shall a few sprayes of vs,
The emptying of our father's luxurie,
Our syens, put in wilde and sauage stock,
Spirt vp so suddenly into the clouds,
And ouer-looke their grafters ?

Shakespeare. Hen. V. Act iii. sc. 5. And the word, which St. James pronounces able to save our souls, he describes as a graff, which must not only be closely embraced by that, wherein it is to fructify, but must continue there, to bring the stock and graff to (if I may speak) concorporate.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 293.

"Survey," pursu'd the sire, "this airy throng,
As, offer'd to the view, they pass along.
These are th' Italian names, which fate will join
With ours, and graft upon the Trojan line."

Dryden. Virgil. Æneid, b. vi.

I am informed by the trials of more than one of the most skilful and experienced grafters of these parts, that a man shall seldom fail of having cherries borne by his graft the same year in which the insition is made, if he take care that his graft, which must be of a good kind, have blossom-buds, as they are wont to be called, upon it. Boyle. Works, vol. I. p. 341.

Bifore the cors rade a knyght,
On his stede that was ful wight
In his armurs wele arayd,
With sper and target rudely grayd.

Ywaine & Gawin. Ritson, vol. i.

Thus war thai welkumd at the yate,
And yet thai went al in tharate,
Unto the porter no word thai said
A hal thai fand ful guedeli gruid.-Id. Ib.

GRAM, v. A. S. Dut. and Ger. Gram, GRAM. Siratus. A. S. Gram-ian, irritare, exasperare, lacessere; to anger, to provoke to anger or wrath. Skinner says, it is explainedsorrow, punishment, also to vex. And Mr. Tyrwhitt,-grief, anger. See also Jamieson.

Now es the kyng sory, hir dede dos him fulle gram,
He gos to Normundy to his sonne William.
R. Brunne, p. 106.
And for thei did that chek, on oth he suore to gram.
Id. p. 151.

Yet cam there neuer good of strife,
To seche in all a man's life,
Though it begyn on pure game

Full ofte it torneth into grame.-Gower. Con. A. b. iii.

For her yn er twa champions,

Men sais thai er the devil sons

Geten of a woman with a ram,

Full many men have thei done gram.

Ywaine & Gawin. Ritson, vol. 1. GRAMERCY. Fr. Grammercy; q.d. grandem mercedem tibi det Deus, (Skinner.)

Grand-mercie,-great thanks, (Tyrwhitt.) In the fol. 1598 of Chaucer it is written graunt-mercy. Graunt-mercy lord. God thonk it you (quod she) That ye haue saued me my children dere.

Chaucer. The Clerkes Tale, v. 8964.

Graunt-mercy, good frend (quod he)

I thanke thee, that thou wouldest so.-Id. Dreame.

That within a little space

Lusty and fresh on lieue he was

And in good hele, and hole of speech,

And lough, and said gramercy leech.-Id. Ib.

For many of them they bring home sometimes, paying very little for them, yea most commonly getting them for gramercy.-More. Utopia, b. ii. c. 8.

Gramercy Mammon, said the gentle knight
For so great grace and offred high estate.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. li. c. 7.

Grammercy Socrates, that is good counsel (to behold themselves in their looking-glasses or mirrours) indeed, will our young gentlemen and ladies be ready to say, we like it very well, and practise accordingly.-Ray. On the Creation, pt. ii. Lat. Gramineus, from

GRAMINEOUS.

GRAMINIVOROUS. Gramen, grass.

Gramineous,-grassy.

Graminivorous, - devouring, eating, upon grass.

feeding

Such is the evidence in support of the opinion given by the great Swedish naturalist, that the true nard was a gramineous plant, and a species of Andropogon.

Sir W. Jones. On the Spikenard of the Ancients.

In the swan, the web foot, the spoon bill, the long neck, the thick down, the graminivorous stomach, bear all the relations to one another, inasmuch as they all concur in one design, that of supplying the occasions of an aquatic fowl, floating upon the surface of shallow pools of water, and seeking its food at the bottom.

Paley. Natural Theology, c. 15.

Fr. Grammaire; It. and Sp. Grammatica; Lat. Grammatica, Gr. Γραμματική, από των γραμμάτων, hoc est, a literis dicta Ars Grammatice quia veteribus eo nomine censebatur

γραμματιστική, hoc est, ars legendi, scribendique, quotation from B. Jonson's

GRAMMA'TICASTER. GRAMMATICISE. GRAMMA'TICISM, n. GRAMMATIST. (Vossius.) See the Crammar. Orammere for gurles, ich first uryte.

Piers Plouhman, p. 189.

I can no more expound in this matere:
I lerne song, I can but smal grämmere.
Chaucer. The Prioresses Tale, v. 13,470.
Grammer first hath for to teche

To speake upon congruitee.-Gower. Con. A. b. vii.
Remember ye not how in our own time, of al that taught
grammar in England, not one understode ye Latine tongue.
Sir T. More. Workes, p. 723.
That grammar grudge not at our English tong
Bycause it stands by monosyllaba
And cannot be declind as others are.

But who the prittie elegies

fyrst on their feete did set, Grammarians stryue, and that case is

in controversie yet.-Drant. Horace. Arte of Poetry. Omnes s. nos, where note one of the figures of gramatical construction, that is called in Latine euocatio. Udal. Flowers for Latine Speaking, fol. 148. Gonz. She is in her

Moods, and her tenses: I'le grammer with you
And make a trial how I can decline you.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Laws of Candy, Act ii. sc. 1. Grammar is the art of true and well speaking a language: the writing is but an accident. B. Jonson. The English Grammar, c. 1. Every grammarian in this land hath learned his prosodia and already knows this art of numbers. Daniel. Defence of Rhyme. So that they have but newly left those grammatic flats and shallows, where they stuck unreasonably to learn a few words with lamentable construction.-Milton. Of Education.

That churches were consecrated vnto none but the Lord onely, the very generall name it selfe doth sufficiently shew, in as much as by plaine grammaticall construction, church doth signifie no other thing than the Lord's house. Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, b. v. § 13.

Our Saviour in this chapter interpreteth the law of Moses, which the Jews thought was then fulfilled, when they had not transgressed the grammatical sense thereof, howsoever they had transgressed against the sentence, or meaning of the legislator.-Hobbs. Of the Kingdom of Darkness.

This is called the petrifying well (how grammatically I will not engage) because it converteth spungy substances into stone or crusteth them over round about.

Fuller. Worthies. Yorkshire.

Tec. He tells thee true, my noble Neophite; my little grammaticaster, he do's.-B. Jonson. Poetaster, Act i. sc. 2.

pas

If we would contest grammaticisms, the word here is sive, ye are returned, reduced, or caused to return. Leighton. Com. on 1 Peter, ii. 25.

Eculei, or Equulei, not instruments of burning plates, like unto an horse, in which men were tormented (forsooth) as in Phalaris his bull, like as some grammatists have imagined.-Holland. Ammianus. Annot. upon the 14th Booke. Thou hast most traterously corrupted the youth of the realme, in erecting a grammar-schoole. Shakespeare. 2 Pt. Hen. VI. Act iv. sc. 7.

It will possibly be asked here, is grammar then of no use? And have those who have taken so much pains in reducing several languages to rules and observations; who have writ so much about declensions and conjugations, about concords and syntaxis, lost their labour, and been learned to no purpose? I say not so.-Locke. Of Education, s. 168.

Cassaubon was led into that mistake by Diomedes the grammarian, who in effect says this: Satire, among the Romans, but not among the Greeks, was a biting invective Poem, made after the model of the ancient Comedy for the reprehension of vices.-Dryden. Dedication to Juvenal.

The latter proposition, of Christ's righteousness being imputed to us, hath no foundation in scripture: nay, it is certainly not true in that sense of the words that the natu ral proper grammatical construction of them leads to.

Sharp, vol. v. Disc. 9.

What we insist upon here is, that the titles of great God and Saviour are, in this passage, (Tit. ii.) equally applied to Christ. Our adversaries themselves cannot but confess that the words will grammatically bear this construction. Waterland. Works, vol. ii. p. 128. If a man, who professes himself a master of grammar, is always found to be speaking improperly and against the rules of concord, can we think him worthy of the name of a grammarian!-Pearce, vol. i. Ser. 12.

It is of great importance to remark, though it may seem a grammatical nicety, that the prepositions, in either branch of this clause, have been supplied by the translators, and are not in the original.-Bp. Horsley, vol. ii. Ser. 20.

Let him, after having studied grammatically the elements of Latin and Greek in the common grammars, digest the Minerva of Sanctius, the Hermes of Harris, and the Introduction of Lowth.-Knox. Ess. No. 170.

GRANADO. Globus pyrobolus, which Skin

GRANADIER.

ner says is named either from its likeness to a pome-granate, or because it is filled with grains of powder. More commonly now Grenadier.

Blow up, and ruine, myne and countermyne,
Make your petards, and granats, all your fine
Engines of murder, and receive the praise
Of massacring man-kind so many wayes.

B. Jonson. An Execration upon Vulcan. Granadoes without number, shipt off under colour of un. wrought iron.-Marvell. Works, vol. i. p. 528.

With latent mischief stor'd, Showers of granadoes rain, by sudden burst Disploding murderous bowels, fragments of steel, And stones, and glass, and nitrous grain adust. J. Philips. Blenheim. Our men, having thrown in their granadoes, marched up to the breach, and entered.-Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. i. p. 308. There was a time, when Granby's grenadiers Trimm'd the lac'd jackets of the French Mounseers.

Warton. Oxford Newsman's Verses for the Year 1767. This girl, Mr. Robinson said, was committed, because her father-in-law, who was in the grenadier-guards, had sworn that he was afraid of his life, or of some bodily harm that she would do him, and she could get no sureties for keeping the peace.-Fielding. Amelia, b. i. c. 4.

And therefore requireth not the emery, as the saphir, granate, and topaz, but will receive impression from steel in a manner like the turchois.-Brown. Vulg. Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

These grenats are found upon the hills among the Nasa. mons, and as the inhabitants are of opinion, are engendred by means of a certain divine dew or heavenly showre: found they are twinkling against the moonlight, especially when she is in the full.-Holland. Plinie, b. vii. c. 7.

I have taken a good number of Indian granates out of a lump of heterogeneous matter, whose distinct cavities, like so many cells, contained stones, on some of whose surfaces you might see triangles, parallelograms, &c. Boyle. Works, vol. iii. p. 518.

Who [the present Greeks] as our travellers inform us, take a beggarly pride in keeping up their claim to these wonders of their ancestors' magnificence, by white-washing the Parian marble with chalk, and incrusting the porphyry and granate with tiles and potsherds.

Warburton. The Divine Legation, b. v. s. 1. Calculations were made a few years ago, of the mean den. sity of the earth, by comparing the force of its attraction with the force of attraction of a rock of granite, the bulk of which could be ascertained: and the upshot of the calculation was, that the earth upon an average through its whole sphere, has twice the density of granite, or about five times that of water.-Paley. Natural Theology, c. 22.

GRAND. Fr. Grand; It. and Sp. GRANDE'E. Grande; Lat. Grandis, which GRANDE ESHIP. some, says Vossius, think is GRANDEUR. from gerandis, quia multa agGRANDE VITY. geruntur; he himself thinks it GRANDITY. is from granum; for those GRA'NDLING, n. things are called grandia in its GRA'NDLY. first signification, quæ habent GRA'NDNESS. grana, and he instances the application of the word to fruges, frumenta; but granum itself is, according to Varro, a gerendo. (But see GRAIN.) Grand is applied to any thing

Great or large, by heaping up or accumulating; great or large, generally; great in height; eminent,