Ebro, were the Celtiberi, a great and powerful people, in part of Arragon and Valencia, who long resisted the Romans. Among them we may notice the city of Bilbilis, South East of Numantia, the birth-place of the poet Martial. East of the Celtiberians, below the Iberus, were the Edetani, in the other part of Arragon and Valencia, whose Northern boundary was the Iberus, and Southern the Sucro, or Xucar. Their capital Cæsar Augusta has been corrupted into Saragossa. A little above their Southern boundary was Valencia, and above it the famous city of Saguntum, by the siege of which Hannibal began his first attack on the Romans, which was the commencement of the second Punic war, B. C. 219, A. U. C. 535. Hannibal took it, after a siege of four months, and the inhabitants burnt themselves and their effects that they might not fall into his hands. It was afterwards rebuilt, and some remains of it are still to be seen, under the name of Murviedro, a corruption of Muri Veteres. North West of Saguntum was Segobriga, now Segorbe. East of the Edetani, near the mouths of the Iberus, were the Ilercaones. At the back of the Celtiberi, below the Arevaci, were the Carpetani, in New Castile, occupying the centre of Spain. Their principal city was Toletum, now Toledo, and Complutum, now Alcala. West of Toletum was Libora, now Talavera, on the Tagus. Below the Carpetani were the Oretani, about La Mancha; East of whom, on the coast, were the Contestani, in the kingdom of Murcia. Their capital was the celebrated city of Carthago Nova, or Carthagena. The shore of this country was called the Spartianus Campus, from the quantity of rushes growing there.

In Hispania Exterior, the province of Bætica was so called from the river Bætis, or Guadalquiver. It is now known by the name of Andalusia, a corruption of Vandalitia, from the Vandals, who in the decline of the Roman empire were settled there. Along the Southern shore were the Phoenician Bastuli, occupying part of the Kingdom of Granada.* North West of these were the Turdetani, in part of Seville, towards the mouth of the river Bætis. North of them was Bæturia below the river Anas, or Guadiana, in part of Estremadura and the Kingdom of Seville. Below them were the Turduli, in Cordova, and Eastward the Bastitani, in Jaen. Among the Bastuli was Malaca, now Malaga, and a little west of it is Munda, celebrated for the victory of Cæsar over the younger Pompey, March 17, B. C. 45, A. U. C. 709. At the Fretum Herculeum stood Calpe, or Gibraltar, celebrated for one of the pillars of Hercules; the other was at Abila, on the African coast. These pillars are said to have been erected by Hercules as the limits of the Western world. Gibraltar is a corruption of Gebel Tarik, the mountain of Tarik, a Moorish General, who first led the Moors into Spain, A. D. 710. On the Atlantic side of the Straits is Junonis Promontorium, the ever memorable Cape Trafalgar. Above it is Gades, slightly corrupted into Cadiz, and Tartessus, an island

* Hence we may fully understand Horace, when he says -
Latius regnes avidum domando
Spiritum, quam si Libyam remotis

Gadibus jungas, et uterque

Serviat uni.

Pœnus

Od. II. 2.

Alluding to the Carthaginians, or African Pœni, and the Bastuli

Pœni, in whose country Gades was situated.

formed by the two mouths of the Bætis, one of which is now dried up. Among the Turdetani was Hispalis, now Seville, and not far from it, Italica, the birth-place of the Emperor Trajan. Among the Turduli was Corduba, now Cordova, the birth-place of both the Senecas and Lucan.

In Lusitania the principal nation was that of the Lusitani, between the Durius and Tagus, which latter river, though called the Tajo by the Portuguese, still retains its name in general use. Below the Durius was Conimbriga, now Coimbra, and considerably below it was Scalabis, afterwards called St. Irene, and now corrupted into Santarem. At the mouth of the Tagus was Olisippo, fabled to have been founded by Ulysses, the name of which is now corrupted into Lisbon. The Vettones occupied the province of Estremadura. On the frontier of the Lusitani is Lancia Oppidana, now La Guarda, near the source of the river Munda, now Mondego, and East of it Lancia Transcudana, or Lancia beyond the Cuda, now Ciudad Rodrigo. On the frontier of the Arevaci is Salmantica, now Salamanca. About the middle of Lusitania, on the Tagus, was Norba Cæsarea, now Alcantara. Below it, on the North bank of the Anas, is Emerita Augusta, now Merida. On the South part of Lusitania were the Celtici, in Alontejos; their principal town was Pax Julia, or Beja, and below them the extreme Southern part of Lusitania was called Cuneus, or the wedge, now Algarve, or the Western part, Garb, in Arabic, signifying West. Its extreme promontory was called the Sacrum Promontorium, now the memorable Cape St. Vincent. It was called Sacrum because the antients believed this

the place where the sun plunged his chariot into the

sea.

The islands of Majorca and Minorca were called by the Romans the Baleares Insulæ, and by the Greeks the Gymnesiæ. Their inhabitants were celebrated for their skill in slinging.† In Majorca was Palma, which still retains its name. In Minorca was Portus Magonis, so called by the Carthaginians, from Mago, one of their Generals, now slightly corrupted into Port Mahon. South West of these were the Pityusæ, or Pine Islands; Ebusus, corrupted into Yvica; and, below it, the small island of Ophiusa, now Formontera.

CHAPTER VI.

GALLIA.

GALLIA was originally divided

among three great nations, the Belgæ, the Celta, and the Aquitani. Of these the Celta were the most extensive and indigenous, and their name is that under which the whole nation was known to the Greeks, the word Galli being the Latinized native term Gael. The Celtæ extended from the Sequana, or Seine, in the North, to the Garumna, or Garonne, in the South of Gallia. The Belgæ lay above the Celta, between the Seine and Lower Rhine, and of course were intermixed with the Germanic tribes; and the Aquitani lay between the Garumna and Pyrenees, and were intermixed with the Spanish tribes. These great divisions, however, were subsequently altered by Augustus, B. C. 27, A. U. C. 727, who extended the province of Aquitania into Celtica as far as the river Liger, or Loire. The remainder of Celtica, above the Liger, was called Gallia Lugdunensis, from the colony of Lugdunum; and the remainder of Celtica, towards