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313. my bond is forfeit, i. e. is forfeited. So Measure for Measure,

ii. 2. 73:

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Why all the souls that were were forfeit once.' 315. between you and I. A similar inaccuracy is found As You Like It,

i. 2. 279:

'What he is indeed,

More suits you to conceive than I to speak of.'

Ib. C. Kemble proposed to point the passage thus:

322. No rest. rest.'

'between you and I.

If I might but see you at my death:-'

So the first quarto. The second and folios give Nor

9. naughty, worthless, wicked.

Scene III.

See note on iii. 2. 18.

10. so fond to come abroad, so foolish as to come out of doors. See Richard III. iii. 2. 26:

'And for his dreams, I wonder he is so fond
To trust the mockery of unquiet slumbers.'

'Abroad,' in the sense of out of doors,' is common in Suffolk.

xii. 9; 1 Kings ii. 42.

See Judges

14. dull-eyed, wanting in perception, not, as we think, used of eyes dim with tears. So in Fletcher's Elder Brother, i. 1: Though I be dull-eyed, I see through this juggling.'

19. kept, dwelt. See Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 10:

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This habitation where thou keep'st.'

The word is still used in this sense at Cambridge, and hence by Tennyson in his In Memoriam:

'Love was and is my King and Lord,

And will be, tho' as yet I keep

Within his courts on earth.'

23. made moan, complained. See i. I. 126.

25. grant to hold, allow to hold good.

26. deny the course of law, refuse to let the law take its course.

27 sqq. For the refusal of the usual facilities enjoyed by strangers in Venice will bring in serious question the justice of the state. Capell read and pointed thus:

The duke cannot deny the course of law,

For the commodity that strangers have

With us in Venice: if it be deny'd,

"Twill much impeach the justice of the state.'

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Thomas, in his History of Italye (1561) has a chapter (fol. 85) on The libertee of straungers' in Venice, in which he says: 'Al men, specially strangers, haue so muche libertee there, that though they speake very ill by the Venetians, so they attempt nothinge in effect against theyr astate, no man shal control theim for it. . . . And generally of all other thynges, so thou offende no man priuately, no man shal offende the: whyche vndoubtedly is one principall cause, that draweth so many straungers thither.'

32. bated, lowered, reduced.

·

Scene IV.

2. conceit, idea, conception. See note on i. I. 92.

6. How true a gentleman you send relief. 'Gentleman' is here in the We in modern English only use such a dative, i. e. without

dative case.

the preposition 'to,' when it comes between the verb and its accusative, as you send the gentleman relief.'

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7. lover. See Coriolanus, v. 2. 14: Thy general is my lover.'

9. You would be prouder of the work than ordinary benevolence can constrain you to be.

10. repent for.

' repent of.'

II. Nor shall not.

Pope, intolerant of deviations from usage, read

Observe the double negative.

13. equal. Spelt 'egall' in the second quarto, 'egal' in the first and second folios.

21. misery. So the first quarto. The second and the folios have 'cruelty.'

25. husbandry, stewardship of the house; oikovoμía in the literal sense. In Timon of Athens, ii. 2. 164, the steward says:

'If you suspect my husbandry.'

See also Hamlet, i. 3. 77:

'And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.'

Ib. manage, management, conduct. So Romeo and Juliet, iii. 1. 148: 'The unlucky manage of this fatal brawl.'

The word is more commonly used in the restricted sense of horsemanship, like the French word manège, from which it is derived. See As You Like It, i. 1. 13: His horses are bred better; for besides that they are fair with their feeding, they are taught their manage.

33. deny this imposition, refuse the task imposed.

34. The which. This combination of definite article, and neuter relative pronoun, is frequent in Shakespeare and his contemporaries. See note on i. 3. 4. 35. lays, altered by Hanmer to 'lay.' But Shakespeare frequently uses the singular verb with a plurality of nominatives, and in this particular case the words and some necessity' are almost parenthetical.

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49. Padua. The old copies read Mantua,' a slip of the pen on the author's or copyist's part, corrected by Theobald. That Bellario lived at Padua is clear from iv. I. 108, and iv. 1. 118. Padua was famous throughout Europe for the learned jurists of its university. 52. with imagined speed, as quick as thought. Prologue I:

See Henry V. iii.

swift scene flies.'

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Thus with imagined wing our 53. tranect. So both quartos and folios. Rowe reads 'traject,' perhaps rightly. The Italian word is traghetto, the French traject; so spelt by Cotgrave and translated by him a ferrie.' Coryat says: There are in Venice thirteen ferries or passages, which they commonly call Traghetti.' Crudities, p. 168 (ed. 1611). We find no other instance of 'tranect.' Ib. ferry, i. e. ferry-boat.

56. convenient, suitable. So conveniently,' ii. 8. 45.

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59. Before they think of us, before they think of our seeing them.

63. accoutred. So the second quarto and folios; the first quarto has 'apparreld.'

66. And speak with a shrill piping voice, such as youths have in the interval of the change from boyhood to manhood. See Cymbeline, iv. 2. 236:

'Our voices

Have got the mannish crack.'

69. quaint, artfully contrived, elaborate. From the French coint, which comes from the Latin comptus. See note on ii. 4. 6.

72. I could not do withal, I could not help it. See Gifford's notes to Ben Jonson, Silent Woman, iii. p. 470. Mr. Dyce, in his note to Webster, Northward Ho. iv. I, quotes from Nash's Have with You to Saffron Walden (Sig. G 4, ed. 1596); Beare witnes, my masters, if hee dye of a surfet, I cannot doe withall, it is his own seeking, not mine.'

77. raw, crude, unskilful. See Richard II. ii. 3. 42:

'Being tender, raw and young.'

Ib. Jacks, a common term of contempt. See Much Ado About Nothing, i. 1. 186 But speak you this with a sad brow? or do you play the flouting Jack?' And in the same play, v. I. 91:

'Boys, apes, braggarts, Jacks, milksops!'

79. all my whole device. A similar pleonasm occurs I Henry VI.

i. I. 126:

All the whole army stood agazed on him.'

Scene V.

3. I fear you, I have not confidence in you, I fear for you. See line 27. So Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 74:

'O, I do fear thee, Claudio, and I quake,
Lest thou a feverous life shouldst entertain.'

And Richard III. i. 1. 137:

4. agitation.

The king is sickly, weak and melancholy,
And his physicians fear him mightily.'
He means 'cogitation.'

14. A line from the Alexandreis of Philip Gualtier, written early in the thirteenth century, became proverbial: Incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim.'

17. There is perhaps an allusion to I Corinthians vii. 14: The unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband.'

20. Enow seems to be generally used of numbers, enough of quantity. The same distinction holds in some provincial dialects where both forms are still current.

28. are out, have fallen out.

39. Lancelot plays upon the two senses of the verb 'to lay covers on the table,' and 'to put the hat on the head.' See ii. 9. 44.

41. quarrelling with occasion, quibbling every opportunity to make perverse replies.

on every opportunity, taking

50. discretion, faculty of discrimination, which Lorenzo's misapplied words shewed him to lack. See Hamlet, ii. 2. 490:

'Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion.'

53. A many. Still used occasionally by our poets; Tennyson for instance, in The Miller's Daughter :

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They have not shed a many tears,

Dear eyes, since first I knew them well.'

54. garnish'd like him, their trains furnished like his.

54, 55. for a tricksy word Defy the matter, for the sake of a sportive word, for the sake of playing upon a word, set the meaning at defiance.

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Tricksy'

has much the same meaning as in Tempest, v. I. 218, where Prospero greets Ariel as My tricksy spirit!' Elsewhere it has the signification 'trim,' gaily dressed.' For 'matter,' see Twelfth Night, i. 5. 227:

'My words are as full of peace as matter.'

55. How cheer'st thou, what cheer, what spirits are you in? The first quarto reads How far'st thou?'

62, 63. And if on earth he do not mean it, then In reason The first quarto has meane it, then ;' the second meane it, it.' The folio has 'meane it, it Is reason;' evidently a conjectural emendation. There is some corruption in this passage for which no satisfactory emendation has been proposed. That of Pope, merit it,' for 'mean it, then,' is perhaps the most plausible. 'Earn it, then,' or 'merit them,' might be suggested. But we rather require a word with the sense of appreciate.'

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65. lay may either be an active verb, if two gods should lay;' or neuter, "if two earthly women lay,' &c.

67. Pawn'd, pledged, wagered, staked.

69. of me, in me.

The

75. I'll set you forth, describe you fully, display you to advantage. phrase has reference also to the setting forth, or preparing, a table for a feast.

ACT IV.
Scene I.

1. What, an exclamation calling attention. See lines 46, 110.

5. Uncapable and incapable were both used in Shakespeare's time. The same remark applies to many words in which modern usage allows only of one form, as unactive,' unmeasurable,' 'unperfect,'' unconstant,' ' uncurable,' and on the other hand incertain,' indigested,' 'ingrateful,' infortunate.' 5, 6. empty From. Elsewhere Shakespeare always uses of,' as we do, with void' and ' ' empty.'

7. qualify, modify. See Hamlet, iv. 7. 114:

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10. envy's reach. See iii. 2. 278.

20. remorse, relenting. We only use 'remorse' for repentance after the act, but Shakespeare uses it in a wider sense. See Macbeth, i. 5. 45:

"Stop up the access and passage to remorse,

That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose.'

22. where, whereas. See Coriolanus, i. I. 104:

'Where the other instruments

Did see and hear.'

Conversely whereas' is used for 'where,' and 'whenas' for 'when.'

24. loose, let go, release.

26. moiety. Used by Shakespeare, not in the strict sense of half,' but for portion.' See 1 Henry IV. iii. 1. 96, where Hotspur employs it to denote a third part.'

29. Enow. Altered by Rowe to 'enough.' See note on iii. 5. 20. Ib. a royal merchant. See note on iii. 2. 235.

34. gentle, a pun on gentile' is doubtless here intended. See ii. 6. 51. 35. possess'd, informed, as in i. 3. 60.

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36. Sabbath. So the first quarto. The second quarto has Sabaoth,'

a mistake corrected in the folio. The same mistake occurs in Bacon's Advancement of Learning, Bk. ii. 24: Sacred & inspired Diuinitie, the Sabaoth and port of all men's labours and peregrinations.' Spenser also confounds the signification of the two words (Faery Queene, viii. 2): But thenceforth all shall rest eternally

With him that is the God of Sabaoth hight.'

Dr. Johnson, in the first edition of his Dictionary, treated Sabbath and Sabaoth as identical words, and Sir Walter Scott has, Ivanhoe, ch. x., 'The gains of a week, aye the space between two Sabaoths.' But the error has been corrected in later editions.

39. Upon your charter and your city's freedom. Shakespeare perhaps imagined that Venice held her freedom by charter from the Emperors, which might be revoked as a punishment for any flagrant act of injustice.

43. But, say, it is my humour. But suppose is my humour. Capell first inserted the commas, which are required to make the sense clear. 46. baned, poisoned. We still say 'rat's-bane.'

47. a gaping pig, a pig's head on the table. A boar's-head is still served at Christmas-time gaping, with a lemon in its mouth. So Webster's Duchess of Malfi, iii. 2: He could not abide to see a pig's head gaping: I thought your grace would find him a Jew.' And in Fletcher's Elder Brother, ii. 2: And they stand gaping like a roasted pig.' Malone quotes also Nash's Pierce Penilesse, 1592: Some will take on like a madman if they see a pig come to the table.' Steevens supposes 'a gaping pig' to mean 'a squealing pig,' as in Henry VIII. v. 4. 3:

'Ye rude rascals, leave your gaping.' 50, 51. affection, Mistress of passion. Capell from a conjecture of Thirlby. fection. Masters of passion.' For the 'passion,' see note on iii. I. 62.

52. firm, sound, substantial.

This reading was first adopted by The quartos and folios have 'afdistinction between affection' and

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53, 54, 55. be... he . . . he, one, another, another. Compare Sonnet xxix. 5, 6:

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Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,

Featured like him, like him with friends possess'd.'

55. a woollen bag-pipe. This is the reading of all the quartos and earlier folios. For woollen' Capell conjectured 'wawling;' Steevens adopted

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