but its neutral form may well be either a nominative or an accusative; besides, sexless things generally appear in discourse as patients of acts. This remark may invite the student to make others.

Besides the pronoun proper, the personal, we have also 1, the adjective pronouns, combining with the idea of object expressed by the third personal pronoun, ideas of certain attributes which the mind assigns to an object, when considering it in relation to another; these adjective pronouns divide also into definite and indefinite; 2, the relative, which will be defined in its place.

The definite adjective pronouns are the demonstrative and the possessive.

The demonstrative pronoun designates a definite object as specially pointed at.

The demonstrative pronouns are: this, the one which is nearer, plural, these; that, the one which is remoter, plural, those.

The possessive pronoun designates a definite object as belonging to the first, second, or third person.

The possessive pronouns are: mine; thine; his, hers; its; ours; yours; theirs; my own, thy own, his own, etc.

The indefinite pronoun one designates an indefinite person; aught, an indefinite thing. To this idea, the

other indefinite pronouns add accessory ideas, which

we shall explain:

one like a former one (ditto).

Any,

one, be he who he may (singular or plural).

Such,

Other,

Both,

Each,

any one individual of a collection.

one distinct from a former one (plural others).
the one and the other.

Either, the one or the other; also one or another of any number.

We have some compound indefinite pronouns : somebody, something, anybody, anything, formed of an indefinite pronoun and a noun; another, formed of the indefinite article and other; none, naught, nothing, formed of no one, no aught, no thing.

To express a mere plurality of indefinite objects, we have the indefinite pronoun some; and to express plurality of indefinite objects, with gradations as to number, we have:

Some is also used in the partitive sense, meaning an

indefinite quantity; any means an indefinite quantity, be it what it may; little, much, enough, more, less, mean a small, a great, a sufficient, a greater, a lesser quantity.

Numerals are used as indefinite pronouns: Out of the ten men, Two were saved.

The relative pronoun re-designates the object designated by its antecedent, to which it links a proposition in such a manner that the thread of discourse seems to be unbroken; in meaning, it is equivalent to and and a personal pronoun.

The relative pronouns are: for the noble genders, who, accusative whom ; and for the neuter, which. They serve for both numbers. The demonstrative pronoun that performs also the function of a relative, and serves for the three genders.

Who is used absolutely for he who; which is used elliptically, with its antecedent understood; what is equivalent to that which. From these are formed whoever, whichever, whatever.

Owing to an ellipsis, which will be explained in the Syntax, we use as interrogative pronouns, who, whom, which, what.

OF THE ARTICLE.

THE article designates the object which the noun

names.

We have two articles: the definite article the, which has the same meaning as the definite pronoun he; and the indefinite article a, before a vowel an, which is allied to the indefinite pronoun one, and has the same meaning.

The article the is used with the noun, to designate an object which the mind conceives in its entirety, and as a defined individual. Consequently, when the mind does not conceive the object as an individual, for want of being able to embrace the whole of it, the noun stands alone: space, the universe; man, the Englishman.

The article a is used with the noun, to designate an indefinite individual: a (any) man should work; I see a (some) man at work.

Besides the articles proper, the definite and the indefinite, we also combine with the noun the adjective pronouns which become adjective articles.

The demonstrative articles are the same as the

demonstrative pronouns. The possessive articles are my, thy, his, her, its, our, your, their, to which must be added the relative whose. Yet mine and thine were once used as articles before vowels, and are still used as such in poetry. His, her, its, equivalent to the one of him, of her, of it, have their gender in accordance with the possessor, not with the possessed, as is the case in languages where the article and the adjective are variable words.

The indefinite articles are the same as the indefinite pronouns. Only, none becomes no. Every, synonymous with each, is an indefinite article. Numerals are also

used as adjective articles: two men.

The relative which is also used as an adjective article, and so are what, whatever, and whichever.

The interrogative pronouns which and what are used as articles.