MACY.

DIPLO particular act of his, he does not mean to prejudice the right of a third Power. Thus the Emperor of Germany, whose coronation ought, according to the Golden Bull, to be solemnized at Aix-la-Chapelle, gave to that city, when he was crowned elsewhere, Reversals, by which he declared that such coronation took place without prejudice to its rights, and without drawing any consequence therefrom for the future.

Of Deductions or

tial Memoirs.

(10.) When affairs of State occur which are of too great extent and importance to be set forth in an orConfiden- dinary Memoir, it is usual to draw up Deductions or Confidential Memoirs,* in order to be presented at a, Conference, or for the purpose of being made public. They are designed to explain a principle of the Law of Nations, and to prove the justice or injustice of a claim or of an undertaking; or, further, to display the utility to be derived, or the disadvantage to be appre

MACY.

hended, from particular events, or from the projects DIPLOof another Power. Deductions of a mixed composition are at present most in use.

Order and perspicuity are essential qualities in the drawing up of this description of Diplomatic writings. The subject, of which they treat, ought to be set forth in such a manner as to enable the reader, at a glance, to seize their motives, dispositions, propositions, and arguments. A Diplomatist should be less solicitous to exhaust the matter (which is rather the object of a dissertation) than to present facts as they really are, together with the remedies to be opposed to an evil, and to reply with precision to objections, which, according to circumstances, may be most to be dreaded, and finally to combat those prejudices which are most contrary to the views or interests of those Powers at whose instance these deductions are drawn up.

Monsieur,

J'ai l'honneur d'étre, etc.

DIPLOPOGON, in Botany, a family of the class Triandria, order Digynia, natural order Graminea. Generic character: glume one-flowered, two-valved; calyx two-valved, the apex of the exterior valve threeawned, interior valve two-awned.

One species, D. setaceus, a Grass, native of New South Wales.

DIPLOTERA, in Zoology, a family of stinging Hymenopterous insects, established by Latreille, which are named from their upper pair of wings being folded longitudinally. This family contains the genera Vespa of Linnæus, and Massaris of Fabricius.

Family character. Antennæ thickened at the end, and bent at the second joint; eyes cut; the forehead large, often differently coloured in the two sexes; jaws strong, toothed, with a tongue under the labium, the jaws and lips long; the first joint of the thorax arched, with the sides enlarged into the form of epaulets just at the base of the wings; the body bald, generally yellow and black. The females and neuters are armed with a very strong and venomous sting. They generally live in societies, composed of three sorts of individuals. The larvæ are vermiform, destitute of legs, and each living in a separate cell: they are nourished on the dead larvæ of insects, which the mothers collect and store up previous to their birth; or with the honey of flowers; or the juice of fruits, collected by the females and neuters; or with some animal matter, elaborated by them, and furnished to the larvæ periodically.

I. Vespine or Wasps : antennæ of twelve joints; the languet divided into three lobes, the middle lobe cordate, with two round glandular spots at the end, and the side lobes narrow-pointed, with a similar spot composed of four long and feathered threads.

1. Jaws long, narrow. Synagra, Eumena, Zetha, Discalia, Ceramia, Pterochilus, Odynerus, Rygchia. 2. Jaws broad, short. Vespa.

II. The Massares or Massarinæ. Antennæ of eight or ten joints, ending in a distinct, very blunt, rounded club or button; languet composed of two very long threads, with a soft base. Containing the genera Massaris and Celonita.

DIPROSIA, in Zoology, a genus of Isopodous Crusta cea, nearly allied to Bopyrus, established by Rafinesque, Schmaltz.

Generic character. Mantle depressed, oblong, cut, destitute of joints behind; tail below, long, nicked; eyes smooth, superior; mouth inferior; body narrow beneath, jointed; legs six pairs, formed of three joints each, and two in the front of the under part.

This new genus contains only one species:

1. D. Vittata. Bluish white, longitudinally banded with violet purple. The circulation is visible through the body of the animal. Found in the Sicilian Seas, parasitical on the Sparus Erythrinus or Rock Fish.

VOL. XXI.

DIPSACUS, in Botany, a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia, natural order Dipsaceæ. Generic character: common calyx, many-leaved, proper calyx, superior; receptacle chaffy; flowers composite.

D. fullonium, the Fuller's Teasel, is a native of the South of Europe; it is cultivated in the clothing counties of England, the heads are used for carding woollen cloths. D. sylvestris is a common native of England. D. laciniatus and D. pilosus are natives of the South of Europe.

DIPSAS, Gr. diyàs, q. d. siticulosa, from dry-eîv, to thirst. Lat. dipsas; It. dipsa; Fr. dipsade; "a snake whose biting brings with it a mortal drinesse." Cotgrave.

The dart and dipsas, to the ark com'n in,
Enfold each other as they were a twin.

Drayton. Noah's Flood.
Cerastes horn'd, Hydrus and Elops dreare
And Dipsas.

Milton. Paradise Lost, book x. 1. 526.

Aulus, a noble youth of Tyrrhene blood,
Who bore the standard, on a dipsas trod;
Backward the wrathful serpent bent her head,
And fell with rage, th' unheeded wrong repaid.

Rowe. Lucan. Pharsalia, book ix.

Milton in the lines above cited probably bore in remembrance a passage of Pliny, who enumerates most of the same monstrous Serpents, and adds, that salted meats are specifics against their poison, peculiaritèr a Chalcide, Ceraste aut quas Sepas vocant aut Elope, DIPSADEVE percussis. (xxxiii. 17.) In another place he recommends a decoction of laurel leaves for the same purpose. (xxvii. 80.) Bishop Newton` inclines to refer Milton to the passage of which we have a part quoted from Lucan, who extends his Catalogue of Serpents over thirty lines; Mr. Todd adduces Dante, (Inf. 24,) who, however, does not mention the Dipsas at all. It is not unlikely that the extensive reading of our great English Poet, familiar as he was with all these sources, presented each to his mind at the same moment. But Pliny appears from the similarity of collocation to have a preeminent claim.

The horrors to which the unhappy sufferer under the bite of the Libyan Dipsas is reduced, are feelingly described by Lucian in his #epi dipadwv. The inhabitants of the Libyan desert, he says, search with much diligence for Ostrich eggs, which afford them food, cups, and caps; near these eggs lie the Dipsades in ambush, and attack all who approach them. "Its bite is acute, and leaves a rank poison in the wound, instantly causing excruciating pain; it inflames in a moment the blood of the whole body, rapidly brings on putrefaction, and burns with such violence, that the poor wretch who has the misfortune to be bitten by a Dipsas, screams as if he lay upon a glowing fire. But the most terrible and cruel effect of this venom, is

DIPSAS. that from which the reptile derives its appellation, namely, the indescribable thirst which agonizes the person bitten; and what is above all surprising, the inore he drinks, the more tormenting is the thirst, and the more vehement his inclination to drink. All the water of the Nile and of the Danube would not suffice to quench the patient's thirst; instead of mitigating the pain, the raging heat is only increased by drinking; it is as if one poured oil on fire. The cause assigned by the Physicians to this wonderful effect is, that the gross poison being diluted by the liquor acts the more efficaciously, and can spread itself more easily over the whole body.

"I have never personally seen any one labouring under such a calamity, and I hope to God I may never behold a human being suffering so cruelly. And I have always avoided making a journey to Libya, and in that I have done well. But I remember an inscription, which a friend of mine told me he had read, upon the tombstone of a man who perished in this manner. He met with it in his way to Egypt from Libya, in the greater Syrtis, (which on that journey is not to be avoided,) there he saw on the shore a tomb, almost washed by the waves. The mention of his death to whom it was erected, was described on a pillar by various figures in bas-relief. A man, as the Painters represent Tantalus, stands on the shore, endeavouring to draw water to allay his thirst; round his leg a Dipsas has twined itself, which it seems to bite; a number of women are running up to him, from all sides, with pitchers of water, which they throw over the man; and not far off lie some Ostrich eggs in the sand. Below the bas-relief is placed an inscription in verse, of which I can repeat to you the four first lines.

Thus Tantalus of old could ne'er assuage
His growing thirst's insatiable rage:
And thus the Danaids try'd with stubborn will
The leaky vessel with the tide to fill.'

To these four other lines succeed, relative to the Ostrich eggs, in taking of which he received the bite but they have cleanly escaped my memory." (Tooke's Lucian, i. 788.)

The Septuagint translators have rendered is (Deut. viii. 15,) diva, which in our version is given draught, a sense which Bochart supports at great length, Hierozoicon, Pars post iii. 8. Linnæus gives the name Dipsas to a species of COLUBER, q. v. but this probably is not the Serpent so called by the Ancients, since it is not found in Africa.

Ælian, who gives other names to the Dipsas, Prester, Causon, Melanurus, Ammobates, Centris, has accounted for the venomous qualities of this serpent in the following manner. (Hist. Anim. vi. 51.) When Prometheus had stolen fire from Vulcan, Jupiter gave as a reward to the persons who informed him of the theft, a remedy against old age. This packet was too heavy for them to carry, and they placed it on the back of an Ass. The Ass was thirsty, and approached a fountain to drink; but the waters were guarded by a Serpent which refused him access. The Ass stopped to parley, and bartered the load on his back for a draught of water. As soon as he had quaffed it the Dipsas exchanged his own old age, which he put off, for the thirst of the Ass, which passed

to and perpetually remained with him. For this DIPSAS. legend Ælian refers to Sophocles (ev Kwpois, as Grono- DIPTERA. vius ad loc. says from Schol. Nicandri ad Ther. 343,) Dinolochus, Ibycus, Aristeas, and Apollophanes. With such a cloud of witnesses the story can scarcely be otherwise than true. See Aldrovandi Hist. Serpentum et Draconum, i. 8.

DIPTERA, in Zoology, an order of Sucking insects, established by Linnæus, named from their being provided with only two wings.

Ordinal character. Feet six; wings two, ribbed and extended; with two balancers placed behind them, in the place of the second pair; mouth consisting of from two to six sealy bristle or lancetlike pieces shut in a sheath; sheath, in the form of a trunk or syphon, bent or jointed, often ending in two lips, and generally furnished with a perior groove, and often provided with two maxillary palpi, which are sometimes enclosed in the sheath.

su

Fabricius established a similar order, with characters taken from the parts of the mouth, under the name of Antliata.

The feet of these animals are often provided with two or three vesicular or membranaceous suckers, formed of a concave disk, which enables the animals to walk on polished, perpendicular, or dependent substances. Sir Everard Home has published a very interesting Paper on this subject, illustrated with many excellent plates, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1816.

Several of the insects of this order, belonging to the genera Tipula, Samulia, Tabanies, and Sternoxus, incommode us and other animals with their suckers, which often perforate the skin and leave irritable wounds. Some, as the Estri or Gadflies, deposit their eggs in the bodies of domestic animals, and even sometimes in those of men themselves. Others, in the same manner, infest our meats, cheese, and eatables, or in the form of larvæ, attack plants, and make extensive ravages in them. But as a sort of compensation for these various injuries, these insects consume and destroy great quantities of putrid animal and vegetable substances, or dissipate the fetid and stagnant waters.

They are generally very short-lived. They all undergo a complete metamorphosis. The larvæ are always apodous, and only change their skin once in the duration of their lives; except those which live in water, which they are furnished with variously shaped appendages. The skin of the larva often hardens and contracts into a solid case, so as to have the appearance of an egg.

This order is divided, according to the variations in their metamorphosis and general habits, into five families:

1. Tipulida, the Nemacera of Latreille.
2. Tabanida, the Tanystome of Latreille.
3. Stratiomida, the Notocantha of Latreille.
4. Muscida, the Arthericera of Latreille.
5. Hippoboscidæ, or Pupiparæ, of Latreille

Those who make a particular study of this branch of Entomology, may be referred to the works of Meigen and Widemann. The first dedicated his attention to the European, and the latter to the exotic species; they are both illustrated with figures of each of the

genera.

One species, D. odorata, native of the woods of Guiana. The seed is the celebrated Tongo Bean, usually called the Tonguin Bean. Willdenow. DIPTYCHS, Lat. diptycha; Gr. dínτvxos, from dis, and Tux, plica, a fold.

And unlike a calender that I have seen, wherein the holy martyrs and confessors of Jesus Christ, who not only had place sometimes in these diptiches, but whose names are written in heaven, are erased out, and traitors, murderers, rebels, and heretics set in their room. Proceedings against ignorant and insufficient

State Trials. Ministers. Besides this, which was peculiar to the martyrs, they had a lower degree of remembrance, for bishops and confessors, and all other eminent persons departed this life, whom they not only praised in orations at their funerals, but writ their names in their diptychs, or two-leaved records, which contained in one page all the names of the living, in the other the dead that were of note in the church.

Bishop Lloyd. Sermon at the Funeral of the Rev. J. Wilkins, D.D. This is notorious in their tables, their new-fashion'd diptychs; where men of honourable name and great worth are called damwati authores, and their very name commanded to be put out, and some periphrasis set down for them.

Taylor. Polemical Discourses, fol. 455. Of the Expurgatory,

Indices in the Roman Church.

The Roman DIPTYCHA were folding Tablets, employed as Memorandum Books; and, like other Souvenirs, they had leaves (at first, as the name implies, two only,) in quibus, as Papias remarks with much solemnity, corruptores suum inscribunt amorem. That they were used solely for these purposes nowhere appears, nor is it probable. The higher Magistrate marked these Tablets with their own names, during their year of office, and distributed them as tokens of regard among their friends.

The word in the end, as may be seen in the Citations above, became appropriated to Ecclesiastical Registers of three kinds: Diptycha mortuorum, in which the names of all such as died in the odour of Sanctity were enrolled; Diptycha vivorum, containing the living Officers and Benefactors of the Church; Diptycha Episcoporum, a Catalogue of canonized Bishops. Portions of these were read during the celebration of Mass. See the laborious volumes of Gorio, Thesaurus veterum Diptychorum Consularium et Ecclesiasticorum, Flor. 1759.

DIPUS, from the Greek is, twice, and roos, a foot, Gmel.; Jerboa, Pen. In Zoology, a genus of animals belonging to the family Claviculata, order Rodentia, class Mammalia.

Generic character: two incisive teeth in each jaw; head broad; eyes prominent and large; hind legs very long; hair long, and tufted at the extremity.

This genus has been separated by Gmelin from the Mures, in consequence of the great length of the hind legs, and the extreme shortness of the fore legs; in consequence of which the Dipus appears to have but two legs. Like the Kangaroo, the animals comprised in this genus spring forwards instead of walking, a motion which is prevented by the shortness of the front

extremities. Each fore foot has five toes; whilst in DIPUS. those of the hind feet, that portion of the metatarsus, DIRE. or bones which support the toes, to which the three middle toes are attached, consists of a single piece like the metatarsal bones of birds. In some species there are also upon the sides of the hind feet little toes. These animals live in burrows, and during winter become torpid.

D. Sagitta, Gmel.; Mus Sagitta, Pall.; le Gerboa, Buff.; Arrow Jerboa, Pen. Is about the size of a Rat, and has three toes on each foot; it is of a bright yellow above, and white beneath, with a white band extending from the root of the tail into the flanks; the tail itself is black, and tipped with white; the ears long, and the head roundish. It inhabits the northern parts of Africa.

D. Jaculus, Gmel.; M. Jaculus, Lin.; l'Alagtaga, Buff.; Egyptian and Siberian Jerboa, Pen. This species is larger than the preceding, it has five toes on each foot, those behind being furnished with lateral toes, and those in front having the inner toe or thumb very small and indistinct; the ears are larger than those of the Arrow Jerboa; the body is covered with long hair, ash-coloured at the bottom, and pale tawny at the ends; across the upper part of the thighs is an obscure dusky band. It inhabits Egypt, Barbary, Palestine, and the sandy tracts between the Don and Volga; and is known among the Mongolians by the name of Alagh Duagha. The Arabs call it the Lamb of the Israelites; and it is believed to be the Coney of the Holy Scriptures, and the Mouse of Isaiah, (ch. lxvi. 17.)

Sce Linnæi Systema Naturæ, à Gmelin; Cuvier, Règne Animal; Pennant's History of Quadrupeds.

DIRCA, in Botany, a genus of the class Octandria, order Monogynia. Generic character: calyx none, corolla tubular, border obsolete, stamens unequal exserted, style filiform, berry one-seeded.

One species, D. palustris, a shrub, native of North America. Nuttall.

DIRE, DI'REFUL, DI'REFULNESS, DI'RENESS.

Lat. dirus, dear, from dir-ian, nocere, to dear or dere, to hurt. See DEAR; and also Tooke, ii. 301 and 412. Vossius-from the Gr. devos, v changed into p. Festus; Dei ira. Direful is dereful, full of dere, i. e. of hurt, mischief, injury. Dire is not, like dere, used as a substantive. Hurtful, distressing, causing great evil, mischief; and therefore dreadful, terrible, mournful, lamentable.

Hart cannot thinke, what outrage and what crycs,
With fowle enfouldred smoake and flashing fire,
The hell-bred beast threw forth vnto the skyes,
That all was couered with darknesse dire.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, book i. can. 11.

"This Herod thus would Bethlem's infants kill,
The Christians soone these direfull newes receaue,
The trumpe of death sounds in their hearing shrill,
Their weapon, faith; their fortresse, was the graue.
Fairfax. Godfreyof Boulogne, book ii. st. 13.
I have supt full with horrors;
Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts,
Cannot once start me.

Shakspeare. Macbeth, p. 150.

Arise, O father of the Trojan state!
The nations call, thy joyful people wait
To seal the truce, and end the dire debate.
Pope. Homer. Iliad, book íii.

DIRE. If we come now to the doctors of the church that flourished after the Pelagian heresy arose, (as a comet portending direful DIRECT. effects to the Christian world) it is confessed that they all maintained the same hypothesis, [immortality.]

Bishop Bull. Discourse 5. vol. ii. p. 301.
Presumptuous, sacrilegious man!
Careless what dire enormities he wrought,
Who bent his bow against the pow'rs of heav'n!
Cowper. Homer. Iliad, book v.

Let none of us then suppose he hath no account to give. A single talent, wrapped up in a napkin, brought its possessor, you may remember, into a direful case. Gilpin. Sermon 11. vol. i.

The direfulness of this pestilence is more emphatically set forth in these few words, than in forty such odes as Sprat's on the Plague at Athens. Dr. Warton. Essay on Pope.

DIRE.

DIRECT.

.

DIRECT, v. DIRECT, adj. DIRECTER,

DIRECTION,

DIRECTIVE, DIRE'CTITUDE,

DIRECTLY,

DIRECTNESS,

DIRECTOR,

DIRECTORSHIP, DIRECTORIAL, DIRECTORY, DIRE CTRESS, DIRECTRIX.

Fr. diriger; It. dirigere; Sp. dirigir; Lat. dirigere, directum; (dis, and reg-ere, to rule or order.)

To rule or order; to proceed in, to put into, the ruled, ordered or right way; the straight way, the right line; to guide, to regulate, to manage, to conduct.

To do any thing directly, is to do it straightway, straight forward, without turning to any thing else, immediately.

O inoral Gower, this boke I direct
To the.

Chaucer. The fifth Booke of Troilus, fol. 194.
And faire Uenus the beaute of the night
Upraise, and set vnto the west ful right,
Her golden face in oppositioun

Of God Phebus direct descending down.

Id. The Testament of Creseide, fol. 194.

In whose calme streames I sailde so farre,
No raging storme had in respect,
Untill I raisde a goodly starre,
Wherto my course I did direct.

Vncertaine Auctors. The Loss of Libertie by Loue.

We fled away, our face the blood forsoke,
But they with gate direct to Lacon ran.
Surrey. Encis, book ii.

I haue before made mention howe Moscouie was in our time discouered by Richard Chanceler in his voyage toward Cathay, by the direction and information of M. Sebastian Cabota, who long before had this secret in his minde.

Hakluyt. Voyage, &c. Richard Chanceler, vol. i. fol. 242.

Now of this maior or first proposition thus vnderstand, doth the coclusion folowe directly.

Frith. Workes, fol. 147. Of the Sacrament of the Body and Bloud of Christ.

To prove that Sir Christopher was a chief director of things done in the house that Sunday morning the 8th of Feb. it was shewed, that Mr. Killegrew of the Privy-chamber coming that morning to Essex-house, Sir Christopher meets him in the court.

State Trials. Trial of Sir Christopher Blunt.

And said; Faire Sir, I hope good hap hath brought
You to enquire the secrets of my griefe,

Or that your wisdome will direct my thought
Or that your prowesse can me yeeld relief.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, book i. can. 7.

Direct or indirectly then

To answer, all is one :
From those inquisitors escape

But verie few or none.

Warner. Albion's England, book ix. ch. li.

If even your own children pretend to dispossess their minds of all malignity, and to have the dominion of all passions, shall not they be your judges, and condemn such, as with the succour of

grace conjoyned to reason, do not undertake the subjection of this passion to the precept and example of our divine director? Mountague. Devoute Essayes, Treat. 15. part i. sec. 3. Cease then, vain words; well may you show affection But not her worth the mind her sweet perfection Admires; how should it then give the lame tongue direction. P. Fletcher. Piscatory Eclogues, ecl. 7.

Which friends, sir, as it were, durst not (looke you, sir) shew themselues (as we terme it) his friends, whilest he's in direcDirectitude? What's that?

titude.

Shakspeare. Coriolanus, fol. 23. I acknowledge myself but a bare Englishman, subject to the laws thereof, as well in the penal, as in the directive part of them. State Trials. Trial of Lieutenant-Colonel John Lilburne. He affirming, That mind together with nature was the cause of this universe; and that heaven and earth, plants and animals were framed by them both; that is, by mind as the principal and directive cause, but by nature as a subservient or executive instrument.

Cudworth. Intellectual System, fol. 153.

At the side of this house next unto the castle was seated the chaire of state, having directly over it, and extending very largely every way, a very faire and rich canopy.

Sir Francis Drake. The World Encompassed, fol. 90. CHOR. He will directly to the lords, I fear,

And with malicious counsel stir them up
Some way or other yet further to afflict thee.

Milton, Samson Agonistes, 1. 1260. And to prevent all dangers and all disorder, there should always be two of the scholars with them, to be as witnesses and directors of their actions.

Cowley. Essays. The School. Thus the Book of the Common Prayer might be taken away, and totally suppressed; and that, instead thereof, a Directory might be used.

Clarendon. History of Civil War, vol. ii. part ii. p. 580.
Like a traveller on some strange coast,
Having his first path, his directress, lost,
With devious steps, now in, now out doth wind,
Flies what he seeks, and meets what he declin'd,
Lost in the errour of ambiguous ways.

Sherburn. Translations. Salmacis.

It is as unconceivable how it [mechanism] should be the directrix of such intricate motions, as that a blind man should manage a game at chess.

Glanville. The Vanity of Dogmatizing, ch. iii.

Let me tell you, that the easiness and pleasantness of the Liturgy was not thought to consist in the easiness of the task for the minister, (for I do not perceive that the Directory-way as 'tis exercised, hath any whit less of that ease in it,) but in respect of the auditors who can go on in their duty with more ease and pleasure.

Hammond. Works, vol. i. fol. 194. Papers past at Oxford.

Might but this judgment that hath prey'd and gnaw'd so long upon the bowels of the kingdom, but pare the heart of the Englishman into such a plain equitable figure, leave never an angle or involution in it and make us but those direct-dealing honest fools that we are reproach'd to be.

Id. Ib. vol. iv. Sermon 6. fol: 502.