Observations from ships according to international forms have been collected in considerable numbers since 1854 by various Meteorological Institutes, notably Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Japan, and the United States. The results have been expressed in charts of mean values of the meteorological elements over the oceans issued by the various Institutes, and in other ways, notably the daily morning and evening charts of the Danish and German Offices to which reference has already been made. We have no figures to indicate the total mass of information thus collected which is available for study. We find however that for the year 1913-14 the Meteorological Office collected 279 four-hourly logs and 2459 other forms1. If we regard the activity of the world in this department as four times that of the Meteorological Office there should be over a thousand log-books and ten thousand other forms out of which a monthly summary of the weather of the sea might be compiled. 1 1 Ninth Annual Report of the Meteorological Committee, 1914, p. 31. CHAPTER X THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY: THE SURFACE AIR THE EQUIPMENT OF NORMAL CLIMATOLOGICAL STATIONS Books of Instruction to Observers, in the Libraries of the Meteorological Office and the Royal Meteorological Society Africa. Hints to meteorological observers in tropical Africa, with notes on methods of recording lake-levels and a memorandum on the organisation of meteorological observations. M.O. No. 162. London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1907. Nairobi. Agricultural Department. Hints to meteorological observers in British East Africa with instructions for taking observations, by L. D. Carpenter. Agric. Jour. Brit. E. Africa, Nairobi, vol. V, 1913, p. 38. Australia. Australian Meteorological Observer's Handbook 1925, published...under the direction of H. A. Hunt, Melbourne. Austria. Jelinek's Anleitung zur Ausführung meteorologischer Beobachtungen nebst einer Sammlung von Hilfstafeln. 5th edition; Wien, 1905. In Zwei Teilen. Published by Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik. Belgium. Instructions pour les stations météorologiques belges préparées par A. Lancaster. 2nd edition, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 1884. Instructions pour les stations de troisième ordre. Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Service Climatologique. Brussels, s.a. Observatoire Royal de Belgique. Annuaire météorologique pour 1909, p. 51. Instructions pour les Observateurs. Brazil. Instrucções meteorologicas (Trabalho destinado aos estacionarios da rede meteorologica do Brazil) by J. de Sampaio Ferraz. Ministerio da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio, vols. I and II. Bruxelles and Paris, 1914. Canada. Instructions to observers connected with the Meteorological Service of the Dominion of Canada by G. T. Kingston. Toronto, 1878. Instructions to observers at ordinary stations of the second class by G. T. Kingston, M.A. Meteorological Service, Dominion of Canada. Toronto, 1878. Chile. Instituto Central Meteorológico y Geofísico de Chile. Santiago de Chile. Instrucciones Meteorológicas, 1919. Instrucciones para los Observadores de Estaciones Pluviométricas, 1917. China. Instructions in the use of meteorological instruments, compiled by R. F. Marc Dechevrens, S.J. Zi-ka-wei, 1880. Instructions for making meteorological observations prepared for use in China by W. Doberck. Hong Kong, 1883. Egypt. Ministry of Public Works. Handbook of instructions for meteorological observers in Egypt, the Sudan, and Palestine. Cairo, 1923. France. Instructions météorologiques par Alfred Angot. Sixième édition, revue et corrigée. Paris, 1918. Service Météorologique, Ministère de la Guerre. Notice sur les Instruments météorologiques et sur les sondages aérologiques. Paris, 1919. Germany. Instruction zur Führung des meteorologischen Journals (Ship's log) der Deutschen Seewarte, Hamburg, 1876. Anleitung zur Anstellung und Berechnung der Beobachtungen an den deutschen meteorologischen Stationen. Erster Teil. Beobachtungen an Stationen II und III Ordnung. Bearbeitet von G. Lüdeling. Veröff. des Preuss. Met. Inst., No. 321. Berlin, 1924. Zweiter Teil. Besondere Beobachtungen und Instrumente (Dritte erweiterte Auflage). Veröff. des Preuss. Met. Inst., No. 268. Berlin, 1913. Anleitung für die meteorologischen Stationen im Grossherzogtum Baden. Karlsruhe, 1908. Instruktion für die Beobachter der württembergischen meteorologischen Stationen. Herausgegeben vom k. Statistischen Landesamt. Stuttgart, 1893. Instruction für die Beobachter an den Meteorologischen Stationen im Königreich Bayern. Herausgegeben von der k. b. meteorologischen CentralStation. München, 1878. Great Britain. Marine Observer's Handbook. M.O. publication No. 218, 3rd edition. London, 1922. The Observer's Handbook. Meteorological Office publication, No 191. London, 1926. The Observer's Primer, M.Ö. 266. London, 1924. Rules for Rainfall Observers. Air Ministry, Meteorological Office, British Rainfall Organization. 1920. Hints to Meteorological Observers, prepared under the direction of the Council of the Royal Meteorological Society by the late W. Marriott, 8th edition revised by R. Corless. London, 1924. Holland. Kon. Ned. Met. Inst. Utrecht. No. 99. Handleiding bij het waarnemen van den Neerslag en het melden van bijzondere verschijnselen in den dampkring. 1905. No. 101. Handleiding bij de Waarnemingen op Termijnstations 1905. India. The Indian meteorologist's Vade-Mecum. Part I, Instructions to Observers; Part II, Meteorology of India, by H. F. Blanford. Calcutta, 1877. Instructions to observers of the India Meteorological Department by J. Eliot. 2nd edition, Calcutta, 1902. Italy. Manuale per le osservazioni meteorologiche a mare, per il prof. L. Marini. R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano, Memoria IV. Venezia, 1912. Istruzioni per le Osservazioni Meteorologiche e per l'Altimetria Barometrica del P. F. Denza. Associazione Meteorologica Italiana. Torino, 1882. Istruzioni per la Misura delle Precipitazioni Meteoriche concordate coi servizi interessati nelle conferenze del febbraio 1913 presso l'Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia e Geodinamica. Parte I, Pluviometro Comune; Parte II, Pluviografo; Parte III, Pluvionivometro. Ufficio idrografico del Po. Parma, 1913. Norme ed istruzioni per il Servizio Meteorologico, Venezia, 1916. R. Magistrato Alle Acque, Ufficio Idrografico, Publ. 53, Parte I. Japan. The Organisation of the Meteorological Service of Japan. Department of Education, Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, 1904. The list of publications set out therein includes: No. 13. Instructions for meteorological observers. No. 18. Additional instructions to meteorological observers; comparison of scales. No. 22. Instructions for meteorological observers with tables. Manila. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Weather Bureau. (1) Practical Instructions and regulations for the observers of the Weather Bureau. Manila, 1917. (2) Instrucciones Prácticas y Breves Nociones de Meteorologia. Norway. Vejledning til Udførelse af meteorologiske Iagttagelser ved det norske meteorologiske Instituts Stationer. Udgivet af det norske meteorologiske Institut, 1888, Christiania. Veiledning i Meteorologiske Iagttagelser. I. Utgit av det Norske Meteorologiske Institut. Kristiania, 1915. Poland. Sieć Meteorologiczna Warszawska. Instrukcya dla Stacyj Meteorologicznych łącznie z Obserwacyami gruntowemi i plantacyjnemi ułożona przez Biuro Meteorologiczne przy Muzeum w Warszawie wydana staraniem Związku Zawodowego Cukrowni Królestwa Polskiego. Warszawa, 1910. Ksiazki dla Wszystkich: "Prawidła pogody oparte na spostrzeżeniach meteorologicznych" by L. Gorczynski. Warszawa, 1910. Portugal. Observatorio do Infante D. Luiz. Instrucções Meteorologicas por J. C. de Brito Capello. Lisbon, 1890. A note of the type of instruments used at the observatory is given in the Advertencia to the Anais do Observatorio "Infante D. Luis," vide vol. XLIX, 1911. Lisboa, 1915. Roumania. Observatorul Astronomic și Meteorologic: Instructiuni prescurtate pentru Stațiunile Meteorologice de G. D. Elefteriu (Edițiune Oficiala). Bucuresci, 1908. Instructiuni pentru Statiunile Termo-Udometrice by S. C. Hepites. Analele Institutului Meteorologic al Romaniei, Tom. II, Part II, Anul 1886. Bucuresci, 1888, Russia. Instruction der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften für Meteorologische Stationen. St Petersburg, 1887. General Hydrographic Administration Hydrometeorological Service. Instructions for taking hydrological and meteorological observations at coaststations and floating lightships of the Marine Department, St Petersburg, 1913. (Russian title translated.) Spain. Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico: Instrucciones para el Servicio Meteorológico, por el Jefe José Galbis y Rodriguez. Madrid, 1913. Sweden. Handledning vid Meteorologiska Observationers Anställande by E. Edlund. Stockholm, 1882. Instruktion för Nederbördsobservationers Utförande vid Svenska Fyrstationer af Nautisk-Meteorologiska Byrån i Stockholm. Instruktion för Hydrografiska Observationers Utförande vid Svenska fyr- och lots-stationer af NautiskMeteorologiska Byrån i Stockholm. Stockholm, 1879. Instruktion för Meteorologiska Observationers Utförande vid Svenska-Fyrstationer af NautiskMeteorologiska Byrån i Stockholm. Stockholm, 1879. Instruktion för Meteorologisk Loggboks Förande af Nautisk-Meteorologiska Byrån i Stockholm, 1879. Instruktion för Iakttagelser öfver Vattenstånd, Is, Flottning och Vatten-temperatur, M. M. samt Insamling af Vattenprof. Utgifven af Hydrografiska Byran, Stockholm, 1911. Switzerland. Instruktionen für die Beobachter der meteorologischen Stationen der Schweiz. Zweite umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage. Herausgegeben von der Direktion der Schweizmeteorologischen Centralanstalt. Zurich, 1893. United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Washington. Instructions for obtaining and tabulating records from recording instruments by C. F. Marvin. Circular A. Instrument Division. 3rd edition, 1913 (W.B. No. 509) with Appendix on the hygrograph and tabulating records therefrom, 1911 (W.B. No. 450). Instructions for co-operative observers. Circulars B and C. Instrument Division. 7th edition, 1924 (W.B. No. 843). Instructions for the installation and maintenance of wind-measuring and recording apparatus. Circular D. Instrument Division. 4th revision, 1914 (W.B. No. 530). Measurement of precipitation. Instructions for the measurement and registration of precipitation by means of the standard instruments of the U.S. Weather Bureau. Circular E. Instrument Division. 4th edition, 1922 (W.B. No. 771). Appendix No. 2 to Circular E. Instructions for use of the Marvin float rain-gage. 3rd edition, 1915. Barometers and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by C. F. Marvin. Circular F. Instrument Division. 4th edition, 1912 (W.B. No. 472). Instructions for the care and management of electrical sunshine-recorders (Weather Bureau Pattern). Circular G. Instrument Division. 5th edition, 1923 (W.B. No. 802). Instructions for erecting and using Weather Bureau nephoscope, 1919 pattern. Circular I. Instrument Division, 1920 (W.B. No. 712). Marvin Instructions for the installation and maintenance of water-stage registers with specifications. Circular J. Instrument Division, 1921 (W.B. No. 746). Instructions for the installation and operation of Class "A" evaporation stations by B. C. Kadel. Circular L. Instrument Division, 1915 (W.B. No. 559). Instructions to special river and rainfall observers of the Weather Bureau by H. C. Frankenfield, 1912 (W.B. No. 469). Instructions to storm-warning displaymen of the Weather Bureau, 1912 (W.B. No. 80). Instructions to operators on the U.S. Weather Bureau telegraph and telephone lines, by J. H. Robinson, 1906. Instructions to marine meteorological observers. Circular M. Marine Division. 4th edition, Washington, 1925 (W.B. No. 866). Meteorological Instruments and Apparatus employed by the United States Weather Bureau by Roy N. Covert, Optical Society of America, 1925. International Instructions "Tables météorologiques internationales" publiées conformément à une décision du Congrès tenu à Rome en 1879. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Fils, 1890. Des principales méthodes employées pour observer et mesurer les nuages par H. Hildebrand Hildebrandsson et K. L. Hagström. Upsala, 1893. Atlas international des nuages publié conformément aux décisions du Comité Météorologique International. H. Hildebrandsson, A. Riggenbach, L. Teisserenc de Bort. Paris, 1896; 2nd edition, Paris, 1910. Internationaler meteorologischer Kodex. Im Auftrage des Internationalen Meteorologischen Komitees bearbeitet von G. Hellmann und H. H. Hildebrandsson. Deutsche Ausgabe besorgt von dem Königlich Preussischen Meteorologischen Institut, Berlin, 1907. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1911. METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT THE general subject of the development of meteorological instruments was treated in an address before the Royal Meteorological Society by Mr R. Bentley, president, in 19051. From that address and from the particulars given in the biographies of chapter VIII, a general view of the gradual progress of the development of meteorological equipment may be obtained. We do |