finishing touch from Galton when he brought into the scheme the areas of high pressure and gave them the name of anticyclone. Most meteorologists are agreed that a circumscribed area of barometric depression is usually a locus of light ascending currents, and therefore of an indraught of surfacewinds which create a retrograde whirl (in our hemisphere)....Conversely we ought to admit that a similar area of barometric elevation is usually a locus of dense descending currents, and therefore of a dispersion of a cold dry atmosphere, plunging from the higher regions upon the surface of the earth, which, flowing away radially on all sides, becomes at length imbued with a lateral motion due to the above-mentioned cause, though acting in a different manner and in opposite directions. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xII, 1863, p. 385. So far as can be judged by meteorological publications, these ideas formed the physical and dynamical background of meteorologists who were using maps for the purpose of forecasting. As a matter of fact the maps were used almost entirely empirically or geographically, and any conclusions derived from them were independent of physical theory. There was unfortunately no reaction between the physical processes and the practice of forecasting. The theory was, in fact, unsatisfactory in certain particulars which will be set out in Vol. II following a review of our present knowledge of the structure of the atmosphere. We are indeed always apt to forget that what is represented on a map is two-dimensional and each successive layer may and indeed must have a plan which differs from that of the layer above and the one beneath. The scraps of information which we get about the upper layers are too meagre for us to discriminate between the various theories. That has been the characteristic defect of all the discussions about storms. Within the last twenty-five years the phenomena of the cyclone have been subjected to a much more searching analysis beginning with the Lifehistory of surface air-currents1 and continued with remarkable success by J. Bjerknes and others of the Norwegian school of meteorologists. The recent work of that school has indeed been so true to nature as to raise again some of the enthusiasm with which the first plotting of daily observations on maps was received. It remains to be seen whether the more detailed study of the structure of the atmosphere will redeem the promise of sixty years ago. We shall have to consider in some detail the conclusions to be drawn from recent work, when we present the picture of the present state of our knowledge of local disturbances of the general circulation of the atmosphere in chapter VIII of Vol. II. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL REVOLVING STORMS General works 1828 H. W. Dove. Ueber barometrische Minima. Pogg. Ann. vol. xIII, p. 596. 1846 Lt.-Col. W. Reid. An attempt to develop the law of storms and the variable winds. Weale, London, pp. 572. 1847 F. A. E. Keller. Des ouragans, tornados, typhons et tempêtes. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, pp. 26. 1876 H. Piddington. The sailor's horn-book for the law of storms. Norgate, London, pp. 408. 1883 H. Mohn. Grundzüge der Meteorologie. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, pp. 359. 1889 W. Ferrel. A popular treatise on the winds. New York, pp. 313. 1902 S. M. Ballou. The Eye of the storm. American Meteorological Journal, vol. IX, pp. 67-84 and 121-127. 1922 Meteorological Office. Hurricanes and tropical revolving storms. Mrs E. V. Newnham. Geophysical Memoir No. 19, London, 1922, pp. 213-333. 1922 S. S. Visher. Tropical Cyclones in Australia and the South Pacific and Indian General information may be found in the following works: 1894 W. M. Davis. Elementary Meteorology. Ginn, Boston, pp. 355. 1907 H. H. Hildebrandsson and L. Teisserenc de Bort. Les bases de la météorologie dynamique. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 2 vols., pp. 228, 206. 1908-11 J. v. Hann. Handbuch der Klimatologie. Engelhorn, Stuttgart, 3 vols. pp. 394, 713, 426. 1919 A barometer manual for the use of seamen. Meteorological Office, London, pp. 106. 1920 W. I. Milham. Meteorology. Macmillan, New York. North America and West Indies 1831 and 1846 W. C. Redfield. Remarks on the prevailing storms of the Atlantic coast and of the North American States. American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, New York, vol. xx, pp. 1–36. On three several hurricanes of the Atlantic and their relations to the northers of Mexico and Central America. New Haven, pp. 118. 1862 A. Poëy. Table chronologique de quatre cents cyclones. Paul Dupont, Paris, pp. 49. 1898 Rev. B. Viñes. Cyclonic circulation and the translatory movements of West Indian hurricanes. United States Weather Bureau, Washington, pp. 34. 1900 E. B. Garriott. West Indian hurricanes. Bulletin H, United States Weather Bureau, pp. 69. 1913 O. L. Fassig. Hurricanes of the West Indies. Bulletin X, United States Weather Bureau, pp. 28 + plates 42. 1915 E. H. Bowie and R. H. Weightman. Types of storms of the United States. Monthly Weather Review, Supplement I, pp. 37 + plates 114. 1916 E. Lopez. Influencia de los ciclones tropicales sorbe el estado del tiempo en el valle de Mexico. Boletín mensual del Observatorio Meteorológico y Seismológico Central de Mexico, pp. 203-206. 1916 Maxwell Hall. Notes of Hurricanes, Earthquakes and other physical occurrences in Jamaica up to the commencement of the Weather Service, 1880, with brief notes in continuation to the end of 1915. Jamaica, Government Printing Office. 1917 Maxwell Hall. West Indies hurricanes as observed in Jamaica. Monthly Weather Review, Washington, vol. XLV, pp. 578-588. 1920 I. M. Cline. Relation of changes in storm-tides on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to the centre and movement of hurricanes. Monthly Weather Review, vol. XLVIII, pp. 127-146. 1924 C. L. Mitchell. West Indian hurricanes and other tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean. Washington Monthly Weather Review, Supp. No. 24. Additional information for these regions together with the tracks of hurricanes is given in the monthly charts published by the U.S. Weather Bureau, U.S. Hydrographic Office, the Meteorological Office, London, and the Deutsche Seewarte. Monthly Meteorological Charts of the North Atlantic, Meteorological Office, London. Monthly Pilot Charts of the North Atlantic, Hydrographic Office, Washington. Monthly Weather Review, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington. Monatskarten für den Nordatlantischen Ocean, Deutsche Seewarte, Hamburg. Indian Ocean 1845 A. Thom. An enquiry into the nature and course of storms in the Indian Ocean south of the equator. Smith, Elder and Co., London, pp. 351. 1869 and 1872 C. Meldrum. On the rotation of wind between oppositely directed currents of air in the Southern Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Meteorological Society, London, vol. IV, pp. 322-324. On a periodicity in the frequency of cyclones in the Indian Ocean south of the equator. Report of the British Association, pp. 56-57, or Nature, vol. vi, pp. 357-358. 1876 H. Bridet. Étude sur les ouragans de l'hémisphère austral. Challamel aîné, Paris, pp. 211. 1886 Vice-amiral G. Cloué. L'ouragan de juin, 1885, dans la Golfe d'Aden. Ann. Hydrog. Paris, vol. VIII, pp. 41-119. 1891 R. H. Scott. Cyclone tracks in the South Indian Ocean from information compiled by Dr Meldrum. Meteorological Office publication No. 90, London, plates 18. 1891 W. L. Dallas. Cyclone memoirs, Part IV. Meteorological Department of the Government of India, Calcutta, pp. 301-424 + plates 16. 1892 W. Köppen. Die Bahnen der Orkane im südlichen Indischen Ozean. Ann. der Hydrog. und Marit. Met., Hamburg, vol. xx, pp. 275–279. 1900-1901 Sir J. Eliot. Handbook of cyclonic storms in the Bay of Bengal. Meteorological Department of the Government of India, Calcutta, pp. 212 + plates 76. 1904 T. F. Claxton. The climate of the Pamplemousses in the Island of Mauritius. Report of the 8th International Geographical Congress, Washington, pp. 352 -379. 1906 Sir J. Eliot. Climatological atlas of India. Meteorological Department of the Government of India, Calcutta. 1910 A. Walter. The sugar industry of Mauritius. Humphreys, London, pp. 228. 1924 S. K. Banerji. On the cyclones of the Indian Seas and their tracks. Proc. 10th Ind. Sci. Congr., Sec. Phys. Math., pp. 49–76. 1925 C. W. B. Normand. Storm-tracks in the Bay of Bengal. A series of monthly charts for the period 1891-1923. Indian Meteorological Department. Periodical publications Indian Monthly Weather Review. Meteorological Department of the Government of India, Calcutta. Results of Magnetical and Meteorological Observations at Mauritius. Government Printing Establishment, Mauritius. (Annual.) Annual Report of the Port Alfred Observatory, Mauritius. Pacific Ocean 1892 A. Schuck. Segelhandbuch für den Indischen Ozean. Deutsche Seewarte, Hamburg. 1893 E. Knipping. Die Tropischen Orkane der Südsee zwischen Australien und den Paumotuinseln. Aus dem Archiv der Deutschen Seewarte, Hamburg. 1894 Rev. F. S. Chevalier. The typhoons of the year, 1893. Meteorological Society, Shanghai, pp. 97. 1904 W. Doberck. The law of storms in the Eastern Seas. Noronha, Hongkong, pp. 38. 1904 Rev. J. Algué. Cyclones of the Far East. Manila, pp. 283. 1911 C. H. Knowles. Hurricanes in Fiji. Department of Agriculture, Fiji, Bulletin No. 2, Suva, 1911. 1914 Government-General of Formosa. The climate, typhoons and earthquakes of the island of Formosa. Taihoku. 1920 Rev. J. Coronas. The climate and weather of the Philippines, 1903-1918. Manila, pp. 195. 1920 Rev. L. Froc. Atlas of the tracks of 620 typhoons, 1893-1918. Zi-ka-Wei Observatory, Shanghai. 1920 Griffith Taylor. Australian Meteorology. University Press, Oxford, pp. 305. 1923 S. S. Visher and D. Hodge. Australian hurricanes and related storms. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 16, pp. 80-84. Periodical publications Bulletins of the Philippine Weather Bureau, Government of the Philippines, Manila. (Monthly.) Admiralty Sailing Directions: Pacific Islands. Annual Reports of Agriculture. Legislative Council, Fiji. Australian Monthly Weather Report. Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne. Monthly Meteorological Charts of the East Indian Seas. Meteorological Office, London. West Africa 1875 A. Borius. Recherches sur le climat de Sénégal. Gauthier-Villars, Paris. Mission scientifique au Dahomey. Emile Larose, Paris, 1908, pp. 568. Sur la prévision des grains orageux en Afrique occidentale. Comptes Rendus, 1913 Capt. v. Schwartz. La formation des orages dans les régions montagneuses de l'Afrique occidentale française. La Géographie, vol. XXVII, pp. 208-210. West Coast of Tropical North America 1922 S. S. Visher. Tropical cyclones in the North-East Pacific between Hawaii and Mexico. Washington Mon. Wea. Rev., vol. L, pp. 295–297. 1923 W. E. Hurd. Pilot Chart of the North Pacific Ocean (May). U.S. Hydrographic Office. THROUGHOUT the whole of the history which we have briefly reviewed in this volume meteorological theory has been invariably hampered by want of facts. That is quite evident in the case of Aristotle's work which, as we have seen, was accepted as the standard text-book of meteorology for nearly two thousand years. It is also true for the period following the invention of the barometer during which thermodynamics and the motion of fluids were subjects of special study; and it is true to-day in spite of the fact that the volumes containing the facts about the atmosphere are so numerous as to be quite overwhelming. There is still room for reflexion upon a saying attributed to Raphael Aben Ezra in Charles Kingsley's Hypatia, "No wonder that his theory fits the universe when he has first clipped the universe to fit his theory." By meteorological theory we understand the treatment of the phenomena of weather after the manner of a fully organised science. Let us take as the model of such a science that of geometry as set out in the Greek form familiar to us as Euclid's elements. It has its definitions of the quantities which are to be treated as measurable, its axioms, principles or laws, which are based upon experience or, in other words, are derived by the process known as induction from observation and experiment. They are to be assumed in the course of the argument and are the major premiss of the syllogism. They can, of course, be denied in a disputation; but the denial is a denial of alleged facts not the exposure of a mistake in logic. There are besides postulates which prescribe the experimental or manipulative processes which will be allowed in the discussion, and finally there are the theorems, statements which can be shown to be implicitly contained within the axioms and postulates, and which can be confronted with the actual facts of nature in the process of observation. Next to geometry the science of the solar system is the most perfectly organised. Its definitions are those of mass, velocity and acceleration. The axioms are the laws of motion "axiomata sive leges motus," and the law of gravitation; its postulates are the method of fluxions, and its theorems are the predictions of the positions of the heavenly bodies with a precision that is the admiration and envy of all the other sciences. And the general science of dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, as well |