for his desertion, and then granted him his freedom, adding to that a hide of land.

Then the Lady Rowena rode up and thanked Locksley and his band as her deliverers, off

m the freedom of her forests

lack Knight, expressed his

gratitude, and invited him to make Rotherwood his home. The Knight promised to visit him soon, whereupon Cedric took his departure.

The Black Knight, on being given his choice of the spoil, asked the privilege of disposing of De Bracy, whom he set free, with the warning to beware of his future actions.

Locksley then presented the Knight with the bugle he had won at the tournament, and showed him how to wind a blast that would bring aid at any time. Just as the division of the booty was completed, the rescuing party returned with the Friar, who dragged after him his prisoner, Isaac of York. Another prisoner, the Prior Aymer, was then brought in, and the two were compelled to pay a large ransom before they were allowed to go their

ways.

When the prisoners had departed, the band dispersed, and the Black Knight, after expressing his regard and friendship for Locksley, rode off through the forest.

B. UNDER THE TRYSTING TREE

At some little distance from the yet smoldering ruins of Torquilstone, once the terror of the surrounding country, stood an old oak, which for many a long year had stretched forth its giant arms in defiance of the elements. Indeed, it might almost seem that the immense tree had been placed there for the express purpose of affording its generous shelter to the forest glade that nestled at its foot. The latter was in the shape of an amphitheater of old, perhaps twenty paces in diameter, and closely surrounded with willows and beeches, whose branches almost met overhead, forming a vaulted roof of verdure in summer, and breaking the force of storms in winter. Under the great oak

that marked the northerly end of the inclosure was a natural throne of sod, which showed signs of frequent use.

Here and there throughout the surrounding forest were pick

been recognized as belonging to the Thane of Rotherwood. The scene inside the glade was well in keeping with the bright tints of the autumn leaves. It looked almost Oriental. There, piled high in the middle of the inclosure, stood an immense heap of treasure, the plunder from the castle: rich tapestries wrought perhaps in some Persian workshop, heavy tankards of silver, strong coats of mail, and casks of the oldest wine. Here and there were Locksley's gallant yeomen, clad in the well-known Lincoln green, as fine an exhibition of mankind as one might wish to see. Near the throne, conversing with the chief of the outlaw band, was Cedric the Saxon, simple and unpretentious in his dress as in his character. Following a glance of anger that the Saxon Franklin every now and then sent to the other end of the glade, one could discern the Norman Knight, Maurice de Bracy, unhelmed and unhorsed, leaning against a tree. He was dressed, as was the custom of his class, in rich silken and satin stuffs, which, however, were so bedraggled with blood and dirt that they had lost all semblance of their former appearance. All present were intensely interested in the proceedings, though for varying reasons. It was a scene that most of those present would not soon forget, one of vital interest to them, to rescued and rescuers, to King and captive.

Questions.

1. What things are in A that are not in B?

2. What is there in B that is not in A?

3. What general difference in statements about things mentioned in both A and B?

4. What is the purpose of the writer in A? in B?

5. Does the writer in A make any attempt to convey an idea of the looks of the scene? If not, why not?

6. What is the principal difference in vocabulary between the two themes?

7. What difference do you distinguish between the two themes in the use of verbs?

8. Express in a short theme your idea of the general differences in purpose, method, and use of words.

EXERCISE

363. Explain how each of the following subjects may be treated narratively and descriptively:

I. Ivanhoe in the Lists at Ashby.

2. Charles Darnay in the Court Room.

3. The Group of Children before Irving's Door Christmas Morning.

4. Rebecca on Trial at Templestowe.

5. Lancelot in a Passionate Mood.

6. Gareth and the "Morning Star" on the Bridge.

7. Tommy in the Last Snowstorm.

8. A Group of Children at Play.

9. Giacomo the Organ Grinder. 10. A Crowd in the Park.

364. Description and Exposition. The distinction between description and exposition is often more difficult to make than that between description and narration, because some kinds of exposition are similar in method to description. In making the distinction, several things must be considered. We have already seen that description deals with objects; exposition, on the other hand, has to do with ideas-ideas formed often from direct consideration of objects, but not intended to present a picture to the mind. What, then, is the distinction? In the first place, description deals with the particular, and exposition with the general: we

describe a particular horse, but we explain what a horse is; we describe a particular flower, but we define the term flower. In the second place, there is usually a great difference in purpose: in description we make our appeal almost entirely to the feelings, while in exposition we address ourselves to the thoughts of the reader. The one aims to move, the other to inform. Lastly, the vocabulary of description is for the most part essentially different from that used in exposition: the words of description are suggestive, picturesque, and often indefinite in meaning, while those of exposition are usually exact, restricted in meaning, and often. scientific.

365. Study II: Description and Exposition. -Compare the following theme with the descriptive theme in Study I to discover the difference in purpose, the differences in subject-matter, and in vocabulary:

UNDER THE TRYSTING TREE

On the morning after the storming of the castle of Torquilstone, there was an important meeting under the trysting tree in Harthill Walk. There were present at the beginning the Black Knight and his prisoner, De Bracy; Cedric and his followers, among whom were Wamba and Gurth; and Locksley with such of the surviving members of his band as had taken part in the storming of the castle, with the exception of the Friar. They had assembled to distribute the spoils of the previous day's conquest. Shortly after the proceedings had begun, Lady Rowena with a large retinue appeared, and an interview took place between her and De Bracy. Later the Friar appeared, leading Isaac of York, whom he had discovered in the cellar of the castle. The next to be brought in was the Prior of Jorvaulx, who had been taken captive on the highway by Allan-a-Dale.

There occurred, too, under the trysting tree at this time, several things which, although of seemingly little import, have an important bearing upon future events in the story. In the first place, when Cedric took leave of the Black Knight, the latter suggested that he had a boon to ask of Cedric in the near future. Cedric promised to grant it ere it was asked; and the result was the reconciliation between the noble Franklin and his disinherited son. The next thing of importance is Richard's freeing of De Bracy; who informed John of the whereabouts of Richard, and thus led to the attack upon him in the forest. presentation of the horn by Locksley furnished the means whereby the King's life was saved. Finally the letter given to Isaac for Bois-Guilbert led to the trial of Rebecca as a witch, and thus to the death of the overbearing Templar.

The

The two chapters dealing with the gathering are, however, interesting to the reader for a reason entirely different from that connected with the future events in the story. Our interest is centered in the scene itself. The wildly romantic setting, the sterling qualities of the outlaws, the striking situation of the King of England, the genuineness of Cedric, the manliness of Gurth, and the fidelity of Wamba, the jolly bragging nature of the Friar, the cringing miserliness of Isaac and his deep devotion to his daughter, and the full-mouthed hypocrisy of the Prior, offer an opportunity for the study of human nature in a wide and varied field. It is a scene that we can linger over and return to, because of its dramatic as well as its romantic characteristics.

Questions.

1. What things are treated here that are not considered in the descriptive theme?

2. Explain why they found no place there.

3. What things were treated there that find no place here? Why?

4. Explain clearly whether the above theme deals with objects or ideas.

5. With what did the descriptive theme deal? 6. What is the purpose of the writer here?