4. What is the case of this word?

5. What is the nature of the complementary expression in sentence three?

6. What other sentences complete their meaning by the use of phrases?

7. Are the complementary participles used as adjectives? 8. Where are adverbs used to complete the meaning?

9. Find a sentence to which you would apply the term object complement; predicate complement.

IO.

What various parts of speech and combinations of words may serve as complements?

II.

What verbs in the above sentences, requiring complements, are transitive? intransitive? passive?

12. Which verbs above require two complements? Name other similar verbs.

13. Might the two complements be called complement and supplement?

70. Clause Modifiers. In speaking and writing we often find it necessary to make a subordinate statement, or assertion, in order to define more clearly the meaning of some word or phrase. In so doing we use all the essential elements of the complete sentence; but the statement has not complete meaning if separated from that which it limits. Such groups of words are called dependent clauses.

EXERCISE

71. Point out all the dependent statements in the following sentences:

I. The book which you have was given me last Christmas.

2. He who fights and runs away

May live to fight another day.

3. Many of the troubles that came to him were due to his own recklessness.

4. Guide my lonely way

5.

6.

To where yon taper cheers the vale

With hospitable ray.

This is the place where he lives.

Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness.

7. There is no reason why he should not succeed. 8. I do not know the time when he departed.

9. Lowell died in the house in which he was born. 10. He did not possess the means wherewith to clothe himself respectably.

II. The harbor whither the ship was bound, was blockaded on account of war.

12. Our time since school closed has been spent in prepa rations for going to the country.

13. The thought that he had failed crushed him utterly.

EXERCISE

72. Designate the dependent clauses in the following sentences that are not used to limit the meaning of nouns or pronouns :

I. When they were all seated at the table, in came an old witch, who had not been invited.

2.

After a long and tedious session Congress adjourned. 3. Whenever I saw his face I trembled.

4. They waited until the last vestige of hope fled.

5. He worked more steadily than you believe.

6. It passed through the air so rapidly that the eye could not follow it.

7. Although he had been lauded for his action, he was not conceited.

8. While the novel is abnormally long, it is intensely interesting.

9. I am two inches taller than my father is.

IO. The statement may be false, as far as I can tell.

II.

He accepted the position in order that he might grow up with the business.

12. If it had not been for a sunken road Napoleon might not have gone to St. Helena.

Questions.

I. What parts of speech are modified by the clauses in the above sentences?

2. They perform the function of what class of words then? 3. What name shall we apply to these clauses?

4. What kind of words introduce the clauses?

5.

Which of the clauses express time? place? cause? manner? purpose? result? condition? concession?

73. Complex Noun Ideas. Sometimes we wish to make use of ideas that can not be expressed by single words with their ordinary modifiers, and we are compelled to use a whole clause just as we would use a simple noun.

EXERCISE

74. Find the clauses in the following sentences that are used as nouns :

I.

2.

Whatever he says may be relied upon.

The thought that he was struggling for the life of Lygia, doubled the giant's strength.

3. When he expects to leave is not known.

4. His delight was in doing what pleased others.

5. He objected to whatever was proposed.

6. Admit him, be he who or what he may.

7. The abbot did not know what Cedric's motives were in disinheriting his son.

8. He was made what he had long wished to be, mayor of the town.

9. The Black Knight reproved Locksley for what he had done.

IO.

II.

I can make what merchandise I will.

Most men are what they are because they do not think it worth while to be different.

12. What had become of the wonderful invention no one could find out.

13. That he was not elected president was a severe blow to the old man.

14. The undertaking proved to be what its promoters little expected, a great burden.

15. That he was young and the world was before him, could not eradicate the thought that his friends had betrayed him.

16. The thought of what he had done made him mad. 17. He believed that he had been deceived.

18. What I have seen has convinced me that the scheme is fraudulent.

Questions.

I. In what way is the noun clause used in the first sentence?

2. What other sentences contain clauses used in the same way?

3. What other nominative uses of the clause do you find? Which clauses receive directly the action of the verb? 5. What other objective uses do you find?

4.

6. What kinds of words are used to introduce noun clauses?

75. The Diagram. The diagram is a convenient means of indicating the grammatical structure of a sentence. One method is to place subject, verb, and complement upon the same line, separated by dotted lines. The modifiers of each are written underneath. Dependent clauses are connected with the part of the sentence they modify, being analyzed like the main clause. If the connective is merely a conjunction it is placed on the line joining the clause with the part modified.

Ex. Use can make sweet the peach's shady side,
That only by reflection tastes of sun.

76. Indicate the relations of the various elements in the following sentences by means of diagrams similar to the one given above.

I. Down swept the chill wind from the mountain peaks,
From the snow five thousand summers old.

2. My friend Sir Roger de Coverley, when we last met together at the club, told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy with me, assuring me, at the same time, that he had not been at a play these twenty years.

3. He asked me with a kind of smile whet Sir Andrew had not taken advantage of his absence to vent among them some of his republican doctrines?

4. I could not but observe with a great deal of pleasure the joy that appeared in the countenances of these ancient domestics upon my friend's arrival at his country-seat.

5. If anything were wanting to this necessary operation of the form of government, religion would have given it a complete effect.

6. On a man of poor Rohan's somnolence and violence, the sympathizing mind can estimate what the effect was.

7. Morning in the white wake of the morning star Came furrowing all the orient into gold.

8. Every one of Mr. Macey's audience had heard this story