56. tantundem: though it be exactly the same quantity.

eo fit, so it comes to pass.' The similitude has passed into a fable.

58. Aufidus acer, 'violens' Od. 3. 30. 10, 'longe sonans' Od. 4. 9. 2, cp. 4. 14. 25; the Aufidus stands with Horace generally for a mountain torrent in flood.

59. neque limo turbatam: a point added to the original image. The flooding river is muddy as well as dangerous; allegorice sordidos quaestus,' Acr.: of the dirt which has to be swallowed by one who makes haste to be rich.

61, 62. The third argument of the hoarder.

61. bona pars: cp. A. P. 297: 'bona pro magna dictum, ut saepe Ennius et alii veteres,' Porph. Lucretius (5.1025) and Terence (Eun. 1. 2. 43) have 'bona magnaque pars'; Cic. de Or. 2. 3. 14 'bonam partem sermonis.'

cupidine falso, as 'cupidinis pravi' Od. 3. 24. 51; 'mistaken': for the gender see on Od. 2. 16. 15.

62. tanti quantum habeas sis. The miser is quoting (it seems) Lucilius (incert. 5. 22 'quantum habeas tantum ipse sies tantique habearis.') The mood is probably the same as in the original, 'sis' = av eins.

63. illi, the man who as the representative of the 'bona pars' is supposed to have answered 'nil satis est.' For the dat. cp. Cic. pro Caec. 11. 30 'quid huic tu homini facias?'

64. quatenus, 'inasmuch as,' Od. 3. 24. 30; Sat. 1. 3. 76, 2. 4. 57. It is a frequent use in Lucretius; see Munro on 2. 927. id facit: sc. ' miser est.' Sat. 1. 4. 79. 'Such self-delusion is impenetrable; bring home to him the fact that the world does not estimate him the higher for his wealth, he only falls back on his own approbation.'

68-79. All the time you are getting none of the pleasure of your wealth, though you get all its inconvenience.

68. Horace begins as in epic vein ('commendandum est hoc pronuntiatione' Acr.), he is interrupted by a smile from his auditor. Cp. Sat. 2. 5. 3. He hastens to explain that it is an allegory; myth though it be,' change only the name and it is strictly true and of yourself.'

71. indormis: cp. Virg. G. 2. 507 'condit opes alius defossoque incubat auro'; Aen. 6. 610 qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis.'

inhians; keeping even in sleep the look of eager attention.

tamquam sacris: Sat. 2. 3. 110 'metuensque velut contingere sacrum,' where see note.

72. pictis tabellis, which please no sense but the eye. For 'picta tabella'=a picture, cp. Epp. 2. 1. 97.

73-78. Horace is possibly imitating some lines of Menander (Κυβερνῆται 1-4) ταργύριον εἶναι μειράκιόν σοι φαίνεται ͵ οὐ τῶν ἀναγκαίων καθ ̓ ἡμέραν μόνον | τιμὴν παρασχεῖν δυνατόν, ἄρτων, ἀλφίτων, | ὄξους, ἐλαίου, μείζονός τ ̓ ἄλλου τινός.

74. vini sextarius: about a pint; a temperate man's allowance. It was Augustus' maximum; Suet. Oct. 77.

75. doleat negatis: Sat. 1. 2. 112 'quid [natura] sit dolitura negatum.'

77. malos fures. It is noticed that Horace is fond of using the adjective 'malus' in cases where it seems scarcely needed: cp. Sat. 1. 5. 14 mali culices,' 2. 1. 56 'mala cicuta,' 2. 3. 135 'malis Furiis.' There seems in each case to be some irony or play in it. Here it is the epithet which the miser himself would use, 'those wicked thieves.'

78. hoc, summing up the previous infinitives; cp. Sat. 1. 10. 60. 79. bonorum: sc. 'vigilare,' 'formidare,' &c.; it points the irony of the question 'hoc iuvat?' is this your idea of pleasure? For the gen. after 'pauperrimus' cp. Od. 3. 30. 11 pauper aquae,' Sat. 2. 3. 142 'pauper... argenti,' and so 'dives' Epp. 2. 2. 31, &c.

80-83. The fourth apology for accumulating.

80. condoluit, from condolesco,' the inchoative form; the preposition is intensive: Plaut. Truc. 2. 8. 2 'mihi de vento miserae condoluit caput.'

temptatum: the usual word for attacks of disease: Od. 1. 16. 23, Epp. 1. 6. 28.

81. adfixit, 'has nailed you,' 'made you a prisoner,' to your bed. Perhaps a case where (with Bentley) we may prefer the reading of a minority of MSS., the majority reading' adflixit.' There is a similar variety where there can be little doubt that 'adfigit' is the true reading in Sat. 2. 2. 79 ‘adfigit (adfligit) humo divinae particulam aurae.' Cp. Seneca, Ep. 67 ago gratias senectuti quod me lectulo adfixit.'

84. omnes: best taken (as by Kiessling) by itself; being then expanded into 'neighbours, acquaintances.'

85. pueri atque puellae. Sat. 2. 3. 130' Insanum te omnes pueri clamentque puellae.' It has the air of a proverbial expression, and probably means like 'old and young,' 'man and maid,' and the like, 'all the world.'

88. an si. This is the reading of B, and it is interpreted by Porph. If with Bentley we accept it, the sense is plain. Horace has said, 'Do you wonder at finding that no one pays you the love which you are not earning?' He adds an alternative suggestion, 'Or can it be that you imagine that, though Nature gave you the love of kin without asking for any toil on your part, it would be a ridiculously impossible task for you to try to keep it?' Bentley justifies the taking ‘nullo labore' for 'with no labour to you' by Sen. Apocolocyntosis 'Sponte sua festinat opus nulloque labore Mollia contorto distendunt stamina fuso,' and id. Epist. 84 'quod in corpore nostro videmus sine ulla opera facere naturam.' More difficulty is introduced if we adopt the alternative reading 'At si.' This still leaves it open to us to point the sentence as a question (as Munro) and to take it substantially as before. The majority however of those who accept it take the sentence cate

gorically: 'Nay, if you think at no cost of labour on your part to keep the love of the kin whom nature gives, you would be wasting your pains as utterly as one who should try,' &c. Bentley objected to this, (1) the involved order of the words 'natura quos tibi dat' interrupting the construction of 'nullo labore retinere,' a harshness hardly met by the reference to Sat. I. 5. 72 and 2. I. 60, (2) the apparent contradiction of 'nullo labore,' 'operam perdas.' How can you waste your labour if you spend none? (3) the want of correspondence in the similitude 'si quis asellum,' &c. The difficulty in that case lies with the intractable nature of the material; but according to this interpretation the difficulty in the thing to be illustrated lies with the insufficient trouble of the operator.

90. asellum currere. The Comm. Cruq. vouches for the existence of a proverbial expression 'docere asinum currere,' and it has been supposed to be alluded to in Scipio's jest on Ti. Claudius Asellus, 'agas asellum et cetera' (i. e. ' and the rest of the proverb '), Cic. de Or. 2. 64. 258 with Wilkins' note.

91. doceat,' were to try to teach.'

parentem frenis, as if it was a horse, 'equus frenis, asinus fusti paret.' Düntzer.

92. denique, 'The sum of my answer is.' It is intended to introduce the last word on the general subject of hoarding, although the miser interrupts with yet one more plea, so that there is room (v. 106) for a second 'denique': but Horace is still specially answering the argument that money would secure attention in sickness. The futility of the plea has been exposed. He adds a picture of the end of the miser's friendless life, murdered by his venal attendant, not without some kind of approbation from the world.

finis quaerendi: the expression is from Lucilius, fragm. incert. 1. 6 ‘Virtus quaerendae rei finem scire modumque.'

plus answers to 'minus,' 'since you have more [than you had], fear penury less [than you did].'

6

94. ne facias quod: the colourless use of 'facere,' standing, as our to do,' for some more definite verb; see on v. 64; ‘lest that befall you which befell Ummidius.'

95. quidam, as our 'once upon a time' is meant to give the air of beginning a story.

96. ut metiretur: to the point of estimating his money by weight instead of by counting a proverbial expression. Cf. Xen. Hellenic. 3. 2. 27 τὸν λεγόμενον μεδίμνῳ ἀπομετρήσασθαι τὸ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς apyúplov: 'dives ut metiretur' would be Horatian, see Sat. 2. 7. 10: but here 'ita' is probably supplied from the second clause.

100. divisit medium. Virg. Aen. 9. 750 'Et mediam ferro gemina inter tempora frontem Dividit.'

fortissima Tyndaridarum, as Bentley explains it, lit. ' bravest of the children of Tyndarus'—i. e. ' a second Clytemnestra '-yvvaikòs ȧvdpóßovλov κéap. The epithet 'fortissima' therefore properly belongs to Clytemnestra, not to her imitator, but the reference to

heroic precedent is meant to make the fate of Ummidius somewhat ridiculous, as though the world would smile at it and think it served him right, rather than be indignant at it.

IOI. The miser's last plea, 'What! you wish me to be a spendthrift.'

vivam Naevius: 'sic ut' is to be borrowed from the following clause. See on v. 96, and cp. the similar omission of 'ut' in the second clause in Epod. 1. 34.

102. Nomentanus. Cp. Sat. 1. 8. 11, 2. I. 22, 2. 3. 175, 224. The Scholiasts call him Cassius Nomentanus, 'adeo sine respectu calculorum suorum prodigus ut septuagies gulae ac libidini impenderit,' and make him belong to Horace's generation, giving a story that Sallust the historian hired his cook for 100,000 sesterces a year. The form of Acron's note however betrays its little value, 'aliter, Nomentanus aut nomen proprium est aut gentile de Nomentana civitate.' In reality the name is from Lucilius (fragm. 2. 4 and 5).

pergis, 'you proceed to set together forehead to forehead things that fight one another,' i. e. to set off against one another, as if there was no neutral third alternative, contradictory opposites.

103. frontibus adversis: as in the bull-fight, Virg. Aen. 12. 716. Lucretius uses the phrase of two clouds meeting, 6. 116.

componere is used of making a match between two gladiators: cp. Sat. 1. 7. 20.

104. fieri belongs to both clauses. vappam ac nebulonem. Horace puts the two titles together again in Sat. 1. 2. 12. 'Vappa' is properly wine which had lost its flavour: so Sat. 1. 5. 16, 2. 3. 144. Catullus 28. 5 applies it in special opposition to the nameFrugi' (see Ellis in loco) to a man whose character is gone. 'Nebulo is a word of Lucilius: 14. 20 'lucifugus nebulo '; 20. 9' nugator ac nebulo.'

105. According to the Scholiasts Horace has put real names (Tanais being a freedman of Maecenas) to a coarse Greek proverb which expresses the alternative of excess and defect.

106. est modus in rebus: i. e. 'in omnibus rebus,' 'modus,' 'measure,'' moderation,' the Greek μérpiov, μeσórns. Horace perhaps has in mind the verse of Lucilius quoted on v. 92, where 'modus and 'finis' are brought together. As the 'denique' seems to show he is returning to what he said there.

108. qui nemo, ut. This was the reading of V. There is in favour of it (1) that this is the point from which he started,' 'Qui fit, Maecenas,' &c. The following words 'laudet diversa sequentis' show that we are going back to the very question propounded in vv. 1-3; (2) that the accidental omission of 'qui' will explain 'nemo ut,' and (for the purpose of avoiding the hiatus) nemon ut.' It is hard to see how 'qui' can have arisen from either of the other readings. The difficulty lies in explaining 'ut avarus.' The choice seems to lie between (1) connecting it not so much with 'nemo' as with the positive 'unusquisque' which is the subject

of the other verbs and, in sense, of the whole sentence (see above on v. 3) 'how it comes that every one, being as he is ('ut '=' utpote') bent on gaining more, fails to be satisfied,' &c.: (2) supposing the phrase 'se probet,' which alone does not come from vv. I, 2, is meant to take us back to the special story of the miser at Athens, v. 66 'at mihi plaudo': 'why no one imitates the miser in my story.'

III. tabescat: cp. Epp. 1. 2. 57 'invidus alterius macrescit rebus opimis.'

112. hunc atque hunc, 'one and then another.'

113. sic with festinanti'; one who is started on this race always finds a richer man than himself to compare himself with, just as in a chariot-race each driver's eyes are set on the one before him, not on those he has passed.

114. The resemblance of the commencement 'Vt cum carceribus,' followed by 'Instat equis auriga,' to Virg. G. 1. 512 foll. 'Vt cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae... Fertur equis auriga' is too great to be accidental. Whether any argument can be drawn from this as to the date of either poem may be doubted. See Sellar, Roman Poets, Virgil, ch. 5, note on p. 174. He thinks Virgil was the imitator.

115. illum praeteritum, that other competitor whom he has passed': 'illum,' perhaps with some sense of contempt: 'extremos inter euntem,' the expression of his contempt, as amongst the hindmost in the race.'

117. inde fit ut, 'this is why.' Kiessling points out that 'inde fit' answers to 'qui fit' in v. I and 'qui nemo' (which repeats it) in v. 108. This is the final answer to the problem proposed. Men are unsatisfied because they are always thinking of what they have not got rather than of what they have.

119. uti conviva satur: cp. Epp. 2. 2. 214. It is from Lucret. 3.938 Cur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis Aequo animoque capis securam, stulte, quietem?' and ib. 959 'nec opinanti mors ad caput astitit ante Quam satur ac plenus possis discedere rerum.' See Munro on the first of these passages. He points out that 'verbum non amplius addam' is a verbal echo of another line from this passage, though the sense is different, cur amplius addere quaeris? v. 941. Notice that Lucretius is tracing the unreadiness to die to the same cause as Horace,' quia semper aves quod abest, praesentia temnis.' We have in fact the germ of the Satire.

120. Crispini: Sat. 1. 3. 139, 1. 4. 14, 2. 7. 45. From these passages we gather that he was a fluent writer (perhaps, as the Scholiasts say, of verses) and a Stoic, and that he had incurred Horace's contempt; see above on v. 14. There is nothing to be added to this from external sources.

scrinia: Epp. 2. 1. 113. Cylindrical cases for rolls of papyrus. It seems to mean here 'the cases (Crispinus is so voluminous that he needs more than one) which contain Crispinus' writings.'