brother, sister, brother of the whole blood, sister of ditto, father's father, father's mother, mother's father, mother's mother, father's elder brother, father's elder brother's wife, father's younger brother, father's younger brother's wife, mother's brother, mother's brother's wife, father's sister, father's sister's husband, mother's sister, mother's sister's husband, father's elder brother's son, father's elder brother's daughter, father's younger brother's son, father's younger brother's daughter, father's sister's son, father's sister's daughter, mother's brother's son, mother's brother's daughter, mother's sister's son, mother's sister's daughter, brother's son, brother's daughter, sister's son, sister's daughter, husband, wife, husband's or wife's father, husband's or wife's mother, child's wife's (or husband's) father, child's wife's (or husband's) mother, daughter's husband, son's wife, wife's brother, wife's sister, wife's sister's husband, husband's elder brother, husband's elder brother's wife, husband's younger brother, husband's younger brother's wife, husband's sister, husband's sister's husband, sister's husband, foster brother, brother by a different mother.

It will thus appear, that the Bengalis distinguish, by separate words, ten relationships which we confound under the common terms uncle and aunt; that they express by ten terms the relationships, which we lump together under the single term cousin, while they have many terms to express degrees of affinity, which we are content to designate by a long periphrasis. Long as this list is, it might have been greatly extended, by the insertion of a string of great-grand-fathers extending back to innumerable generations.

To return to the Vocabulary, we repeat that it is fitted to be exceedingly useful to all students of the Bengali language.

Memoir of the First Campaign in the Hills North of Catchee, under Major Billamore, in 1839-40. By one of his Surviving Subalterns. London. Allen and Co. 1852.

THIS little contribution to the recent history of India is so interesting, that we wish it had been divested of its controversial character. Major Billamore's campaign was so well conducted, and afforded so good a specimen of what can be done by British discipline and steadiness, that its history was worthy of being written, even if Sir W. Napier had not called out the author by "ignoring" the whole facts of the campaign, or implying that the result was the opposite of what it really was; this being the alternative to which we are reduced by the assertion that his brother was the first man who led troops into the hill country North of Catchee without disaster.

Viewed in a controversial light, it certainly appears that the Subaltern has the better of the argument; but we cannot help thinking that he might have done justice to his old commander and companions in arms, without introducing, into almost every page, some remarks

in disparagement of the Napiers. However, the book will well repay perusal, and will be useful to the future historian by showing him the other side of the question.

Third Report of the Students' Literary and Scientific Society. Bombay. 1852.

THREE years ago certain students of the Elphinstone Institution of Bombay, with the aid of one or two of their Professors, established a Society for the diffusion of knowledge among their countrymen, and commenced a career of persevering labour, which, year by year, has raised them higher in the estimation of all who have watched their progress. From the very first they have shown a strong healthy vigour of purpose, far different from the indefiniteness of thought, the mental effeminacy which, in too many cases, checks all permanent improvement in Bengal. The students seem to know what they want and why they want it, and with that most necessary knowledge, have come to a quiet determination to secure the desired object. They do not consider themselves the most oppressed of human beings because they are not all appointed to Government situations; and although anxious for State assistance they would not be Asiatics else they can wait and work on cheerfully. This is their third report, and we perceive from it, that the Society possesses a fund of about Rs. 20,309, and last year expended Rs. 8,631, of which Rs. 1,759 was for the payment of schoolmasters and their assistants, Rs. 1,656 for school-books, Rs. 2,000 for philosophical apparatus, and Rs. 1,020 for a collection of fossils, minerals, and earths. The exact number of members is unfortunately not mentioned, but the Managing Committee contains nine names, of whom two are Europeans, four Parsis, and three Hindus. Throughout the lists we do not observe a single Mohammedan name, although the Mohammedans form so numerous and wealthy a class in the island. Forty members were present at the meeting convened to adopt the report, which seems to have given general satisfaction. Although the great majority of the members are natives, the Society employs the English language almost exclusively, and all its proceedings are in that tongue; but the evil, in so far as it is an evil, is remedied by an excellent system of affiliated associations, whose operations are confined exclusively to the Vernaculars. These latter are chiefly composed of the members of the parent association, and the system of superintendence, rather than control, which is maintained by the former, is thus described :

We need not here repeat what we stated in former reports regarding the obvious advantages of the Dnyân-prasárak Societies as diffusers of knowledge among the uneducated masses, by lectures, discussions, and cheap publications in the Vernacular languages. The superintendence which this Society exercises over those bodies has, you are aware, been freely delegated to us by the Societies themselves.

Each branch is represented here by its President, who enters this Society as ex-officio Vice-President, and member of the Managing Committee. The Societies are entirely independent of this meeting as regards self-government, and the management of their internal affairs. But at the same time we shall always consider it our duty to express ourselves with entire freedom, whether in praise or in censure, concerning all matters, which are likely to exercise an influence on the interests of the commonwealth at large.

The means upon which the students principally rely for the diffusion of information among their countrymen, are female schools, essays, lectures, and publications in the Vernacular. We are not quite certain whether these expedients-always excepting the female schools are not a little too Western in their origin and character. The few great movements in native society, which history records, have been brought about by very different means: but be that as it may, the projects of the students have been carried out with energy and perseverance. The essays in particular demand observation. We confess we are always weary of seeing the rising intellect of the country wasting its strength in purposeless disquisitions upon abstract questions, in which he who writes best must repeat the greatest number of truisms, and it is only by deviation into falsehood that any one can hope to be original. All such effusions, so dear to Young Bengal, read, from the very nature of the subject, like a series of moral copy-slips strung together, and rendered more than usually puerile by losing the succinctness, which is their only merit. Not much better are the interminable literary disquisitions in which young Babus undertake to reveal to an admiring world, beauties in Milton, which Macaulay never perceived, and archaisms in Shakspeare, which Halliwell never detected. It is something to turn from this literary blanc mange-sweet, smooth and tasteless, with tendency to turn sour -to the essays of the Bombay students, who "have oiled their limbs 'to struggle with stubborn obstinate facts." The expression is an odd one, being apparently modelled after Mrs. Gamp's celebrated opinion, that "facts is stubborn and not easy drove,”—but the feeling is in the highest degree creditable to the writers. The list of English essays read during the year is as follows:

Besides two papers by the Secretary on the History of the Elphinstone Institution, seventeen essays were read and discussed during the Term. Of these, seven treated of educational and social subjects, three were historical, three scientific, and four literary and miscellaneous. Among those which excited the greatest interest, we may specify the following:-"A short history of the newspapers in Bombay, English and Native, together with remarks on the spirit in which the latter are conducted," by Dosâbhâi Frâmji (Editor of the Jam-i-Jamshid); " On the state of education among the Parsis of Bombay, before and since the establishment of the Elphinstone Institution," by Bamanji Pestanji, (Gujarâti Vice-President for 1852); "On the present state of the Banians, with suggestions for improving their moral and social condition," by Mohanlal Ranchoddas (now President of the B. H. Sabhâ); and the first of a series of papers" On the metallurgy of India," by Ardeshir Frâmji, of whose lectures on Chemistry, in the Gujarati Dnyânprasârak Society, favourable notice has more than once been taken by the English

press.

We have placed the four in italics, because in Bengal, out of the

seventeen subjects, fifteen at least would have been connected with literature, and of these ten would have been on the merits of Pope, two on Milton's Paradise Lost-for Young Bengal has no idea of Comus-two on Shakespeare's tragedies, and one on Kalidasa-the last, the most interesting of the batch. The same spirit of practicalness pervades all the Vernacular publications, but of the sixteen subjects upon which papers are ready for the press, there is only onemeteorology-which we could willingly have dispensed with. Even that may possibly be of use to a people who believe that a falling star is a sinning spirit, which has lost its power of residing in the bright heaven, and whose ideas on the direction of the winds are by no means in accordance with the doctrines of Reid and Piddington :

In Marathi.-1, Applied Chemistry; 2, Physical Geography; 3, Physical History of Man, Part I.; 4, Chronology; 5, History of India; 6, Superstitions; 7, Private duties of life; 8, Preservation of health; 9, Statistics. In Gujarati. -1, Zoology; 2, Meteorology; 3, Grammar; 4, Logic; 5, Political Economy; 6, Government; 7, History of India.

The members of the largest of the affiliated Societies, the Dnyanprasarak Mandali exhibit precisely the same spirit. They have endeavoured to enlighten their countrymen by Vernacular essays, a report of which appeared in the local journals at the time, and excited an interest, which spoke volumes for the Parsi love of improvement. Only ten were delivered during the year, on the following subjects :

The following is a list of the Essays read during the two Sessions ;-1, Early history of the British Empire in India, by Edalji Rustamji; 2, Influence of Custom in India, by Edalji Nânâbhài; 3, What is Wealth? by Dâdâbhâi Nâurozji ; 4, Disadvantages of Early Marriages, by Jehangir Hormazji; 5, Unnecessary expenditure at Weddings, by Mayârâm Shambhunâth; 6, False Notions regarding Astrology, by Dâdábhâi Nâurozji; 7, Some of the Evil Customs connected with Ceremonies for the Dead, by Pránlal Mathurâdas; 8, Sources of the Ancient History of Persia, by Jehangir Barjorji; 9, Education of Parsi boys before the establishment of the Elphinstone Institution, by Bamanji Pestanji; 10, Superstitious Notions, by Edalji Nasarwânji.

So deep was the interest felt in these discussions, that the debate on the fourth topic occupied four days, and the debate on the ceremonies for the dead resulted in the establishment of a new Society, which resolved to attempt to cleanse Zoroastrianism of all the extraneous customs and ceremonies, by which it has been corrupted, an effort which, if fairly carried out, can but lay bare the foundations of the structure. In addition to these subjects, Mr. Ardeshir Jamshedji delivered some lectures on Legerdemain, which created quite an enthusiasm in the Parsi community, and have had a powerful effect in dissipating certain superstitions. The monthly magazine of the Society embraces not only a regular account of its "transactions, but a series of papers on manufactures and arts, besides contributions on the ancient history of Persia, and the cave-temples of India. It has attained a circulation of two hundred copies in Bombay, and seventeen in China, the Parsis of Canton taking an extraordinary interest in the operations of the Society.

The ultimate object of the students being to effect a permanent

b

improvement among their countrymen, they early turned their attention towards the education of the women, for which they possessed peculiar facilities. The seclusion of female children at Bombay appears to be by no means so zealous as in Bengal, and the students were not obstructed by that undefined distrust, which perpetually obstructs the efforts even of European ladies in this direction. They have now under their superintendence three Parsi female schools, which contained, in 1851, 196 pupils. This number rose in 1852 to

371, but the daily attendance is much smaller, the carelessness and irregularity of the parents in this respect being one of the greatest difficulties with which the masters have to contend. Reading, writing, geography and arithmetic, embroidery and needle-work, appear to be the studies chiefly attended to, and in all, the progress of the little girls is decidedly satisfactory. The introduction of the monitorial system, by which the eldest and cleverest girls are made to teach the younger and themselves at the same time, has greatly relieved the masters, while it affords ground for hope, that at some future time a class of female teachers will be available. The Hindu schools, in which Marathi is the Vernacular, have not been quite so successful, partly from the greater indifference of this class of the population, and partly from accidental causes. There is still, however, a vast improvement upon the indigenous patshalas, of which Messrs. Ramchander Balcrushna and Vishwanath Narayan remark :

Those vulgar exhibitions that are so constantly to be witnessed in the island, of a few wretched urchins huddled together in a dismal room (situated in some squalid gully without light or air) squatting round a Puntoji, himself stupid and half naked, and jabbering away mysterious paragraphs in barbarous Maráthi, of which neither they nor the teacher, who professes to be able to enlighten them, can explain two consecutive sentences.

An account of a visit to these schools inserted in the report is sufficiently interesting for extract :

Imagine in a spacious room, furnished after the European fashion, some thirty or forty little girls, all drest in their best,-many of them laden with rich ornaments, anklets and ear-rings, seated, in order, around the room, gazing anxiously from their large, lustrous, and soulful eyes upon the strangers who sit at the table directing the examination, aided by the teacher, the superintendents, the worthy Shet and his kinsmen; see behind them a crowd of Hindus in their flowing robes and picturesque turbans, their faces beaming with eagerness and delight, as they watch the answers of the pupils,-many of them relations, some even their wives; listen also to the low and sweet voices of childhood, chanting in the melodious Gujaráti (the Ionic of Western India) the praises of education; and you may be able to form some idea of the scene, and of one of the most pleasurable moments in the life of a new-comer.

There are four classes in the school. The course of the first class is reading Dnyanbodhak (Knowledge-Imparter), moral tales, writing, a little natural history, mental arithmetic, embroidery, and sewing; that of the other classes descends, regularly, from this standard down to the alphabet. The little girls read, for us, by turns, and were then asked to express in their own words the meaning of the passages, which they did with ease; they answered correctly some questions in arithmetic, requiring a knowledge of the first rules and of the money of this country, and showed some acquaintance with the names of the animals on the