Natus ad Euphraten, molles quod in aure fenestrae times magistrates (who were now sunk very 104. Natus ad Euphraten,] He may mean from Cappadocia, from which part the Romans got a good many of their slaves (vii. 15). See Martial x. 76: "Civis non Syriaeve Parthiaeve Nec de Cappadocis eques catastis." 'Fenestrae' are the holes made for earrings, and they are called 'molles,' which means effeminate. The man says he has five houses, which he lets out for shops, and they are worth 400,000 sesterces, which was an equestrian fortune; unless with Heinrich we understand 'quinque tabernae' to be those spoken of by Livy as banking houses in the forum: "Septem tabernae quae postea quinque et argentariae quae nunc Novae appellantur " (xxvi. 27). In that case the man means his transactions at the quinque tabernae' bring him in this income. I incline to this interpretation. With quadringenta' sestertia' must be supplied. See iii. 153, sq.; v. 132; xiv. 323; and Hor. Epod. iv. 15, n. 106. purpura major] That is, (as the Scholiast says) the latus clavus,' or broad purple stripe on the tunic worn by senators, as opposed to the angustus clavus' worn by equites.' (See Dict. Ant.; and Hor. S. i. 5. 36, n.; ii. 7. 10, n.) A 'tribunus militum' of the first four legions was entitled to a seat in the senate, and therefore to thelatus clavus;' but it was allowed to others who were not senators under the empire. 107. si Laurenti custodit in agro] Laurentum, supposed to be at the site of 105 Torre di Paternò, is near the coast, and "con 108. ego possideo plus] That possidere' was used generally in the sense of possessing property, and not confined to the possessores' technically so called, is obvious from this and many passages. The 'possessores' of the republican period were occupiers of public lands; and this man could not be a possessor' in that sense any more than Pallas or Licinus. He makes himself out to be vastly rich, and yet he is here begging. 109. Pallante et Licinis.] The man's speech ends here. Pallas was a freedman of Claudius, in whose reign he got together a large fortune, for the sake of which he was put to death by Nero, A.D. 63. Licinus was a Gaulish slave manumitted by C. Julius Caesar, and made by Augustus governor of Gallia, which he robbed, and thereby grew very rich. The Scholiast says it was to stop people's mouths that he built a basilica' in the name of C. Julius Caesar (the Basilica Julia in the Forum Romanum). He died in the reign of Tiberius. This, the Scholiast says, is the Licinus mentioned by Persius (S. ii. 36). This may very likely be the person alluded to by Juvenal here and at xiv. 306. The authorities for his life are quoted in Dict. Biog. The commentators refer to members of the 'Licinia gens,' of which the family of Crassus in particular was very rich. As to Vincant divitiae, sacro nec cedat honori Nondum habitas, nullas nummorum ereximus aras, the plural Licinis, where only one person is meant, see note on Horace, S. i. 7. 8. 110. sacro nec cedat honori] The person of the 'tribunus plebis' was inviolable, 'sacrosanctus' (Liv. ii. 33). Martial has (viii. 66) "Et Caesar genero sacros honores;" and Virgil (Aen. iii. 484), “Nec cedit honori." 110 115 It where the declivity commenced called (Horace, C. iv. 2. 35) Sacer Clivus, which led down to the Forum Romanum. was begun by Claudius and finished by Vespasian, who deposited in it the spoils of Jerusalem brought to Rome by Titus. (Joseph. B. J. vii. 37.) It was burnt down in the reign of Commodus, about 120 years after it was built. Fides had a temple on Mons Capitolinus, which was said to have been founded originally by Numa, and was afterwards restored in the consulship of M. Aemilius Scaurus, A. U. c. 639. No less than three temples of Victoria are mentioned, one of which was in the Forum, another on Mons Palatinus, and a third on Mons Aventinus. That on the Palatine was said by tradition to have been originally -quorum titulus per barbara colla pe- built by Evander. In his first consulship Some editions have ne cedat.' 111. pedibus qui venerat albis ;] The Scholiast has a note here, which need not be attended to. Slaves newly imported are generally said to have been chalked on the soles of their feet when exposed for sale. (See Dict. Ant., Art. Servus,' 872, b.) Ovid 66 says, Gypsati crimen inane pedis" (Am. i. 8. 62); and Propertius speaks of slaves for sale, pendit Cretati medio cum saluere foro " (iv. 5. 51); but what could have been the use of chalking their soles is not obvious to me. They may have worn white slippers perhaps, or something of that sort. 112. divitiarum Majestas,] This condenses Horace's "Virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulchris Divitiis parent' (S. ii. 3. 95). 113. funesta Pecunia] Compare Horace, Epp. i. 6. 37, "Et genus et formam regina Pecunia donat," where I have quoted the Christian writers on whose authority Pecunia is said to have been worshipped. Seneca (de Provid. c. 5) says, "Non sunt divitiae bonum. Itaque habeat illas et Ellius leno ut homines Pecuniam cum in templis consecraverint videant et in fornice." From which it would seem there were statues of Pecunia in the temples. 115. Ut colitur Pax atque Fides,] This group is found in Horace, C. S. 57: "Jam Fides et Pax et Honos Pudorque Priscus et neglecta redire Virtus Audet," where I have a note on each of these divinities. The temple of Pax was one of the handsomest buildings in Rome, and was situated on the Via Sacra, about the point M. Marcellus built a temple to Virtus near the Porta Capena, from which the Via Appia began. 116. crepitat Concordia nido.] "Concordia, who twitters when the birds salute their nest;"that is, her temple sounds with the twittering of the birds. There was a beautiful temple to Concordia in the Carinae, originally built by Furius Camillus after the expulsion of the Gauls, A. U. c. 364, and restored by Livia, Augustus' wife. See Ovid, Fast. vi. 637: "Te quoque magnifica, Concordia, dedicat aede Livia quam caro praestitit illa viro." See also Fast. i. 639, sq. There was another that stood between the Capitol and the Forum, in which the senate sometimes held their meetings. Sall. B. Cat. 49. Cic. Phil. ii. 8. Some say that the crow, others that the stork was the bird sacred to Concordia. John of Salisbury says (Nugae, &c. i. 13), "Ciconia quoniam avis Concordiae est concordiam invenit et concordiam facit." Aelian (de Animalibus, 1. iii.) gives this honour to the crow. Whichever it was Juvenal supposes some bird to have built its nest on the temple of Concordia. Some MSS. have ciconia,' the first syllable of which is short, and it would have no mean Sed quum summus honor finito computet anno 120 Ostendens vacuam et clausam pro conjuge sellam. "Galla mea est," inquit; "citius dimitte; moraris." 125 "Profer, Galla, caput." "Noli vexare, quiescit." Ipse dies pulcro distinguitur ordine rerum: Sportula, deinde forum, jurisque peritus Apollo ing here. M. has it in the margin. It probably arose from Ovid's "crepitante ciconia rostro (Met. vi. 97). 117. Sed quum summus honor] "But when the highest magistrates take account at the end of the year what the 'sportula' brings them in, and how much it adds to their income, what will their followers do who get every thing, clothes, and victuals, and firing (fumusque) from that source ?" Referre' is the proper word for entering money in an account book, and 'rationes' are the accounts themselves. 119. Quid facient comites,] That is, those parasites whose profession it was to wait upon the rich. See above, v. 46. 120. Densissima centum Quadrantes] See note on v. 95. 'Densissima lectica' is equivalent to plurima lectica.' Men are not satisfied with going themselves, but they must take their wives with them to get a double allowance, though they be sick or in the family way. Another takes his wife's empty chair, with the curtains drawn round. It's my wife's Galla," says he; "we are in a hurry, don't detain us." "Put out your head, Galla, that we may see you're there," says the balneator.' "Don't disturb her, she's asleep ;" and so he takes a second dole. As to the difference between 'lectica' and 'sella' see note on v. 64. 66 127. Ipse dies pulcro] Here follows an account of the divisions of the day, which he calls a 'fair ordering'ironically. The distribution of the dole is the first thing in the morning; then the great man goes to the forum and the law courts, and returns home about dinner time, still attended by his clients, who, after seeing him to his door, retire wearied, and disappointed, because he does not ask them to dinner, as rich men used to do before the sportula' was invented, As far as it goes this division of the day corresponds with Martial's (iv. 8). The two first hours, he says, were given up to the salutatio,' the next three to the courts, the sixth to sleep and the 'prandium,' the seventh to business again, the eighth to exercise, and the ninth to dinner, which went on ad libitum til bed-time. (See Hor. Epp. i. 7. 47, n.) It is here said that the sportula' was the first business. Becker says the dole itself was taken away in the afternoon, though the 'salutatio' took place in the morning (Gall. p. 29, n.). We have a scene below (iii. 249, sqq.) of slaves carrying away hot viands in the afternoon ; and Martial (x. 70. 13) says he has to go at the tenth hour for his bath or his sportula;' "Balnea post decimam lasso centumve petuntur Quadrantes." It appears, therefore, that people could take the earnings of their servility either in the morning or the afternoon. 128. jurisque peritus Apollo] As to the Forum Augusti, which is here alluded to, see Hor. Epp. i. 16. 57, n. There was in it a statue of Apollo inlaid with ivory (Plin. H. N. vii. 53). In this forum were two porticos, in one of which were statues of Aeneas and the Roman kings, and in the other of distinguished soldiers. Compare Sueton. (Aug. 31): "Statuas omnium (qui imperium populi Romani ex minimo maximum reddidissent) triumphali effigie in utraque fori sui porticu dedicavit," with Ovid (Fast. v. 563, sqq.): "Hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere sacro Et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos. Hinc videt Iliaden humeris ducis arma ferentem Claraque dispositis acta subesse viris." Amongst others a colossal one of Augustus c Atque triumphales, inter quas ausus habere (Mart. viii. 44. 7). Among all Apollo's attributes law was not one, and he is only called 'juris peritus' because he was always listening to lawyers. So Martial says (ii. 64), "Ipse potest fieri Marsya causidicus," because his statue was in the Forum Romanum. (See Hor. S. i. 6. 119, n.) 130. Aegyptius atque Arabarches,] This title has caused a good deal of trouble. It occurs in Cicero (Ad Att. ii. 17) where, as here, the MSS. differ, some having 'Arabarches,' and others Alabarches.' Ernesti (Clavis) says the sense and MSS. both favour Alabarches' (see end of this note). So also in the Codex Justin., iv. 61. 9, a duty upon cattle imported from Arabia into Egypt is variously written ‘vectigal Alabarchiae and 'Arabarchiae.' The reading, however, is not of much importance, for the meaning must be the same even if the r became corrupted into l. The title must have been that of some Roman officer of consideration in the province of Egypt, whatever his duties may have been. They were discharged in one instance, at least, by the governor of a district, as appears by the inscription on Memnon's statue quoted by Mr. Mayor, where Claudius Aemilius is said to be àpaßápxns καὶ ἐπιστράτηγος Θηβαΐδος. Juvenal is indignant that a provincial officer should have had a public statue, with his services inscribed on the pedestal (titulos), set up for him among the great meu in the forum. The notion of Alabarches' being derived from ăλaßa which Hesychius says means ink, and therefore that the officer was 'scripturae praefectus,' or collector of the tax upon cattle, was first propounded, according to Pullmann, by his contemporary Cujacius, and some later editors have adopted it (Ernesti does so in his Clavis' on Cicero, mentioned above). Otherwise it would not be worth noticing. 131. non tantum] Non tantum' is explained by Horace S. i. 8.38. Juvenal says that a man may foul this fellow's statue in any way he pleases without offence. (See 130 135 Pers. i. 113.) Heinrich quotes several instances of 'non tantum' used in this elliptical way, as Liv. x. 14, "Non vero tantum metu," where we are to add "sed etiam ficto;" Plin. Epp. iii. 14, init., "Rem atrocem nec tantum epistola dignam," where Gesner supplies "sed historia vel tragoedia adeo." In 132. Vestibulis abeunt] The vestibulum' was a porch leading from the street to the door of the house. These porches were only attached to large houses. them the retainers sat. And Juvenal says when they came home with their patron, they got no farther than the porch, and, receiving no invitation to dinner, they laid aside their hopes for the first time, and went away to buy a poor supper and firing to dress it, while their lord and master went in to a fine dinner which he enjoyed by himself. Rex,' as applied to the rich, is very common in Horace. See C. i. 4. 14, n.; and below, v. 14. He says that of all the hopes men feed upon, they are least willing to part with that of a good dinner. Rigalti quotes a good answer of Epictetus to Hadrian: “Hadriano interroganti, quid est longissimum? Epictetus respondit, Spes." 134. caulis miseris atque ignis emendus.] See above v. 120. 137. et latis orbibus] These were round tables made of various costly woods. (Hor. S. ii. 2. 4, n.) They came into fashion in Cicero's time; and some may have been preserved from that day, and would justly be called antiqui.' (See below, S. xi. 122.) The use of round tables introduced a change in the distribution of the company usual in Horace's time, which was on the triclinium, or three long couches round a table of three sides to correspond to them. The round tables did not suit this arrangement, and semicircular couches were introduced, with fewer people on them. In large houses there would be several of these in a room. Whoever wishes to see how much might be spent on a Ro Antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa. Nil erit ulterius quod nostris moribus addat man's dinner may read the ninth chapter 139. Nullus jam parasitus erit :] We shall soon have no parasites; but who shall bear to see this selfish gluttony of yours?' He addresses the man. Luxuriae sordes' means avarice and luxury combined. Ponere' is the word used for putting dishes on the table. See Hor. S. ii. 4. 14, n., and elsewhere. At large banquets a boar served up whole, and sometimes stuffed with all manner of forced meat and rich things, was usually the chief dish. (Hor. S. ii. 3. 234, n., and S. 6, n.) Grangaeus says Juvenal has taken animal propter convivia natum' from Varro, de Re Rust. ii. 4: "Suillum pecus donatum ab natura dicunt ad epulandum." Juvenal means more than Varro did. He says it is so big as only to be meant to be eaten when several are collected at a feast. He might have said the same of the peacock. 'Natum' is used like 'Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis' (Hor. C. i. 27.1). For 'ferat' some MSS. have 'feret:' either will do. Heinrich has the future. 142. Poena tamen praesens,] But the penalty follows hard after the crime, for when he goes to bathe with his stomach full and his hard meat undigested, he gets a fit of apoplexy which puts an end to him. The news gets about from one house to another, 140 145 150 and his friends, angry at missing the legacies they expected, are glad to hear of his death.' As he made no will his property would go to his 'heredes.' The peacock first came into fashion in Cicero's time. (Hor. S. ii. 2. 21, n.) The common practice of bathing immediately after meals, though in hot baths, might well lead to sudden deaths and to frequent intestacy, as Juvenal expresses it. See Persius, S. iii. 98, sqq., where there are some powerful lines on this subject. Ducere funus' is one of the many applications of that verb, of which a great variety will be found in Horace. [Ribbeck has 'Et nova nec tristis, &c.' with no stop after senectus' and 'coenas.'] · 149. Omne in praecipiti vitium stetit.] "All vice is at its height " (Stapylton). “All vice is at its zenith" (Gifford). "All vice is at its pitch-pole" (whatever that may be) is Holyday's version. The notion is, that vice is at a point from which it can climb no higher, and that the age is on the brink of a precipice, and likely to be ruined through its vices. The stone was still rolling in Horace's days: "Damnosa quid non imminuit dies? C. iii. 6, fin. Rigalti quotes Velleius (lib. ii. 10): "adeo mature a rectis in vitia, a vitiis in prava, a pravis in praecipitia pervenitur." -Utere velis, Totos pande sinus.] He addresses his Muse as a ship, and bids her set all sail. But he supposes one to ask |