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Et nos ergo manum ferulae subduximus, et nos Consilium dedimus Sullae privatus ut altum Dormiret. Stulta est clementia, quum tot ubique Vatibus occurras, periturae parcere chartae.

Cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo Per quem magnus equos Auruncae flexit alumnus, Si vacat et placidi rationem admittitis, edam. Quum tener uxorem ducat spado; Maevia Tuscum Figat aprum et nuda teneat venabula mamma; Patricios omnes opibus quum provocet unus, Quo tondente gravis juveni mihi barba sonabat ;

must be spoilt, mercy would be thrown away: I may as well spoil it as others." [The verse 'Exspectes..poeta' is rejected by Ribbeck, following the suggestion of Dobree.] Schoolboys will not want to be told what 'manum ferulae subducere' means; but it appears the commentators are not agreed. It corresponds to Horace's "didicit prius extimuitque magistrum" (A. P. 415). Grangaeus quotes several authorities for the expression, which passed into a proverb.

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16. Consilium dedimus Sullae] Jahn on the authority of many of the MSS. writes 'Syllae;' but all inscriptions where the name occurs have Sula' or 'Sulla.' The Greek form is úλxas. The theme on which he professes to have declaimed belongs to the order called "suasoriae orationes," of which a book was written by the elder Seneca. It appears to have been a favourite subject. Quintilian says (Inst. iii. 8), "neque enim ignoro plerumque exercitationis gratia poni et poëticas et historicas, ut Priami verba apud Achillem, aut Sullae dictaturam deponentis in contione." The advice is, that Sulla should purchase sleep by laying down his power. He did so, B. C. 79, and died next year in retirement. Suasoriae' were distinguished from 'controversiae,' and belonged rather to boys' schools. See note on Pers. iii. 45.

20. Auruncae flexit alumnus,] Suessa, in Campania, the later capital of the Aurunci, whose original town Aurunca (five miles from Suessa) was destroyed by the Sidicini (Livy viii. 15), was called Suessa Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Pometia, an Alban colony in Latium, from which the Pomptine marshes were named. Suessa Aurunca was the birth-place of Lucilius.

21. Si vacat et] On the authority of P. which has si placat ac,' Jahn has adopted 'ac.' All other MSS. and editions have 'et' [except Ribbeck, who has 'ac.']

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22. Maevia Tuscum Figat aprum] This refers to the 'venationes,' or fights with wild beasts at the circus and amphitheatres. The beasts fought with each other, or with men trained for the purpose and called 'bestiarii.' Of these many were free men and volunteers fighting for pay, and among them were sometimes found even women (see ii. 53), which seems to have happened first in the year A.D. 63, in the reign of Nero. "Spectacula gladiatorum idem annus habuit pari magnificentia ac priora: sed faeminarum illustrium senatorumque plures per arenam foedati sunt." (Tac. Ann. xv. 32.) Suctonius mentions the magnificent games of Domitian: "Spectacula magnifica assidue et sumptuosa edidit-venationes gladiatoresque nec virorum modo pugnas sed et faeminarum. "Juvenal refers to them again (S. vi. 246, sq.) and his contemporary, Statius, does the same, Silv. i. 6. 53, sqq. :

"Stat sexus rudis insciusque ferri,
Et pugnas capit improbus viriles.
Credas ad Tanain ferumve Phasin
Thermodontiacas calere turmas."

The practice was put down more than a century later by a senatusconsultum, in the reign of Sept. Severus. The boars of Etruria were particularly large. Lucania and Umbria were also famous for these beasts (Hor. S. ii. 3. 234, n.). The women are said to hunt with their breasts bare like the Amazons, to whom they are likened by Statius in the above extract. M. and many other MSS. have Nevia for Maevia. Martial has the former name.

25. Quo tondente] There was a barber, Licinus, mentioned by Horace (A. P. 301), of whom the Scholiast there says that he was made a senator by C. Julius Caesar. There appears to have been some such story connected with a low man of this name, for it passed into a proverb. It may or may not

Quum pars Niliacae plebis, quum verna Canopi
Crispinus, Tyrias humero revocante lacernas,
Ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum,
Nec sufferre queat majoris pondera gemmae:

Difficile est satiram non scribere. Nam quis iniquae 30
Tam patiens Urbis, tam ferreus, ut teneat se,
Causidici nova quum veniat lectica Mathonis
Plena ipso; post hunc magni delator amici

have been the man spoken of below, S. i.
109; xiv. 306; Persius ii. 36. See my note
on the above passage of Horace. The verse
is repeated Sat. x. 226. With the preceding
it is wanting in some MSS.

26. verna Canopi Crispinus,] Canopus, or Canobus, which gave its name to one of the branches of the Nile, was about fifteen miles from Alexandria, and a town of dissolute morals, as seaports are wont to be. It is for this reason that Juvenal makes his upstart Crispinus a native of Canopus. How he commended himself to Domitian, and rose to be an eques, does not appear. One of the Scholiasts says he was a paper-seller of Alexandria. Juvenal attacks him again, in the fourth Satire, in the vilest terms. " Verna' was a slave born in his master's house: this man was therefore a 'libertinus.' 27. Tyrias humero revocante lacernas,] The lacerna' was a loose cloak worn over the 'toga.' It was usually of costly dye and material, being worn chiefly by the rich. Stapylton translates the words 'humero revocante' which falling off his shoulders still revoke;' and some commentators take it in this way. Gifford has

"Crispinus, while he gathers now, now flings His purple open, fans his summer rings." He means that the man is showing off the fine texture of his cloak; and he quotes Ammianus Marcellinus (xiv. 6): "Alii summum decus in ambitioso vestium cultu ponentes sudant sub ponderibus lacernarum, quas collis insertas cingulis ipsis adnectunt, nimia subteminum tenuitate perflabiles, expectantes crebris agitationibus,maximequesinistra, ut longiores fimbriae tunicaeque perspicere luceant." The words describe the way in which the cloak was worn, hitched up on the left shoulder by a brooch or something of that sort,and floating in the wind, so that the shoulder seems to pull it back. Graevius takes 'lacernas' with 'ventilet,' and conjectures 'aestivo auro.' This man appears to have had light rings for summer, and heavier for winter. That he wore a gold ring does not provethat he was an eques, for by the empe

rors after Tiberius the privilege was given to the lowest of the people (Hor. S. ii. 7.9, n.). 30. iniquae Tam patiens Urbis,] 'So tolerant of the town's iniquities.'

32. lectica Mathonis] This man is mentioned below (vii. 129) as a bankrupt, and (xi. 34) as a blustering fellow. Martial mentions him repeatedly as a profligate (vii. 10), a beggar (viii. 42; xi. 68), a ranter(iv. 81), a coxcombical speaker (x. 46). He was so fat as to fill his litter, which was new as his fortunes were, and short-lived. As to the 'lectica,' or palankeen, see Becker's Gallus, Exc. on the Carriages, and Dict. Ant. Also Hor. S. ii. 3. 214, n.; and Cic. in Verr. ii. 5. 11, Long. See also the note on ver. 65 below. Causidicus' is a title that Cicero uses with more or less contempt. The proper words for what we call an advocate, or counsel, are 'orator' and 'patronus;'a ‘causidicus' was one of these of a lower sort. So Juvenal says below: "nec causidicus nec praeco loquatur" (vi. 438), "nec unquam Sanguine causidici maduerunt rostra pusilli" (x. 120), “nutricula causidicorum Africa” (vii. 148). Forcellini quotes Cic. de Orat. i. 46: "Non enim causidicum nescio quem neque proclamatorem aut rabulam hoc sermone nostro conquirimus." See Quintilian xii. 1.

33. magni delator amici,] This may be any low informer who betrayed his patron. The informer's trade, of which two members, Sulcius and Caprius, are mentioned by Horace (S. i. 4. 66), reached its height under Tiberius, and throve under his successors. A famous one of the reign of Domitian was M. Aquilius Regulus, who under Nero got promotion and hatred by informing against M. Crassus (Tac. Hist. iv. 42). Baebius Massa was another of the same tribe, a freedman probably of some person of the Baebia gens. Tacitus says he betrayed Piso, and was universally hated then (Hist. iv. 50). This was in the reign of Vespasian, A.D. 70. He was then "e procuratoribus Africae." He became governor of Baetica in Spain, and for his oppression of that province was brought to trial, under Domitian,

Et cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa

Quod superest; quem Massa timet, quem munere palpat 35
Carus et a trepido Thymele summissa Latino;
Quum te summoveant qui testamenta merentur
Noctibus, in caelum quos evehit optima summi
Nunc via processus, vetulae vesica beatae?
Unciolam Proculeius habet, sed Gillo deuncem,
Partes quisque suas ad mensuram inguinis heres.
Accipiat sane mercedem sanguinis, et sic
Palleat ut nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,
Aut Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram.

A. D. 93 (Tac. Agr. 45); and though con-
demned it seems that he escaped punishment,
for he became one of the most notorious
informers in Domitian's time. Carus Met-
tius was another of the same sort, of whom
Tacitus says, that at the time of Agricola's
death (A.D. 93), "una adhuc victoria Carus
Mettius," he had only signalized himself by
one great victory in his profession; which
means that he afterwards became highly
distinguished. Martial mentions him pro-
verbially (xii. 25). The words' delator ami-
ci' are so like S. iii. 116, that it might be
supposed Egnatius Celer was meant, as the
Scholiast suggests; but he was dead. See
note on that place. Thymele and Latinus
were an actress and actor, to whom Domi-
tian was partial; wherefore Martial begs him
to look on his books as kindly as he looked
at these two persons on the stage (i. 5).
Latinus is often mentioned by Martial, who
wrote an epitaph for him, and flattered Do-
mitian through him, as he did through his
favourites generally. He is mentioned by
name below, vi. 44, and alluded to in viii.
197, in conjunction with the same Thymele.
The Scholiast here and on iv. 53, on the
authority of Marius Maximus, who wrote
the lives of some of the emperors, says that
Latinus was an influential informer. These
informers were all afraid of the great man
of their craft, and did what they could to
make friends with him. Latinus lent him
Thymele, who was either his mistress or his
wife. This is the Scholiast's explanation.
Heinrich supposes some scene is referred to,
in a farce acted by these people Heisobliged
to change 'et' into 'ut' to support this ex-
planation.

37. Quum te summoveant] "De hereditate justa tanquam de via; proprie enim 'summovere' verbum lictorum." This is Grangaeus' note; and it is true as respects the lictors. (Hor. C. ii. 16. 10, n.) But

40

there is nothing in the text about an 'hereditas.' Juvenal means 'when men elbow you out of the way who have got rich by scandalous means.'

38. summi Nunc via processus,] Processus means advancement; and summi processus' advancement to the highest place. So Ovid (Trist. iv. 5. 25): "Haec tua processus habeat fortuna perennes." Rigault quotes an inscription, "OB SPEM PROCESsSUS EJUS." It was by these means that Otho got into favour with Nero (Sueton. Otho, c. 2), "libertinam aulicam gratiosam quo efficacius coleret etiam diligere simulavit, quamvis anum ac paene decrepitam: per hanc insinuatus Neroni facile summum inter amicos locum tenuit."

40. Unciolam Proculeius habet] Proculeius has a twelfth part of the estate left him, and Gillo eleven-twelfths: the first is 'heres ex uncia;' the second heres ex deunce.' The divisions of the 'as' represented the portions of the estate devised to each heres' (Hor. S. ii. 5. 53, n. fin.). The men are unknown. Unciola' does not occur elsewhere. It does not mean, as Ruperti says, 'less than an uncia ;' but 'a poor uncia,' as we say.

42. Accipiat sane] There is contempt in this: "Let him take it with all my heart."

43. pressit qui calcibus anguem,] Heinrich thinks this is an allusion to Homer (II. iii. 33):

¿s öre TÍS TE Sрáкovтa idwv maλívopoos

ἀπέστη

ἄψ τ ̓ ἀνεχώρησεν, ὦχρός τέ μιν εἷλε παρ

ειάς.

44. Aut Lugdunensem] Suetonius relates (Vit. Calig. c. 20) that Caligula instituted games, 'ludos miscellos' (see S. xi. 20, n.) at Lugdunum (Lyon), where there was an altar, dedicated to Augustus on the day that

Quid referam quanta siccum jecur ardeat ira,

Quum populum gregibus comitum premit hic spoliator
Pupilli prostantis, et hic damnatus inani

Judicio (quid enim salvis infamia nummis?)
Exsul ab octava Marius bibit et fruitur dis
Iratis; at tu, victrix provincia, ploras.

Haec ego non credam Venusina digna lucerna ?

Claudius was born in that city, 1st of August, B.C. 10. (Suet. Vit. Claudii, c. 2.). Dion Cassius relates that games were cele brated there in the life-time of Augustus (1. 46. c. 50). If so, it was reserved for Caligula to establish a rhetorical contest in Greek and Latin, in which those who, in the Emperor's judgment, had acquitted themselves worst, ("ii qui maxime displicuissent") were obliged to lick out what they had written with their tongue, or to be flogged, or plunged in the nearest stream. To this two epigrams in the Anthologia, quoted by Scaliger on the above passage of Suetonius, are said by him to relate. τοῦ σοῦ γὰρ πάσχω νεκροῦ χάριν οἷα

πάθοιεν

οἱ καταλείξαντες βιβλία καὶ καλάμους. Lib. ii. 40. 7. οὐχ ὅτι τὸν κάλαμον λείχεις διὰ τοῦτό σε μισῶ,

ἀλλ ̓ ὅτι τοῦτο ποιεῖς καὶ δίχα τοῦ καλά.

μου.

Ib. 12. 8. Juvenal seems to refer to the competitors on these occasions who had reason to be afraid their speeches might meet with disapprobation, and who trembled for the consequences.

46. populum gregibus comitum premit] P. and all the older and more trustworthy MSS. have the indicative mood: several of the later have 'premat;' and Heinrich adopts it. Ruperti and Jahn have 'premit,' in reliance on the MSS. and the indicatives that follow; and that mood is, I believe, the right one. As to pupillus,' see Dict. Ant., Art. Tutor; and Hor. Epp. i. 1. 21, n. This tutor' went out to the forum or to the walks, attended, 'deductus' (Hor. S. i. 9. 59), by crowds of parasites, supported by the fortune of his pupillus,' who was left to starve or to support himself by the vilest means. Comites' is the word used below, ver. 119. Ruperti thinks 'pupillae' must be the proper word, but does not adopt it. It would be less offensive; but that is not much to the purpose.

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47. et hic damnatus inani Judicio] We have the private thief and the public brought

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together. Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, was convicted (A.D. 100) of 'repetundae,' and banished from Italy. Marius was compelled to refund a part of his bad gains, and retired with the remainder to live comfortably, though not at home. The offence of repetundae,' which was that of a magistrate getting money by illegal means from the provincials under his government, was punished with different penalties at different times. The latest 'lex' on the subject was the lex Julia,' passed in the dictatorship of C. Julius Caesar, which abolished the punishment of exile; but it appears to have been revived under the empire. The refunding of the money proved to have been received was always part of the penalty; and in this instance it appears that 700 sestertia (about 55007. sterling) were paid by Marius into the treasury. An interesting account of the whole affair is given by the younger Pliny, who, with C. Cornelius Tacitus, the historian, acted for the provincials (Epp. ii. 11). See Long's Excursus on Cic. in Verr. on 'Repetundae,' and Dict. Ant. under the same head; and also the article Infamia.' Ab octava bibit' means that he sat down to dinner earlier than usual; the ninth hour in summer, and tenth in winter, being those at which industrious persons generally dined (Hor. C. i. 1. 20, n.). Fruitur dis iratis,' he enjoys the anger of the gods: that is, he makes himself comfortable under his punishment.

50. victrix provincia,] Grangaeus supposes this to be a play upon the words. Even if it were (which is not likely), it would be only from the similarity of sound, and would not support Festus' derivation of 'provincia' from vincere.' Provincia is a shortened form of 'providentia," and "properly designated the particular functions of a magistrate." See Long's note on Cic. in Verr. ii. 2. 1. Vincere' is the legal word for succeeding in a cause. On 'ploras Grangaeus adds, "tibi enim fuit victoria Cadmea, in qua jocatur victus, plorat victor."

51. Venusina digna lucerna ?] Horace and Juvenal had not much in common; but Horace seems to have been looked upon by

Haec ego non agitem? Sed quid magis Heracleas
Aut Diomedeas aut mugitum Labyrinthi

Et mare percussum puero fabrumque volantem,
Quum leno accipiat moechi bona, si capiendi
Jus nullum uxori, doctus spectare lacunar,
Doctus et ad calicem vigilanti stertere naso;
Quum fas esse putet curam spectare cohortis
Qui bona donavit praesepibus, et caret omni
Majorum censu dum pervolat axe citato
Flaminiam puer? Automedon nam lora tenebat
Ipse lacernatae quum se jactaret amicae.
Nonne libet medio ceras implere capaces

Persius and Juvenal as the representative
of Roman satire. Lucilius was more in
Juvenal's way, and he mentions him below
(v. 165) with respect. No one should be
misled by the Scholiast's note: "Lucernam
dicit quia Satyrici ad omnium vitia quasi lu-
cernam admovent, et ut adurant et ut osten-
dant crimina." Lucerna' only means what
we mean when we speak of the midnight oil.'
52. Sed quid magis Heracleas] Agitem'
must be repeated, but in a different sense.
He asks why he should rather write on such
hackneyed subjects as the labours of Her-
cules, the wanderings of Diomed, the ad-
ventures of Theseus, Icarus, and Daedalus,
than attack the vices of the day? Jahn
punctuates differently and badly, Sed quid
magis? Heracleas,' &c.

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55. Quum leno accipiat moechi bona] This man connives at his wife's intrigues at his own table, like the man Galba, mentioned below (S. v. 4), and gets her paramour to make him his heres,' which the woman could not be under the 'lex Voconia,' if the man's census exceeded a certain amount. Accipiat bona' Heinrich understands to mean that he was made heres ex asse,' that is, he succeeded to the man's whole estate. (See Long's orations of Cicero, vol. i. p. 121 sqq., for a full discussion of the lex Voconia,' which may perhaps be referred to here, though there may be some doubt whether Juvenal is alluding to this Lex.) Suetonius (c. 8) says that Domitian took away from women of loose character 'lecticae usum, jusque capiendi legata hereditatesque;' but these must be women who had been convicted, whereas, Juvenal is attacking the vices of private society, as Heinrich observes. As to lacunar,' see Hor. S. ii. 3. 272, n.

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Ipse miser vidi cum me dormire putares
Sobrius apposito crimina vestra mero."

The Scholiast Acron quotes this verse on
Hor. C. iii. 6. 29: "Sed jussa coram non
sine conscio Surgit marito."

"When that

58. Quum fas esse putet] man thinks he has a right to look for a tribune's place who, while yet a boy, wasted his substance on his stables, and lost his patrimony with flying on swift coach down the Flaminian road: for he was Automedon and held the reins while the great man made himself pleasant to his man-mistress." This person may have been some favourite of Domitian's, who had been made, or hoped to be made, a tribunus militum' (see xvi. 20, n.). The Scholium on 'praesepibus' is "Neronem tangit;" but this seems to belong to ipse,' which is often used independently for the great man' (S. v. 86, n.), and is here opposed to Automedon, as Achilles to his charioteer. Madvig (Opusc. i. 36) denies that there is any allusion to Nero, and says that 'ipse' is plainly the driver. There may be two opinions on the subject; but after much reflection I have adopted the other with Heinrich. 'Lacerna' is a man's cloak, and lacernatae' means that the 'amica' was a man. men are recorded as having been formally married to Nero, named Sporus and Pythagoras (Sueton. c. 28, and Tacitus, Ann. xv. 37). Jactaret' may be showed himself off,' or something of that sort. Madvig finds great difficulty in this interpretation.

Two

63. Nonne libet ceras implere capaces] "Does not one feel inclined to take out one's tablets, and fill pages, even while the scene is passing under his eyes in the middle of the street?" The 'tabulae,' waxed wooden 57. vigilanti stertere naso; ;] So Ovid says tablets, of the Romans, are fully described (Amor. i. 5. 13):

in Dict. Antiqq. The pages were called

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