Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global WarmingBloomsbury Publishing USA, 3. 6. 2010 - 368 strán (strany) The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on such areas as public health, environmental science, and issues affecting quality of life. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. But at the same time, a small yet potent subset of this community leads the world in vehement denial of these dangers. Merchants of Doubt tells the story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. Remarkably, the same individuals surface repeatedly-some of the same figures who have claimed that the science of global warming is "not settled" denied the truth of studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain, and CFCs to the ozone hole. "Doubt is our product," wrote one tobacco executive. These "experts" supplied it. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, historians of science, roll back the rug on this dark corner of the American scientific community, showing how ideology and corporate interests, aided by a too-compliant media, have skewed public understanding of some of the most pressing issues of our era. |
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Strana 13
... presentation to R. J. Reynolds' International Advisory Board, and reviewed by RJR's in-house legal counsel, Stokes explained it this way: The charges that tobacco was linked to lung cancer, hardening of the arteries, and carbon monoxide ...
... presentation to R. J. Reynolds' International Advisory Board, and reviewed by RJR's in-house legal counsel, Stokes explained it this way: The charges that tobacco was linked to lung cancer, hardening of the arteries, and carbon monoxide ...
Strana 16
... presentation of all the facts” to ensure the public was not needlessly frightened.32 The industry did not leave it to journalists to seek out “all the facts.” They made sure they got them. The so-called balance campaign involved ...
... presentation of all the facts” to ensure the public was not needlessly frightened.32 The industry did not leave it to journalists to seek out “all the facts.” They made sure they got them. The so-called balance campaign involved ...
Strana 19
... presented the smoking issue as a great debate rather than as a scientific problem in which evidence was rapidly accumulating, a clear picture was coming into focus, and the trajectory of knowledge was clearly against tobacco's safety.44 ...
... presented the smoking issue as a great debate rather than as a scientific problem in which evidence was rapidly accumulating, a clear picture was coming into focus, and the trajectory of knowledge was clearly against tobacco's safety.44 ...
Strana 27
... presentation to Reynolds's International Advisory Board: “From time to time, [there are] exceptional cases where the ever-growing rigidity of the support provided by the federal government excludes the support of an important program in ...
... presentation to Reynolds's International Advisory Board: “From time to time, [there are] exceptional cases where the ever-growing rigidity of the support provided by the federal government excludes the support of an important program in ...
Strana 32
... presented fully and objectively to the public and that the public should then be allowed to make its own decisions based on the evidence,” they had argued, seemingly reasonably.124 The problem was that public had no way to know that ...
... presented fully and objectively to the public and that the public should then be allowed to make its own decisions based on the evidence,” they had argued, seemingly reasonably.124 The problem was that public had no way to know that ...
Obsah
1 | |
36 | |
Acid Rain | 66 |
Whats Bad Science? Who Decides? | 136 |
The Denial of Global Warming | 169 |
The Revisionist | 216 |
Acknowledgments | 275 |
Index | 345 |
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acid rain American argued argument Assessment Atmospheric attack Bad Science Bill Nierenberg Carbon Dioxide cause CFCs chapter chlorine Cigarette claims Climate Change colleagues Committee debate defense Earth’s effects emissions Environment Environmental environmentalists experts Fred Singer Frederick Seitz free market George H. W. Bush Glantz global warming Health Heartland Institute human Ibid impact insisted IPCC issue Legacy Tobacco Documents letter Lomborg lung cancer Marshall Institute ment Naomi Oreskes National Academy nuclear winter ozone depletion ozone hole panel percent pesticides Philip Morris physicists Policy political pollution president President’s problem Protection published R. J. Reynolds Reagan regulation Revelle risk Robert Jastrow Santer scientists secondhand smoke Silent Spring SIO Archives skeptics Soviet stratosphere tion Tobacco Documents Library tobacco industry U.S. Government University Press Wall Street Journal WAN papers Washington White House William Nierenberg World York