Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global WarmingBloomsbury Publishing USA, 3. 6. 2010 - 368 strán (strany) The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on such areas as public health, environmental science, and issues affecting quality of life. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. But at the same time, a small yet potent subset of this community leads the world in vehement denial of these dangers. Merchants of Doubt tells the story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. Remarkably, the same individuals surface repeatedly-some of the same figures who have claimed that the science of global warming is "not settled" denied the truth of studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain, and CFCs to the ozone hole. "Doubt is our product," wrote one tobacco executive. These "experts" supplied it. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, historians of science, roll back the rug on this dark corner of the American scientific community, showing how ideology and corporate interests, aided by a too-compliant media, have skewed public understanding of some of the most pressing issues of our era. |
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Strana 11
... showed that benign bacteria could be made virulent by injecting them with DNA from virulent strands. You could change the nature of an organism by altering its DNA—something we take for granted now, but a revolutionary idea in the 1940s ...
... showed that benign bacteria could be made virulent by injecting them with DNA from virulent strands. You could change the nature of an organism by altering its DNA—something we take for granted now, but a revolutionary idea in the 1940s ...
Strana 17
... showed that smoking was safe. But science involves many details, many of which remained unclear, such as why some smokers get lung cancer and others do not (a question that remains incompletely answered today). So some scientists ...
... showed that smoking was safe. But science involves many details, many of which remained unclear, such as why some smokers get lung cancer and others do not (a question that remains incompletely answered today). So some scientists ...
Strana 18
... showed that “neither the press nor the public seems to be reacting with any noticeable fear or alarm to the recent attacks.”38 The industry made its case in part by cherry-picking data and focusing on unexplained or anomalous details ...
... showed that “neither the press nor the public seems to be reacting with any noticeable fear or alarm to the recent attacks.”38 The industry made its case in part by cherry-picking data and focusing on unexplained or anomalous details ...
Strana 24
... showed that they knew this? The answer was to continue to market doubt, and to do so by recruiting ever more prominent scientists to help. Collectively the industry had already spent over $50 million on biomedical research. Individual ...
... showed that they knew this? The answer was to continue to market doubt, and to do so by recruiting ever more prominent scientists to help. Collectively the industry had already spent over $50 million on biomedical research. Individual ...
Strana 33
... showed: that the tobacco industry knew the dangers of smoking as early as 1953 and conspired to suppress this knowledge. They conspired to fight the facts, and to merchandise doubt. But it took a long time for those facts to emerge, and ...
... showed: that the tobacco industry knew the dangers of smoking as early as 1953 and conspired to suppress this knowledge. They conspired to fight the facts, and to merchandise doubt. But it took a long time for those facts to emerge, and ...
Obsah
1 | |
36 | |
Acid Rain | 66 |
Whats Bad Science? Who Decides? | 136 |
The Denial of Global Warming | 169 |
The Revisionist | 216 |
Acknowledgments | 275 |
Index | 345 |
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acid rain American argued argument Assessment Atmospheric attack Bad Science Bill Nierenberg Carbon Dioxide cause CFCs chapter chlorine Cigarette claims Climate Change colleagues Committee debate defense Earth’s effects emissions Environment Environmental environmentalists experts Fred Singer Frederick Seitz free market George H. W. Bush Glantz global warming Health Heartland Institute human Ibid impact insisted IPCC issue Legacy Tobacco Documents letter Lomborg lung cancer Marshall Institute ment Naomi Oreskes National Academy nuclear winter ozone depletion ozone hole panel percent pesticides Philip Morris physicists Policy political pollution president President’s problem Protection published R. J. Reynolds Reagan regulation Revelle risk Robert Jastrow Santer scientists secondhand smoke Silent Spring SIO Archives skeptics Soviet stratosphere tion Tobacco Documents Library tobacco industry U.S. Government University Press Wall Street Journal WAN papers Washington White House William Nierenberg World York