Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global WarmingBloomsbury Publishing USA, 3. 6. 2010 - 368 strán (strany) The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on such areas as public health, environmental science, and issues affecting quality of life. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. But at the same time, a small yet potent subset of this community leads the world in vehement denial of these dangers. Merchants of Doubt tells the story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. Remarkably, the same individuals surface repeatedly-some of the same figures who have claimed that the science of global warming is "not settled" denied the truth of studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain, and CFCs to the ozone hole. "Doubt is our product," wrote one tobacco executive. These "experts" supplied it. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, historians of science, roll back the rug on this dark corner of the American scientific community, showing how ideology and corporate interests, aided by a too-compliant media, have skewed public understanding of some of the most pressing issues of our era. |
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Strana 6
... argued that acid rain was caused by volcanoes, and so was the ozone hole. They charged that the Environmental Protection Agency had rigged the science surrounding secondhand smoke. Most recently—over the course of nearly two decades and ...
... argued that acid rain was caused by volcanoes, and so was the ozone hole. They charged that the Environmental Protection Agency had rigged the science surrounding secondhand smoke. Most recently—over the course of nearly two decades and ...
Strana 32
... argued, seemingly reasonably.124 The problem was that public had no way to know that this “evidence” was part of an industry campaign designed to confuse. It was, in fact, part of a criminal conspiracy to commit fraud. Cline and ...
... argued, seemingly reasonably.124 The problem was that public had no way to know that this “evidence” was part of an industry campaign designed to confuse. It was, in fact, part of a criminal conspiracy to commit fraud. Cline and ...
Strana 36
... argued that biology as a science was a dead end because of “the unfathomable complexity” of organisms, a view that even a sympathetic biographer described as “ignored by most biologists and attacked by some.”1 Many colleagues thought ...
... argued that biology as a science was a dead end because of “the unfathomable complexity” of organisms, a view that even a sympathetic biographer described as “ignored by most biologists and attacked by some.”1 Many colleagues thought ...
Strana 37
... argument was a political one: that détente was naïve—a latter-day version of appeasement. They argued that Soviet capabilities were far greater than we knew, and that it was essential to continue to maintain and even expand our nuclear ...
... argument was a political one: that détente was naïve—a latter-day version of appeasement. They argued that Soviet capabilities were far greater than we knew, and that it was essential to continue to maintain and even expand our nuclear ...
Strana 40
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Obsah
1 | |
36 | |
Acid Rain | 66 |
Whats Bad Science? Who Decides? | 136 |
The Denial of Global Warming | 169 |
The Revisionist | 216 |
Acknowledgments | 275 |
Index | 345 |
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acid rain American argued argument Assessment Atmospheric attack Bad Science Bill Nierenberg Carbon Dioxide cause CFCs chapter chlorine Cigarette claims Climate Change colleagues Committee debate defense Earth’s effects emissions Environment Environmental environmentalists experts Fred Singer Frederick Seitz free market George H. W. Bush Glantz global warming Health Heartland Institute human Ibid impact insisted IPCC issue Legacy Tobacco Documents letter Lomborg lung cancer Marshall Institute ment Naomi Oreskes National Academy nuclear winter ozone depletion ozone hole panel percent pesticides Philip Morris physicists Policy political pollution president President’s problem Protection published R. J. Reynolds Reagan regulation Revelle risk Robert Jastrow Santer scientists secondhand smoke Silent Spring SIO Archives skeptics Soviet stratosphere tion Tobacco Documents Library tobacco industry U.S. Government University Press Wall Street Journal WAN papers Washington White House William Nierenberg World York