ly," nominatim; aípvns, "suddenly;" oda, "bitingly;" Mlav, λίαν, excessively;" πрoîña, "gratuitously," &c.

F

(B) Adverbs of place; as očкo@ev, “from home;" 'OXvμπlače, "to Olympia;" ПIvoî, "at Delphi ;" érépwσe, "in a different direction;" ěvdo, "within," &c.

(7) Adverbs of time; as πpív, "before ;" TOTE, "then ;” ŋvíka, "when;" μos, "while;" Téws, "so long as ;" TóTE; "when?" &c. ήμος, τέως,

261 b. With reference to their form, (a) sometimes the adverb corresponds exactly to some existing case of the noun; as Dat. xoμid, "with abundance," i.e. "very much;" so also dŋμooía, "publicly;" idía, "privately;" κow, "in common;" πεζῇ, on foot;" σπouồn, "zealously;" hp, "in the spring;" ipi, "violently;" EKηTI, "willingly," &c.

Acc. ȧpxnv or Tv ȧpxv, "at the beginning," i.e. "at all," "wholly," "entirely;" so also ȧkμnv, "at the point," “ hardly;” δωρεάν or προϊκα, " gratis or in vain;” μακράν, "far;" πéρav, "on the other side;" and especially neuter adjectives; as kaλóv, “beautifully;" ẞpaxéa, "briefly ;” åvτíπαλον, Taλov, "correspondingly" (Thucyd. 1. 3, § 4, vI. 23, § 1), &c. And sometimes to a noun with its preposition; as

πараɣρĥμа, "along with the business," i. e. " on the spot," παραχρῆμα, "directly."

каÐάπερ = каľ а Teр, "according to which things in particular," i. e. "like."

πройρуον=πро еpyov, "for the business," "advantageously."
προὔργου
ἐκποδών = ἐκ ποδών, " out of the way."

66

ἐξαπίνης οἱ ἐξαίφνης = ἐξ ἀπινῆς (later αἰπεινῆς), ex præcipiti, " on a sudden."

ἐνσχερώ and ἐπισχερώ = ἐν σχερῷ, ἐπὶ σχερῷ, “in order.”

The irregular forms νύκτωρ and ἐμποδών are contractions for νυκτὸς ὥρα and τὸ ἐν ποσὶν ὄν (cf. τὰ ἐν ποσὶ εἱλεύμενα. Herod. II. 76).

1 We should expect νύχθωρ, but it might be connected with ώρα, like φρυκτωρός. Rosen (Rig-Veda, Annot. p. v) has compared the termination with the Vaidik vas-tar =mane. But the belongs to the crude form of vúκT-s, and if the generally-received etymology, which is given in the text, is to be rejected, we must conclude that výкTWP is a corruption of vúkтws, formed from the genitive (ablative) like the other adverbs in -ws.

262 (8) Sometimes the adverb preserves a genuine but obso

And plural D.

̓Αθήνησι, “ at Athens.”

A.

66

Αθήναζε for ̓Αθήνα-δε, " to Athens.”

Obs. 1 In these terminations the principal changes are the following:

-θεν becomes -θα, -δα, -δον, δην, -τει, -τι, -5.

-O becomes -i, -ot, and even -ov.

-Se becomes -dis, and in derivatives from pronouns it is always -σe.

Obs. 2 The locative termination -σ or has often a moveable v (above, 85), which is sometimes represented by s, also moveable, and sometimes by the open vowel a (above, 107). Thus we have, on the one hand, πέρυσι and πέρυσιν, πάλι and πάλιν; then ἄχρι and ἄχρις, αὖθι and αὖθις, πολλάκι and πολλάκις; then ἄρτι, ἔτι, ὕψι, &c. without any s. Again, we have ἀεί, αἰεί, αιέν, αἰές, but αὖτε, ὄψε, τῆλε, without any consonantal affix or representative even of . Again, we have adverbs both in -a and -er, as ἕνεκα and ἕνεκεν, ἐνταῦθα and ἐντεῦθεν, ἔνθα and ἔνθεν ; and both in -a and -us, as ἀνάμιγα by the side of ἀναμίξ, μέγα by the side οι μόγις, μάλα by the side of μόλις; but also adverbs in -a without any trace of a consonantal affix, and in -s without any further trace of the formative insertion, as τάχα, ὦκα, κάρτα, ἀλλά, σάφα, αὐτίκα, and πύξ, λάξ, οδάξ, γνύξ, άλις. Finally, we have adverbs in for, like σήμερον, αὔριον, πλήσιον, which must represent an original termination -αι οι -αιν. This appears not only from internal evidence, but from the changes of the person-endings of verbs from -ny to -ov or at, and from comparatives like πλησιαίτερος.

Obs. 3 The greatest irregularity is that which we observe in relative and interrogative adverbs. Thus instead of

ö, "where," Tó, "where?" we find ou, Toû, which are properly equivalent to ὅθεν, πόθεν:

and instead of

ooe, "whither," móσe, "whither ?" we find of, Toî, which are properly equivalent to ὅθι, πόθι.

263 (7) The most common form of the adverb is when the gen. is assimilated to -ws. There is hardly any adjective which cannot furnish an adverb of this form, thus:

σοφός, “ wise, gen. σοφοῦ, adv. σοφῶς, “ wisely.”

ndús, "sweet," gen. ýdéos, adv. déws, "sweetly."

Xapicis, "graceful," gen. xapievтos, adv. xapiévτws, "gracefully." evdaíμov, "happy," gen. evdaíμovos, adv. evdaiμóvws, "happily."

We have seen, however, that it is only with nouns in F that we practically find this gen. in -ws as a case. Many of these adverbs cast off the final -s; as apvw, "suddenly;" avew, "silently;" oπíσw, "behind;" and this is always the case with those derived from prepositions; as avo, "upwards;" káтw, "below;" elow and čow, "within;" ew, "without;" πрóσw and πóррw, "afar." We have both ourws and ovτw (above, 85). But it may be doubted whether the latter forms are not connected rather with the dat. than with the gen., to which we assign the adverbs in -ws. Dialectical variations, such as ecoî, ew, would seem to point to this; but these forms are in many instances so mutilated and corrupt, that we can scarcely hope to arrive at a certain analysis. Thus, in the correlative adverbs, those in -ws refer to manner, as wŵs, "how ?" πws, "somehow ;" as, "in what way," &c. And yet the shortened form w refers to time, as in ouπw, nondum, "not yet," i. e. "at no previous time." If Te is added to the crude form, another relation of time is expressed; for Tóre means "when ;" Tоте, "at any time;" TOTE, "then" or "at that time;" őre, "at which time;" ой πоте, “not at any time," "never," nunquam, either of past or present time; où πÓжоте, "never yet," "never at any previous time." In perhaps the only passage in which π appears as an interrogative (Eschyl. Agam. 1507), it is obviously synonymous with πως.

πώποτε,

The following table shows how these irregular adverbs are used to express place, time, and manner.

τῇδε, ταύτῃ }

"in this way", "where," "in which way"

We have also Tηvika, "at what particular time?" with its correlatives ὁπηνίκα, τηνίκα, τηνικαύτα, τηνικάδε and ἡνίκα.

264 Adverbs in -ws are often formed from participles; thus we have not only τεταγμένως, “ in an orderly manner;” ἀνειμένως, negligently," &c. from participles in -os, but also similar forms from present and perfect participles of the active form, as πpeπόντως, “ becomingly;” λυσιτελούντως, “profitably;” εἰκότως, "probably." And even when the participle governs a case, as νουνεχόντως οι ἐχόντως νοῦν (Plat. Legg. 686 Ε), “sensibly; whence we should, with Dobree, read in Herod. Iv. 36: yeλw ὁρέων οὐδένα νόον ἐχόντως ἐξηγησάμενον, “ I am amused to see that no one has given a sensible explanation.'

265 (8) Participial adverbs in -da, -Sov, -dny, express the mode of action; thus we have xрúßdŋv, "secretly," from κρÚπT; συλλήβδην, σ concisely,” from συλλαμβάνω; πλέγδην, “interwovenly, from πλέκω; σποράδην, " scatteredly, from σπείρω;

66

ἐπιτροχάδην, “ cursorily,” from ἐπιτρέχω; ἀναφανδόν, ἀμφαδόν, ȧupadá, "openly," "visibly," from avapaivo. These correspond to another class in -T, -Tet; as ovoμaorí, "namingly," from ovoμάζω; ἑλληνιστί, “in the way of speaking Greek,” from ἑλλη νίζω; αὐτοσχεδιαστί, " extempore,” from αὐτοσχεδιάζω ; ἀδακρυτί, ȧvæμwктí, άσтevаKTI, "without weeping, wailing, or groaning,' from δακρύω, οιμώζω, στενάζω. These affixes are still farther softened into -e, -s, or even -a attached to the simple stem (above, 262, Obs. 2): compare ἀμαχητί, ἀμάχει; ἄπριγδα, ἀπρικτεί, ἀπρίξ; ἀναμίγδην, ἀνάμιγδα, ἀναμίξ, ἀνάμιχα.

266 Adverbs with this participial signification are often derived from nouns: thus we have λovтív-dnu, "in the way of wealth;" avтOVUKтí, "that very night;" avroxepi, "with the very hand;" avspiori, " after the manner of men;" aμolí, “unhiredly;" Boτpu-dóv, "clusteringly ;" ina-dov, "troopingly," catervatim; kvvn-dóv, "dog-wise;" κavayn-dá, “noisily ;" cupá§, “sideways," &c. And even from other adverbs, as vewσti, “newly;" Téρı, "around." πέριξ,

267 To the same list belong a considerable class of adverbs in -v-da, expressing the names of games (Taidiŵv óvóμara, J. Pollux, IX. 110), such as doтpak-ívda, "the game of the potsherd;" Baoiλ ὀστρακίνδα, ivda, "the game of king," &c.

βασιλ

268 Although there is sometimes an apparent identity between the adverb and the nom. masc. of an adjective, what we have seen of the mutilations, which take place in these forms, will caution us against supposing that this identity is real. Thus euras or ἔμπα is obviously ἐν πᾶσιν; and although εὐθύς is an adverb as well as evoú1 (above, 85), the coincidence of the former with the masc. adjective is only the accidental result of a corruption, probably of the adverb with one of these locative or genitive endings.

We see in the prepositions and conjunctions, which are all pronominal adverbs, the extent to which this corruption may be carried.

1 In Attic Greek evú refers to place, as cv0ù’A0ŋvŵv, “straight to Athens ;" and cvous to time, "straightways." Heindorf ad Plat. Lys. p. 203 E.