that these forms are derived from the verbal noun in -rús, signifying the action of the verb, and corresponding in origin, as these forms do in use, to the Latin supines and gerunds. (See the Syntax, 421, for the use, and for the forms, 302, D, (h)). 295 An inflexion, analogous to the passive person-endings, becomes fixed adverbially for the expression of what is called the infinitive mood (éyrλiois àñapéμpaτos). The passive form of this inserts, according to an analogy not very easily explicable, the element which forms the passive aorist. 296 The following may serve as exemplifications of these processes. διδῶ for διδοία-μι, “I am likely to give.” Optative. διδοίην for ἐδιδοία-μι, “I was likely to give.” Infinitive. Sidó-vai, "to give." διδόσθαι, “ to be given.” Participle. διδούς = διδόντες, " giving.” διδόμενος, “ being given. δούς = δόντες, “having given.” δο-θείς = δο-θέ-ντος, “having been given.” § IV. Different Classes of Verbs. 297 Having thus stated the general procedure in the genesis of verbal inflexions, the next step will be to give the practical rules for the application of these principles to the different tenses and moods of the same verb, and to the different kinds or forms of verbs. 298 There are two classes of verbs, discriminated by their person-endings: A. Primary verbs in -μ; B. Secondary verbs in -w. And class B is again subdivided, according to the crude forms, into (a) verbs of which the crude form terminates in a consonant or one of the vocalized consonants , v: (b) verbs of which the crude form terminates in one of the articulation-vowels a, e, o. 299 According to the sub-varieties of the crude form, it is customary to subdivide these classes of verbs into conjugations (ovvyía). This term, which properly refers to any class of words, whether nouns or verbs, which are inflected according to the same laws (for Dionysius says [Anecd. Bekk. p. 638, cf. 892]: σvšvyía ἐστὶν ἀκόλουθος ὀνομάτων κλίσις), is limited to the arrangement (diabeois) of verbs according to their root or characteristic letter. The flexion of the verb, like that of the noun, is called declension (distinguished as κλίσις ὀνομάτων and κλίσις ῥημάτων). In class A there are four conjugations: as ἵστ-η-μι, ἱστ-ά-ναι 1 Verbs in -a-μi 2 Verbs in -e-μl 3 Verbs in -0-μi 4 Verbs in -vu-μl as δίδ-ω-μι, διδόναι In class B, (a), there are six conjugations: fut. τέρψω 5 Assimilated verbs in σo- or TT-. a. From labials, as πέσσω (πεπ-), fut. πέψω. In ζ. a. From gutturals, as κράζω (κραγ-), fut. κράξω. β. From dentals, as φράζω (φραδ-), fut. φράσω. 6 Verbs in F, i. e. in ɩ or v. a. Simple, as τίω, λύω, fut. τίσω, λύσω. β. Diphthong, as παύω, κλείω, κελεύω, ῥέω, fut. παύσω, κλείσω, κελεύσω, ῥεύσω. In class B, (b), there are three conjugations: 1 Verbs in -α-, as τιμά-ω, fut. τιμήσω; οι σπάω, fut. σπάσω. 2 Verbs in -e-, as φιλέω, fut. φιλήσω ; οι καλέ-ω, fut. καλέσω. 3 Verbs in -o-, as δηλό-ω, fut. δηλώσω; or ἀρό-ω, fut. ἀρέσω. Obs. The classification of verbs according to the genesis or origination of the crude form by derivation, belongs to a different part of the subject (below, Part IV. 358, 363). SV. Determination of the Characteristic. 300 It will be observed that these classes or conjugations depend on the form of the root (Oéμa), or rather on its last letter or characteristic. In each case it is assumed that this characteristic is known or determined. But it is not always easy to determine the characteristic or eliminate the root from an existing form of the verb, and it is often most disguised in the present indicative, under which the verb is registered in the dictionaries. In the other tenses, the affections of consonants in contiguous syllables (above, 86 sqq.) deprive us of any criterion as to the particular labial, guttural, or dental, which is the characteristic of the verb; thus in κρύψω, ἐκρύφθην, κρυπτός, the characteristic might be π or φ, but it is β; in βάψω, ἐβάφθην, βαπτός, it might be π or β, but it is p. And even the vowel verbs do not always leave the genuine thema when the termination is removed; thus ἐκελεύσθην and κελευσTós leave it doubtful whether the original form of the root was κελευ- οι κελευθ-, and ἐπλεύσθην and πλευστός undoubtedly contain an inserted σ- in addition to the root Tλeυ- for TλF-. The following principles will assist the student in extricating the root from any verb-form presented to him. (a) That the second aorist is the simplest form of the verb appears not only from the consideration already mentioned (289, (g)), that it conveys the unqualified notion of the word, that of a single act, and from the fact that it furnishes the basis of the passive aorists and of the verbal, which gives the meaning of the verb with the implication of capability or requirement (302, D, (h)); but also because it generally exhibits the vowel of articulation in its heaviest or least affected form a (above, 20, a). Thus we often observe the following changes in the vowels: Second Aorist. Second Perfect or Verbal Noun. Present. Second Aorist. Second Perfect or Verbal Noun. Present. And when the present is strengthened by ectasis, whether it be the insertion of v(γ) or of a vowel, with or without the further influence of an hyperthesis, we find these elements wanting in the Thus we have 2 aor. (3) When the 2 aor. does not appear either in the active or passive, we may generally determine the characteristic by means of the verbal noun; thus we know that o and not π or B is the characteristic of βάπτω, βάψω, because we have the verbal noun βαφή, and that y and not k or x is the characteristic of τάσσω, τάξω, because we have the verbal nouns ταγός and τάγμα. Applying one or other of these criteria, we ascertain, (α) That in class B, (α), 1, the following verbs in πr have β for their characteristic: βλάπτω, κρύπτω; the following have φ: βάπτω, θάπτω, ῥάπτω, σκάπτω, θρύπτω. (β) That in class B, (α), 5, the following verbs in σσ have a dental characteristic: ἐρέσσω, πάσσω, πλάσσω, βράσσω, πτίσσω, βλίσσω, ἁρμόττω, νάσσω, ἀφύσσω; that φρίσσω has for its characteristic instead of y or x; and that of the verbs in the |