διδράσκω, “ run away,” δράσομαι.

ἐσθίω, “eat,” ἔδομαι and φάγομαι (Hellenistic: see

Lobeck ad Phryn. p. 327).

θαυμάζω, " wonder,” άσομαι.

θέω, “ run,” θεύσομαι.
θηράω, “ hunt,” άσομαι.

θνήσκω, “ am dying,” θανοῦμαι.
κάμνω, “ am weary,” καμοῦμαι.
κιχάνω, “ overtake,” κιχήσομαι.
κλάω, “ weep,” κλαύσομαι.
κλέπτω, “ steal,” κλέψομαι.
λαγχάνω, “ obtain by lot," λήξομαι.

λαμβάνω, “ receive,” λήψομαι.

μανθάνω, “ learn,” μαθήσομαι.

οἰμώζω, “ bewail,” οιμώξομαι.
ὄμνυμι, “ swear,” ὁμοῦμαι.
πάσχω, “ suffer,” πείσομαι.
πίνω, “ drink,” πίομαι.
πίπτω, “ fall,” πεσοῦμαι.

πλέω, “ sail,” πλεύσομαι and -σοῦμαι.
ῥοφέω, " gulp down,” ήσομαι.
σιγάω, “ remain silent,” σιγήσομαι.

σιωπάω, “ hold my peace,” -ήσομαι.

σκώπτω, “ mock,” σκώψομαι.

σε

σπουδάζω, " am busy,” άσομαι.
τυγχάνω, “ hit the mark,” τεύξομαι.

τρέχω, “ run,” θρέξομαι and δραμοῦμαι.

τρώγω, “ nibble,” τρώξομαι.

φεύγω, “ Hee,” φεύξομαι and -ξούμαι.

φθάνω, “ am first," φθήσομαι.

χαίνω οι χάσκω, “ yawn,” χανούμαι.

χωρέω, “g0,” χωρήσομαι: but the active form also

occurs in the compounds, as in προσχωρήσω. Thucyd. II. 80.

345 The following employ both forms:

ἁρπάζω, “ seize,” άσομαι and -άσω.

διώκω, “ pursue,” -ώξομαι and -ώξω.

ἐπαινέω, “ praise,” έσομαι, but also -έσω : likewise παραινέσω.

Soph. Ed. Col. 1181.

ζάω, “ live,” ζήσομαι and ζήσω.

θιγγάνω, “ touch," θίξομαι and θίξω.

κολάζω, “ chastise,” κολάσομαι, κολῶμαι, and κολάσω, κολῶ.
κωκύω, “ utter wailings,” -ύσομαι and -ύσω.

λάσκω, “ sound,” λακήσομαι and -ήσω.
ναυστολέω, “ navigate,” -ήσομαι and -ήσω.

πνέω, “ breathe or blow,” πνεύσω and πνεύσομαι, σοῦμαι.
ποθέω, " long for,” έσομαι and -έσω.

τίκτω, “ bring forth," τέξομαι and τέξω.
φροντίζω, “ cogitate,” -ίσομαι and -ίσω.

(2) Anomalous uses of the Aorist and Perfect.

346 The 2 aorist middle occasionally occurs in a passive sense ; for example, in some compounds of σχέσθαι, as κατασχέσθαι, ovoxóuevos. But it may be laid down that the 1 aorist middle is always confined to its proper middle or deponent signification. Thus, though πράξεσθαι might be passive, πράξασθαι must be middle.

347 There is a by no means inconsiderable number of active verbs which use their second perfect in a passive signification, and, perhaps on this account, the old grammars have erroneously classed this form of the perfect with the middle voice, supposing, for example, that Téоila means "I have persuaded myself.”

Obs. There is no direct evidence to show whether this anomaly springs from the absorption of a passive ectasis, or from the cause suggested above, in the case of oтηkа (316). Such phrases as exel kaλws, when the Romans said bene se habet, may indicate the possibility of a change of usage without a change of form, and the peculiar case of kw, "I am come," used as the perfect of pxoμai, but obviously derived, like ἵκω (comp. ἡμέρα, ἱμέρα), from ἧκα the aor., or more probably from εἶκα, the perfect of inui, "I send," and subsequently furnished with passive inflexions in ἱκνέομαι, ἱκόμην, &c., shows that there was a good deal of caprice in these changes of application. In fact, as the perfect indicates the state consequent upon an action, its passive application in certain verbs springs rather from a habit of mind common to all nations than from any peculiarity in the Greek language. In almost all the cases, in which we find this transition in Greek, we find something similar in English. Compare, for example, the double use of lavvo with the English, the clouds drive; and кw from inu, with the intransitive, I have shot across the river; TÉTEνxa, "I am here at this moment" (Herod. III. 14), with such phrases as, I have just made the mouth of the river; and the intransitive exw with our auxiliary, I have gone, walked, &c. Conversely, but for the same reason, some neuter verbs become active: thus, ávépxoμai, lit. "I go up," means "I recount" (Eurip. Heracl. 200; Pind. Ol. VIII. 54).

66

348 The same phenomenon is observable in the second aorist as well as in the perfect and pluperfect of certain verbs. Thus lornμi, "I set up, or cause to stand," Súw, "I put on," púw, "I produce," make ἔστην, ἕστηκα, εἱστήκειν, " I stand or stood;” ἔδυν, δέδυκα, "I have gone or am gone into;" epvv, répura, "I am born or am by nature." Also from oẞévvvμɩ, “I extinguish,” σxéλλw, "I dry," we have the intransitive second aorists eoßny, "I was extinguished," čokλŋv, “I was dried up." The verbs ȧpapioko and opvuμ, besides the intransitive perfects mentioned above, have the intransitive aorists ἤραρον, ώρορον, and we have also ἐρείπω, “I dash down,” йрiоv, “I fell." The intransitive Baivw, “I go,” has the transitive 1 aor. eßnoa, "I caused to go," and the intransitive 2 aor. eßny, "I went." But this and other Greek verbs have duplicate forms for the transitive and intransitive meanings of the present; thus we have Baivo, "I go," but Bißalw, "I cause to go;" dúvw, "I go in," but duw, "I cause to go in;" πiw, “I hope," but лw, "I cause to hope;" μelów, "I get drunk," but μεθύσκω, μelúσкw, "I intoxicate;" ivw, "I drink," but Iπioкw, "I give to drink;" Tλnow, "I am full," but πíμπλnμι, "I fill;" &c.

349 It is hardly correct to speak of such usages as olda, "I know," from Fid, "to see;" dédoρка, "I see," from Séρxw, "I try

66

to get sight of;" кéктημаι, “I possess," from тμal, “I acquire," &c. &c. as anomalies; for they spring from the primary signification of the perfect tense, as denoting the state consequent on an act; and in this way μéuvnpai, "I remember," i. e. "I have been reminded," is strictly analogous to the Latin memini. But there is a singular anomaly in the 1 aor. pass. èμvýo◊ŋv, which is used, like the 1 aor. mid. éμvnoáμnv, in the sense "I mentioned," as Thucyd. 1. 10: ἄλλων μεγέθους πέρι ἐν νεῶν καταλόγῳ οὐκ ἐμε výoon," he has not made mention of the others in regard to their size in the catalogue of the ships;" cf. Hom. Пl. 11. 491: ei μǹ Moûσai μνησαίαθ ̓ ὅσοι ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθον, " unless the Muses (goddesses of memory) were to remind me how many came to the siege of Troy;" Dem. de Coron. 270, 7: ажорŵ тоû πрάтоv μvησðŵ, “I am at a loss which to mention first;" Hypereides, Orat. Funebr. col. 4, 1. 26: νῦν δὲ πόθεν ἄρξωμαι λέγειν ἢ τίνος πρώτου μνησθῶ; “ but now whence shall I begin to speak, or of what shall I first make mention ?” Ibid. col. 5, 1. 14: ἀλλὰ περὶ τῆς παιδείας αὐτῶν ἐπιμvno; "shall I mention besides their education?" Pind. Ol. VII. 60: μνασθέντι δὲ Ζεὺς ἀμ πάλιν μέλλεν θέμεν, " Jupiter was proceeding to cast lots again for him, when he mentioned it." This anomaly can only be explained from the opposition between the perfect as indicating a state, and the aorist as predicating a single act, which is discussed in the Syntax. And this case is not at any rate more remarkable than the usage of πpážeσbai as passive, but of mρážaσbai as active (see on Pind. Pyth. IV. 243). In Thucyd. ν. 41, § 2: οὐκ ἐώντων Λακεδαιμονίων μεμνῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῆς, it almost seems as if the perfect was used as the passive of the aorist, for the meaning must be, "the Lacedæmonians not allowing mention to be made of it." We may perhaps compare with eμvýoOn the isolated use of yvdoopaι, "I will celebrate," in Pind. ΟΙ. XIII. 3 : γνώσομαι τὴν ὀλβίαν Κόρινθον.

dè

350 Deponent middle verbs sometimes use a perfect of the passive form, with both an active and passive signification; the following are examples: elpyaoμat, "I have done" and "I have been done," from epyáloμai, "I do;" the pass. tense is particularly emphatic in the phrase ὡς ἐπ ̓ ἐξειργασμένοις, “when things are throughly done and cannot be undone;" κEKTημévos means both "possessing" and "possest," and even κатакéxρηтаι, which governs the dative, is used in a passive sense. Isocr. Panegyr. 74. So

also with regard to the passive aorists of such verbs: extý0ŋv = èkτησάμην, εἰργάσθην = εἰργασάμην, &c. There are even irregularities in the use of the present tense: thus, ovoúμeva is passive in Plat. Phæd. 69. Perhaps the greatest difficulty which can arise. from these anomalies of signification, is the employment of a middle form, which is strictly discriminated by common usage from the active, in a merely deponent or active sense. See especially the case of didáσkoμai, which is discussed in the Syntax (below, 434).

(II) Anomalies of Form.

351 Anomalies of form, or irregularities in the inflexions of verbs through their moods and tenses, arise either from the practice of making up the different tenses of verbs by forms derived from different but synonymous roots, as in the case of eiμl (above, 321); or from the use of some strengthening affix in the present tense, which is neglected in the other tenses: such affixes are -O-, -σK-, -v-, -vi-, -vn-, -vv-, -la-, -T-. The explanation of these forms is given in the next part of the Grammar (below, 366). But it belongs to the subject now before us to remark that the affixes -On(n) and -o- are used to form tenses within the domain of a regular verb. Thus we have seen (above, 291), that the former is used regularly to make the passive aorist, and that the latter is employed by the Ionic writers to construct a set of iterative tenses from the imperfect and aorist tenses of the indicative mood (331, I, 1, (a)); e. g. imperf. λaleokov, "I continually bewailed," of a continuous act continually repeated; aor. λáßeσxov, “I kept taking," of a single act continually repeated. As the augment is always omitted, these tenses may be compared with the optative mood, to one usage of which (i. e. the iterative) they fully correspond.

The following tables (from Krüger's Grammar) classify the irregularities found in the forms of anomalous verbs:

352 I. Verbs in -w, with collateral forms in -ew or -eoμai.