(a) in adjectives derived from verbs in -aw; e.g. in all in -āŋs, as δυσᾶης, ἀχρᾶής, &c.

(b) in substantives in -άων, gen. -aovos or -awvos ; e.g. ὀπάων, Ποσειδιών, δε.

2 Before consonants in derivative words, a is long

(a) in substantives and adjectives terminating in -αμα, -ασις, -ατης, -ατήριος, -ατικός, -ατος, -ασιμος, and derived from verbs in -aw, which have long in the derivative tenses; e.g. θέαμα, θεατής, θεατός, ὁρατός, ἴασις, θηράσιμος, θηρατικός.

Obs. On the contrary, derivatives of this kind retain the short a when they come from verbs in -άζω, - άσσω, and -αμαι, and from such in -aw as have the a short in derivative tenses; e. g. ἐργατής (from ἐργάζομαι), πλάσις (from πλάσσω), δυνατός (from δύναμαι), ἐλᾶτήρ (from ἐλάω, future ἐλάσω).

(b) in proper names in -arns, which are either derived from substantives in a, or formed independently, as Σπαρτιάτης, Τεγεάτης, Εὐφράτης, &c.

Obs. Except, as short, the compounds of this kind, formed from verbal roots, as Σωκράτης, and all terminating in -βάτης and -φάτης, as also the following words: Γαλάτης, Δαλμάτης, Σαρμάτης, &c.

(c) in

proper names in -āvós, which are accented on the final syllable; e.g. Ασιανός, Γερμανός, &c.

Obs. On the contrary, proparoxytones of this termination have the short a, as Σίκανος, Δάρδανος, &c.

(d) in compounds ending in -άνωρ, -άνορια, and -κρᾶνος, and in those beginning with καρά-, κερά-, and κρεᾶ- (from κάρα, κέρας, and κρέας); e.g. Βιάνωρ, τρίκρανος, καραδοκεῖν, καρατόμος, κρεᾶνόμος.

(e) in compounds derived from the verbal roots dy- and ad- (ãyw, I lead, ἄγνυμι, I break, άνδάνω, I please); e. g. λοχαγός, κυναγέτης, ναυαγεῖν, ναυαγία, αὐθάδης, οπαδός, and others of this kind.

(f) As special examples of derivative words, with long a in middle syllables, the following also must be observed: ἄκρατος, ανιαρός, διάκονος, νεανίας (with the words belonging to these last two), σιαγών, σίναπι, τιάρα, φάλαρος, φλύαρος, and its derivatives.

Also the proper names: "Αμασις, "Αναπος, "Αρᾶτος, Θεανώ, Ιάσων, Μιθριδάτης, Πρίαπος, Στύμφαλος, Συράκουσαι and Συρακόσιος, Φάρσαλος. D. Long a in the first syllable of Greek words.

In the first syllable of primitive words, a is to be considered long in the following cases :

(1) dissyllabic substantives in -aos, as λāós, vāós, πρâοs, and all their derivatives, as Μενέλαος, Λαομέδων, λαοσσόος, &c.

Obs. In răús (a peacock) the a of the penultima is always short.

(2) dissyllabic words in -āvós, whose final syllable is accented; e.g. δανός, πᾶνός, τρανός, φανός, and their derivatives.

Obs. The same rule respecting quantity is also given for dissyllabic oxytones in -āλós; although of this termination, besides dāλós (a firebrand), which has the a long, we find only kaλós (beautiful), in which the Epic writers almost invariably make the a long, but the Attics short.

(3) The following are to be observed as special examples of a long in the initial syllable:

ἀγή,

a shore,” to be distinguished from ayn, "surprise,” anp, and all its derivatives beginning with αερ-, αετός and its compounds, αέναος, αΐδιος, αιθαλής, αϊκή, and arf, together with all its compounds in -aἓξ ; ἀμητήρ, ἄμητος, ἀρητήρ, ἄτη, with ἀτήριος and ατηρός, ἀθάνατος, ἀκάματος, δαγύς; δραπέτης, κάβαξ, κάραβος and καρίς, λαρινός (fat), λαρινός (a fish), λαρός (sweet), πpayos, besides all its derivatives and compounds, as, e.g. evπpāyía, and generally also pâpos, with its compounds.

Obs. I It is self-evident that a, when used in Doric for n, is long; e. g. dâuos and its compounds, as 'Apxldāμos, &c. Similar forms, however, have passed also into the Attic and common language, and are therefore always long; e. g. 'Abáva for 'Αθηνᾶ, ῥᾴδιος (Ion. ῥηΐδιος), σφραγίς (Ion. σφρηγίς), τραχύς (Ion. τρηχύς), φράτρα (Ion. prρn), and others.

Obs. 2

That a is long in forms where it arises by contraction, or has subscript, is already known from the general rules (see above, 39); e. g. in ’A0ŋvâ for ’A0ŋvda, ἄκων for ἀέκων, δᾴδοῦχος, &c.

(2) Long i in Greek words.

A. Long in the final syllable.

I. Termination -, when not followed by consonants.

(1) In declension, the termination - is long only in the Ionic form of the dat. sing. of subst. in -ɩs, where is contracted from u; e. g. ȧkoíti instead of ἀκοίτιι.

ι

(2) is also long when appended to demonstrative pronouns and some adverbs, to strengthen their signification; e. g. ovroσi, vuvi, &c. (below, 239, note).

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Obs. In those adverbs also, which are formed, by means of the termination -1, from other words, is to be regarded as originally and properly long. Only those in -aσrí, and or are decidedly short. The shortening of the final in the others is to be regarded as a poetical license; thus Sophocles has both doraкrī and dσrakrt in the same play (Ed. C. 1646. 1251).

II. Termination -w.

The termination -w is to be considered as long only when it is a collateral form of the termination -us, gen. -īvos; e.g. deλpír, deλpîvos, &c. The quantity of datives pl. in -w from pers. pronouns is determined by their accentuation.

III. Termination -us.

1 As a nominative-ending -is is long (a) in subst. in -is, gen. -īvos and -ῖθος ; e.g. ἀκτῖς, ἀκτῖνος, ῥῖς, ῥινός, ὄρνις, -ῖθος, &c. (b) in monosyllabic subst. of this termination, as kis, &c.—(c) in the following words, which have idos in the gen,, ἁψίς, βαλβίς, βατραχίς, κηκίς, κηλίς, κλης κνημίς, κρηπίς, νησίς, σφραγίς, σχοινίς, τευθίς, φαρκίς, χειρίς, ψηφίς.

Obs. The poets, nevertheless, allow themselves to shorten in some of these; while, on the other hand, a great many, which have not been enumerated here, are occasionally used by them with the long. In some the is made long by the Ionians, and short by the Attics; e. g. βλεφαρίς, καρίς, κεραμίς, πλοκαμίς, ῥαφανίς.

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2 The termination -is is also long when used by the Ionians in the nom. and accus. plur. of words in -us, instead of -ies and -tas; e.g. ȧkoíTis instead of ἀκοίτιες οι ἀκοίτιας.

B. Long in the penultima.

1 of words in -έ, the oblique cases have long in (a) monosyllables, as φρίξ, φρικός, ἴξ, ικός, ψίξ, ψυχός(b) dissyllables, whose penultima is long in the nom, as αϊξ, αίκος (a rushing), πέρδιξ, -ίκος, τέττιξ, -ἶγος. Except χοίνιξ, -ίκοs, and those which have a λ in the middle, as ήλιξ,

-ίκος.

2 Of words in -ts, all, whose nominative-ending -s has been given as long, retain long in the oblique cases; see above, A, III. 1.

3 Of those in -, is long in the oblique cases of monosyllables; e.g. θρίψ, θριπός. But λίψ, λιβός, and ΝΙΨ, νιφός, are excepted.

4 In comparatives in -v, neut. -ov, the is, almost without exception, long in Attic Greek; in Homer always short; and in the later Epic writers sometimes short and sometimes long.

5 Respecting the quantity of in the penultimate syllables of verbal forms, the following rules hold:

(a) Verbs in -vw have long in the pres. and imperf., and in the aor. 1 act. and mid., but in all the other forms it is short; e. g. xpivw, imperf. ἔκρινον, aor. 1 ἔκρινα, perf. κέκρικα, perf. pass. κέκριμαι, aor. 1 pass. ἐκρίθην.

Obs. In the two verbs Tivw and pivw, the Epic writers use long, the Attics short.

(b) of verbs in -, polysyllables always, and dissyllables generally, hare i long, as κυλίω, κονίω, μηνίω, πρίω. Exceptions are aΐω (I perceive), eσow (I eat); and the collateral forms of verbs in -, as driw, by the side of ariw (I dishonour) paori, by the side of paori (I scourge), which have always short.

Obs. The poets, however, in these words, frequently shorten the i, as, e.g. éμnvie. Hom. Il. I. 247. In most dissyllables its quantity is arbitrary.

(c) In mute-verbs, whose monosyllabic root begins with two consonants, t is long ; e.g. βρίθω, θλίβω, πνίγω, τρίβω.

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(d) Most contracted verbs, of a dissyllabic root, have long in the initial, and polysyllables also in the middle syllable; e.g. Bivéw, divéw, διφάω, κινέω, νικάω, σιγάω, τιμάω, φιμόω, and others; so also ἀγινέω, ἀκριβόω, ἐλινύω.

Obs. On the contrary, is short in the root-syllable of those contracted verbs which are de:ived from short primitives, as αδικέω (from δίκη), φιλέω (from φίλος).

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(e) Also is long in the last root-syllable of the perf. 2 of muteverbs; e. g. πέφρῖκα (from φρίσσω), τέτριγα (from τρίζω). In vowel-verbs, on the contrary, it is short, as dediāσi.

し

6 The following are the rules for the length of in the penultimate syllables of derivative words:

(a) Of words in -a, dissyllables which begin with two consonants have i long, as θριά, στία, φλιά (except σκιά). So also καλτά, ἀνία, αἰκία, αἰθρία, κονία, although the last frequently, and ἀνία and αιθρία rarely, occur also with a short penultima.

Obs. The poets also make long in the penultima of polysyllables in -a, whose antepenultima is long; e.g. åкoμiotin.

(b) is long in dissyllabic and trisyllabic substantives in -ov, gen. -LOVOS, and all proper names in -ov, gen. -lovos; e.g. кīшν, прīшν, βραχίων, Αμφίων. As exceptions are to be observed χιών, in which the is lengthened only by the ictus and in compounds, and nov, which always has short. Also proper names in -twv, which retain in the gen., have i short; e.g. Κρονίων, gen. Κρονίωνος and Κρονίονος.

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(c) Proparoxytones in -os and λov have long; e. g. ouidos, apγῖλος, πέδιλον.

ι

(d) In properispomena in -îvos the is necessarily long, as ikrîvos, &c. ; besides in the following proparoxytones: κάμῖνος, σγῖνον, κύμῖνον, σέλῖνον,

and the two oxytones χαλινός and ἐρινός. In adjectives of this termination it is short, except πώρινος, μετοπώρινος, μεσημβρινος, and ὀρθρινός, in which chiefly in the later poets it varies its quantity to suit the nature of the verse.

(e) Polysyllabic substantives in -im and -ινα have i long; e.g. δωτίνη, ἀξίνη, ἐργαστίνη, Αἴγινα. From these ειλαπίνη is excepted.

(1) Lastly, ι (for in) is long in words in -ιτης and -ιτιs, and in. proper names in try; e.g. ὁπλίτης, τεχνίτης, πολίτις, Αφροδίτη. Except κριτής, as formed from the short root κρί.

(g) Also the following words have i long in the penultima: ἀκόνῖτον, ἐνιπή, ἔρῖθος, παρθενοπίπης, τάριχος, χελιδών, and the proper names Γράνίκος, Ενιπεύς, Εὔριπος, Κάϊκος, Όσιρις, Βούσιρις, Σέριφος, and some others, ας Σεμίραμις.

C. Long in the beginning of Greek words.

1 Of dissyllabic forms of nouns, with the termination -os, those in -ιλος, -ιμος, -ινοs, and -tos, which have either an acute on the final, or a circumflex on the penultimate syllable, have long in the radical syllable; e.g. χιλός, ψιλός, πῖλος, λιμός, σιμός, φιμός, ῥινός, δῖνος, πρῖνος, τός, κριός, &c. Except βιός (a bow), which has the short vowel.

2 Also dissyllabic diminutives in -af take t long in the radical syllable, as is apparent from the accent; e.g. κλίμαξ, πῖδαξ, &c.

Obs. In other dissyllabic substantives also, with the ending -os, the long t in the radical syllable is evident from the accent, as σῖτος, βρῖθος, μίσος, στίφος, and the like. But in dissyllabic forms of nouns not ending in os, in the radical syllable, when followed by a simple μ, is generally long, as in βρίμη, τιμή, δριμύς. Only substantives formed from short verbal roots in -μα retain the . short, as κλίμα.

3 The quantity of in verbal roots is determined above, under B, 5, a―d (pp. 30, 31).

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4 As special examples with a long in the initial syllable, the following are principally to be adduced :

τάομαι, and its derivatives, as ἰατρός, &c., ιθύς, λαος, ἴλη, ιλύς, μερος, ἴνιον, ιτέα, γίνομαι, γινώσκω, δίνη, κλίνη, κριθή, νίκη, σιγή, σμίλη, λιτός, μικρός, μιμέομαι, and its derivatives, ριπή, γριπεύς, πιών, πιαίνω, πιμελή, χίλιοι, and the proper names Ἴδη, Ικαρος, Ίναχος, Σιδών, Τρίνθιος, Τίτυρος, with some others,