ἔταμον in Attic, 2 aor. mid. ἐτεμόμην, more frequently ἐταμόμην, perf. τέτμηκα, perf. pass. τέτμημαι.

Τέρπω, “ I delight, has the pass. aor. ἐτάρφθην, ἐτάρπην, besides the regular ἐτέρφθην, and in the epic the 1 pl. subj. τραπείομεν*.

Τερσαίνω*, “ Ι dry, has 2 aor. pass. τερσῆναι, and 1 aor. act. ἔτερσα.

Τέτμον*, “ I found,” has the subj. τέτμω, &c.

""I

Τεύχω, “I make” or “construct,” is regular, τεύξω, ἔτευξα, τέτυγμαι, ἐτύχθην. But although we have τετεύχαται, “ they are made,” the active form τέτευχα is also used in a passive sense (above, 347, Obs.). Hence we have the secondary verb τυγχάνω, "I hit the mark," "I light upon," "I am successful in obtaining" or “I happen on a place or person,” “I am somewhere just at a particular time:” fut. τεύξομαι, aor. ἔτυχον (epic ἐτύχησα), fut. τετύχηκα. In Pindar τόσσαι is an aor. synonymous with τυχεῖν : cf. τόξον, which contains the same root.

The form τιτύσκομαι unites the meanings of τεύχω and τυγχάνω; for τιτίσκεσθαί τι is “to make ready something, but τιτύσκεσθαί τινος, “ to aim at something."

Τίκτω, “I bring forth, fut. τέξω, τέξομαι, 2 aor. ἔτεκον, perf. τέτοκα.

Τίνω, “I pay, 99 66 " " expiate,” fut. τίσω, perf. τέτικα, perf. pass. τέτισμαι, mid. τίνομαι, “ to punish :” τίνω Ionic, τίνω Attic.

TOP-, “ I pierce,” found only in the aor. ἔτορον, τορεῖν. Hence (1) Τιτράω, “ I bore, Attic τετραίνω, fut. τετρανέω, Ionic 1 aor. ἐτέτρηνα, also ἔτρησα, 1 aor. pass. ἐτετράνθην, perf. pass. τέτρημαι. (2) Τιτρώσκω, “I wound,” from fut. τρώσω, perf. pass. τέτρωμαι, 1 aor. ἐτρώθην, fut. pass. τρωθήσομαι and τρώσομαι.

Τόσσαι*, see τεύχω.

Τμήγω, “I cut,” 1 aor. ἔτμηξα, 2 aor. ἔτμαγον, intransitive 2 aor., part. pass. τμηγείς, these two in compounds. See τέμνω. Τρέπω, “ I turn,” perf. τέτραφα, perf. pass. τέτραμμαι.

Τρέφω, “I nourish,” fut. θρέψω, perf. act. τέτροφα, perf. pass. τέθραμμαι, 1 aor. ἐθρέφθην, 2 aor. ἐτράφην. The 2 aor. ἔτραφον bas in Homer a passive sense, as ἔτραφεν, “ he was bred.”

Obs. The forms τέτροφα and τέτραφα are interchanged in this verb and τρέπω, but it seems that the o belongs to τρέφω, and the a to τρέπω.

Τρέχω, “ I run,” fut. θρέξομαι, 1 aor. ἔθρεξα rare. More com

monly from ΔΡΑΜ-, fut. δραμοῦμαι, 2 aor. ἔδραμον, perf. act. δεδράμηκα, pass. δεδράμημαι, perf. m. δέδρομα.

Τρώγω, “I nibble” or “ eat with the front teeth, fut. τρώξο μαι, 2 aor. ἔτραγον.

Τυγχάνω, see τεύχω.

Τύπτω, “I strike,” fut. τυπτήσω, perf. τετύπτημαι, but also regular.

Υ.

Ὑφαίνω, “I weave,” aor. ὕφηνα, perf. ὕφαγκα, perf. pass. ΰφασμαι.

Υπεμνήμυκε*, see ημύω.

Υπισχνέομαι, “ I promise,” from ὑπίσχομαι, fut. ὑποσχήσομαι, perf. ὑπέσχημαι, 1 aor. ὑπεσχέθην, imperat. ὑποσχέθητι, 2 aor. ὑπεσχόμην. See ἔχω.

Φ.

ΦΑΓ-, “ I eat,” has only the fut. φάγομαι (which is Hellenistic), and 2 aor. ἔφαγον. The other tenses are formed from ἐσθίω and ΕΔ-,

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Φαίνω, “ I show, aor. ἔφηνα; intransitive ἐφάνθην, ἐφάνην, φανοῦμαι, φανήσομαι, πέφασμαι, πέφηνα, “ I am manifest” (above, 347).

Φείδομαι, “ I spare,” fut. φείσομαι, perf. πέφεισμαι, epic aor. πεφιδόμην*.

ΦΕΝ-, “I kill,” has aor. ἔπεφνον, and perf. pass. πέφαμαι, 3 sing. πέφαται, 3 pl. πέφανται, inf. πεφάσθαι, fut. πεφήσομαι. Cf. MEN-, &c., and see above (107).

Φέρω, “I bear,” root ΦΕΡ-, only in the pres. and imperf.; the other tenses are supplied from OI-= FET- (comp. "weigh," &c.), ἘΝΕΚ-, ΕΓΚ-, Ionic ἐνείκω, fut. οἴσω, οἴσομαι (also as a pres. inf. οἴσειν, imperat. οἶσε), aor. ἤνεγκα and ἤνεγκον (Ionic ἤνεικα), perf. act. ἐνήνοχα, pass. ἐνήνεγμαι (Ionic ἐνήνειγμαι), 1 aor. ἠνέχθην (Ionic ἠνείχθην), fut. pass. ἐνεχθήσομαι and οἰσθήσομαι. The derivative popéw is conjugated regularly, but there is an epic infin. φορῆναι.

Φεύγω, “I fee,” fut. φεύξομαι and φευξούμαι, perf. πέφευγα, 2 aor. ἔφυγον, perf. pass. πέφυγμαι.

Φημί, “I say,” root ΦΑ-, like ἵστημι; but the imperfect ἔφην is generally an aorist like εἶπον, the frequentative φάσκω, ἔφασκον

being used to express the continuous act of speaking. In conversations we find the shorter form ημί, as in ὦ ἠμί, παῖ, παῖ, “ boy ! boy! I say ;” ἦν δ' ἐγώ, “ said I;” ή δ' ὅς, “ said he,” and in epic writers ή, “ he said.”

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Φθάνω, “ I come before,” “ anticipate,” from φθάω, fut. φθάσω, 1 aor. ἔφθασα, perf. act. ἔφθακα. Also fut. φθήσομαι, 2 aor. ἔφθην, φθῶ, φθαίην, φθῆναι, φθάς, 2 aor. mid. part. φθάμενος.

Φθίω, “I destroy,” trans., and φθίνω, “I fall” or “waste away," which takes its tenses from the middle voice of φθίω, fut. φθίσομαι, pass. ἔφθιμαι (3 pl. ἔφθινται), part. φθίμενος'. Hence φθινέω and φθινύθω.

Φράζω, “I say,” 2 aor. epic πέφραδον* οι ἐπέφραδον*. The mid. and pass. signify “to remark,” and the middle also means "to consider."

Φρέω*, “I carry quickly,” from φορέω, occurs only in composition, ἐκφρεῖν, εἰσφρεῖν, διαφρεῖν, imperat. εἶσφρες, as if from a verb in -μι.

Φυζάναι (= φυγείν, Hesych. as from φύζημι), “ to fee,” 2 perf. part. πεφυκώς* (Hom. Il. XXI. 6, &c.). The grammarians also give a form φυζάω, whence part. aor. pass. φυζηθέντες, Nic. Ther. 825.

Φυλάσσω, “I watch,” is regular, but in Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 538, we have the imper. 2 aor. προφυλαχθε.

Φύω, “ I bring forth,” fut. φύσω and φύσομαι, perf. πέφυκα, πέφνα*, 2 aor. ἔφυν, “I am by nature" (above, 323). Εφύην is a later form.

Χάζομαι, see κήδω.

Χ.

Χαίρω, “ I rejoice,” fut. χαιρήσω, in later writers χαρήσομαι, 2 aor. ἐχάρην, perf. act. κεχάρηκα, pass. κεχάρημαι and κέχαρμαι. In epic, 2 aor. κεχαρόμην, 1 fut. κεχαρήσω, and 1 aor. mid. ἐχηράμην.

Χανδάνω, “I grasp” or “contain" (as a vessel), 2 aor. ἔχαδον, perf. κέχανα, fut. χείσομαι. Cf. σπένδω.

Χέω, “I pour,” fut. χεύσω, Attic χέω, 1 aor. ἔχευα, ἔχευσα, Attic ἔχεα, perf. act. κέχυκα, pass. κέχυμαι, 1 aor. ἐχύθην.

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Χραισμεν*, “ to help,” indic. 2 aor. ἔχραισμον, fut. χραισμήσω, 1 aor. ἐχραίσμησα.

1 In Hom. Od. v. 110, 133, VII. 251, we should read έφθιθεν for ἔφθιθεν.

Χράω has five different formations and meanings:

(1) Χράω, “ I deliver an oracle,” infn. χρῆν, aor. pass. ἐχρήσθην, perf. κέχρησμαι.

(2) Κίχρημι, “ I lend, fut. χρήσω, mid. κίχραμαι, “ I borrow,” fut. χρήσομαι, aor. ἐχρησάμην.

(3) Χράομαι, “ I use,” is regular; but κέχρημαι in epic Greek means "I stood in need."

(4) Χρή, “ it is necessary,” oportet (impers.), opt. χρείη, subj. χρῇ, inf. χρῆναι, χρῆν, imperf. ἐχρῆν, more frequently χρήν, part. χρέων, Attic for χράον, fut. χρήσει.

(5) Απόχρη, “ it is enough,” 3 pl. ἀποχρῶσιν, inf. ἀποχρῆν, part. ἀποχρῶν, -ῶσα, -ῶν, imperf. ἀπέχρη, fut. ἀποχρήσει. The Ionians wrote ἀπέχρα.

Χρώννυμι, χρωννύω, “I colour,” from χρόω, χρώω, χρώζω (all properly signifying " to touch the skin” or “ surface”), fut. χρώσω, 1 aor. ἔχρωσα, perf. pass. κέχρωσμαι.

Ψ.

Ψάω, “ I rub,” inf. ψῇν, fut. ψήσω, &c.
Ψύχω, “I cool,” 2 aor. pass. ἐψύγην, &c.

Ω.

Ωθέω, “I push,” fut. ὤσω or ὠθήσω, imperf. ἐώθουν, 1 aor. ἔωσα, inf. ὦσαι, perf. act. ἔωκα, pass. ἔωσμαι, 1 aor. ἐώσθην, fut. pass. ὠσθήσομαι.

Ωνέομαι, “I buy," has the pass. aor. ἐωνήθην with syllabic augment, and the perf. ἐώνημαι both passive and deponent. The Attic writers also used, as the aor. of this verb, ἐπριάμην, πρίασο οι πρίω, πρίωμαι, πριαίμην, πρίασθαι, πριάμενος, from the same root as πιπράσκω. Cf. Demosth. Nicostr. 1249. 21, 23.

PART IV.

DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION.

§ I. Prefatory Remarks.

354 FROM the formation of individual words, and their inflexion through the various modifications of the noun and verb, Greek Grammar naturally passes on to consider the cognate, but subsequent, procedure, by virtue of which (1) an existing noun or verb develops itself into a secondary noun or verb, or (2) two distinct words are combined in one, and furnished with a single set of inflexions: the former we call derivation; the latter is termed composition.

§ II. (1) DERIVATION.

355 In considering the subject of derivation, which was at one time regarded as including the whole of etymology, but which comparative grammar has reduced to a subordinate position, we have two distinct questions proposed to us. We have to examine, on the one hand, the process of derivation, or the machinery by which the new form is produced; and, on the other hand, the origin of the new form, or the classification of the derivatives according to the kind of words of which they must be regarded as modifications or extensions. The former of these inquiries is the most profound and difficult that could be proposed to the philological student. We must therefore be contented in this place with indicating rather than developing the results'. The latter is a very easy and simple task, and it is of great practical utility to the student. It shall therefore be exhibited with all the necessary details.

§ III. (A) Process of Derivation.

The process of deriving one word from another is effected in the same way as the formation of words in the first instance,

1 The subject is fully discussed in the New Cratylus, book III, chap. 3.