(3) Long v in Greek words.

A. Long in the final syllable.

I.

Termination -v, when not followed by consonants.

1 In the case-endings of nouns, the final v is always short, except in monosyllabic names of letters, as μû, and in the word ypû. Also in vocatives of words in -vs, whose nominative is long, v remains long; see below, III. 1.

2 Adverbs in -v are short, but in avrupú the v is both long and short.

3 In the conjugations, v is long in the 3 pers. sing. imperf. and aor. 2 of verbs in -vμ; e. g. pū, ëdū.

1

II. Termination -vv.

As a nominative-ending, -vv is long; e. g. póσovv.

2 Also, as a termination of accusatives, it is long in those words in -vs, whose final syllable is long in the nominative; see below, III. 1.

3 In the conjugations, -vv is long as a termination of the imperf. and aor. 2 of verbs in -vu; e.g. ĕpūv.

III. Termination -vs.

1 As a nominative-ending, -vs is long (a) in monosyllables, as Spûs, uus: (b) in polysyllabic oxytones, which take -vos in the gen.; e.g. ixtus, idnrus, &c.: (c) in the two subst. dayus, gen. -ūdos (a wax-doll), and kúμūs, gen. -vos (a sheaf): (d) in participles of this termination ; e. g. ζευγνύς, δεικνύς, &c.

2 As the termination of the nom. and acc. plur., -vs is long, being formed by contraction from -ves and -vas; e. g. oppûs instead of oppúes and ὀφρύας.

3 In the conjugations, -vs is long as a termination of the 2 pers. sing. imperf. and aor. 2 of verbs in -vμ; e. g. édeíkvūs, ëpūs.

B. Long u in the penultimate syllable.

1 In nouns, v is long before the case-ending :

(a) In words in -vv, gen. -vros, as μόσουν, gen. μόσσυνος. (b) In dissyllabic words in -vg, whose penultimate syllable is long by nature, and which take κ in the genitive, as κήρυξ, κήρυκος; δοίδυξ, -ύκος.

Of dissyllables, whose penultima is lengthened by position, ẞóμßve, -ūkos, and KÓKKUέ, -vyos, only have v long before the case-ending.

(c) of words in -vy, monosyllables only have v long in the derivative cases; e.g. γύψ, γυπός.

(d) of words in -vs, only dayús, -ūdos, and kúμūs, -ū¤os, retain the long vowel in the derivative cases.

2 In the conjugations, the following cases of the lengthening of v are to be observed:

(a) Verbs in -úvo and -úpw have long u in the pres. and imperf., and in the aor. 1 act. and mid.; in all the remaining forms of these verbs, which, however, are of rare occurrence, the vowel is short; e. g. ẞpadívw, imperf. ἐβράδυνον, fut. βραδυνῶ; φύρω, imperf. ἔφυρον.

(b) To determine with accuracy the quantity of v in verbs in -úw, they must be distinguished into different classes:

(a) In verbs in -vw, whose root is monosyllabic, v in the pres. and imperf. is used arbitrarily or capriciously; e.g. Xów and Xvw, λύω λύω, pów and pów. Only vw (I rush, to be distinguished from 0vw, I offer), guw (I smoothe), and Tpów (I rub off), have always v long; on the other hand, in ẞpów (I overflow), and kλw (I hear), v is always short. In the fut. and aor. the v of these verbs is always long; e.g. λύσω, ἔλυσα, φύσω, ἔφύσα. Except from this rule βλύω (Ι bubble), Kúw (I kiss), μów (I shut my eyes), and Trów (I spit), which have v short in the fut. and aor., thus, βλύσω, κύσω, μύσω, πτύσω. Also in the perf. and pluperf. act. and paulo-post fut. pass. v is usually long; on the contrary, in all the remaining derivative tenses, invariably short; e.g. dédūka, Tépuκa; on the contrary, also, λéλuka, and, without exception, xuen, λέλυμαι; πεπνυμένος is the only example of v in the perf. pass.

(B) In verbs in -vw, whose root is polysyllabic, the quantity of v is determined by the nature of the preceding syllable; thus, if the syllable preceding v is long, v is common in the pres. and imperf., but invariably long in the derivative tenses; e.g. κωλύω and κωλύω, fut. κωλύσω, aor. pass. ἐκωλύθην, &c. As exceptions to this rule we have αρτύω (Ι order), ¿λków (I draw), and evrów (I prepare), in the first of which v is made short by the Epic writers, and long by the tragedians; in the second the tragedians always make the v short in the derivative tenses, but it is sometimes long in the Epic writers, and in the third without exception the v is short. On the contrary, if the syllable before v is short, v also remains short in all the tenses; e.g. ἀνύω, μεθύω, τανύω, fut. ἀνύσω, μεθύσω, τανύσω, &c.

(7) In verbs in -vw, which have a collateral form in -vu, v is short; e.g. δεικνύω and δείκνυμι, ὀρνύω and ὄρνυμι, &c.

(c) In verbs in -vu, v is long in the sing. of the pres. and imperf. act., and in all numbers of the aor. 2 act. It is also long in the opt., when this is formed by the mere annexation of -μι and -μην to the root, because v in that case stands for vɩ; e. g. èkdûμev, Hom. Il. xvI. 99; Saíviro, Hom. Il. XXIV. 665. The imperat. aor. 2 also, formed with the termination -0, has v long; e.g. kλûli; but shortens it when there is a reduplication; e. g. kékλvůɩ, kékλUTE. The length of v in the participial termination -vs has been observed above, III. 1, d; and this is followed by the fem. in -voa, as appears also from the accent.

Obs. That the 3d pers. plur. pres. also, when -úar is contracted into -ûơɩ, has v long, is self-evident, and indicated also by the accent.

3 In derivative words, v is long in the penultima, or in the middle syllables generally, in the following cases:

(a) In trisyllabic subst. in -vmy or -vva ; e.g. αἰσχύνη, ἄμυνα, εὐθύνη. Obs. In koρúvn and Topúvn the v is made long only by the Attic writers, but mostly short by Epic poets; and in ¿dvvŋ it is always short.

(b) In trisyllabic or polysyllabic words in -vvos, when σ does not precede this termination ; e. g. βόθυνος, κίνδυνος, λάγυνος, εὔθυνος.

Obs. Except the compounds in -yuvos, formed from yuvý (a woman), which always have u short ; e. g. ἀνδρόγυνος.

(c) In polysyllabic subst. in -vpa, v is long in proparoxytones, as ἄγκυρα, γέφυρα, ὄλύρα, and in κολλύρα; otherwise always short, as λύρα, θύρα, and the like.

(d) v is long in adjectives in -upos, when the preceding syllable is likewise long; and short, on the contrary, when the preceding syllable is short; e. g. ἰσχυρός, οἰζυρός; on the contrary, λαμυρος, ὀχυρός, and the like.

Obs. v in aλuvpós is used long by the Attic writers, but short by the Epic writers, according to Draco's rule, which, however, is uncertain, as we have aλuupós in Eurip. Troad. 440.

(e) v is long in masc. of the first declension in -vтηs, fem. -ūris, as πρεσβύτης, &c.

(f) In the termination -vros, v is long only in trisyllabic subst., whose first syllable is likewise long, as Koкürós, and the like; and in compound adj. in δακρυτος and τρίτος (from δακρύω and τρύω), as ἀδάκρυτος, ἄτρῦτος, &c,

(g) v is long in adverbs in -υδον, as ὠρυδόν.

(h) Besides these, observe also the following special cases with long v in the middle syllables:

υ

ἀμαρυγή, ἰυγή, ὀλολυγή, and ὀλολυγών, ὠρυγή, together with ἀμύμων, αυτή, and αυτέω; also, εἰλυφάζω, ειλυός or ιλυός, ιγνύη, ερύκω, κέλυφος, λάφυρον, λέπυρον, πάπυρος, πίτυρον, ψιμύθιον; lastly, all derivatives from μύθος and θυμός, as πολύμυθος, ἄθυμος, and the like.

Το these may be added the proper names: "Αβυδος, Αἰσνήτης, "Αμφρύσος, Αρχύτας, Βηρυτός, Βιθυνός, Διόνυσος, Ενυώ, Ενυάλω, Καμβύσης, Κέρκυρα, Πάχυνος.

C. Long ϋ at the beginning of Greek words.

1

v is long in dissyllabic neuters in -υλον, as the accent also proves; e. g. φύλον, σκύλον, &c. From this ξύλον forms an exception.

2 v is long in dissyllabic oxytones in -υλος, -υμος, and -vros ; as χυλός, θυμός, κρυμός, ξυνός, &c. Except πλυνός, which always has v short.

3

v is long in dissyllabic paroxytones in -υμη and -υνη, as ζύμη, μύνη.

λύμη;

4 In neuters in -υμα, derived from verbs in -ύω, the quantity is regulated by the form of the root (see above, B, 2, b). In dissyllables of this kind, the quantity is indicated by the accent, as in κῦμα, but we have πλύμα. The polysyllables are mostly long, as ἄρτυμα, ἔλυμα, εἴλυμα, ἵδρυμα.

5 In dissyllabic neuters in -os, the quantity of v is likewise learned in most cases from the accent; most of them are long, as ψύχος, κῦδος, σκῦτος; but some short, as στυγος, τρύφος.

6 The quantity of v in verbs in -úw has been treated of above (Β, 2, b), and in verbs in -ύνω and -ύρω (Β, 2, a). It only remains, therefore, that we consider the case where v appears in the root-syllable of mute and contracted verbs, and to this the following rules apply:

(a) In mute verbs from a monosyllabic root, v is always long; e.g. ψύχω, βρύχω, τύφω, &c. Γλύφω alone has v short.

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(b) In contracted verbs v is long when the verb is formed from a long primitive, as κυρόω (from κῦρος), λυπέω (from λύπη), θυμόομαι (from θυμός), &c. On the contrary, v is short in those in -έω, which exist only as a collateral form to a liquid verb, as κυρέω τo κύρω.

Obs. It is self-evident that those formed from short roots retain the short vowel, as, e.g. στυγέω (from στυγος).

7 Of special words with long u in the root-syllable, the following deserve notice :

γυρός, θύλακος, κυφός, λύπη, μυελός, μυκράομαι, μύραινα, μυών, πυγή, πυελος, πυετία, πῦος, πυραμίς, πυρός, σύκον, σύριγξ, σφύρα, τρυγών, τυρός, ϋβός, ύλη, φυλή, φυσάω, χρυσός, ψυχή, to which may be added μυελός, velos, for Homer at least uses these words as dactyls, though other poets leave the first syllable short.

We have also the proper names: Λυδός, Μυσός, Μυρώ, Στρυμών, Τυδεύς, Τυρώ.

Obs. Monosyllables, as μûs, σûs, or ûs, and rûp, have the long vowel in the monosyllabic forms, consequently in the nom. and acc., but shorten it in the dissyllabic cases, and in compounds derived from them ; e. g. μυός, μυοκτόνος, συβώτης, πυράγρα, &c.

Final remark. In assigning general rules, as well as in the enumeration of special words, we have above adduced only the fundamental forms, and have passed over their derivatives, in order that further space might not be unnecessarily devoted to this subject. It may be sufficient, therefore, to remark here, that the quantity of the primitive is in general transferred to its derivative; as, e. g. Xpoos, and therefore xpvocos; λέλυμαι, and therefore also λυτός, ἄλυτος, λύσις; but λυσιμελής, according to the analogy of λύσω.

B. Accents.

40 The accent is the sharp or elevated sound with which some one of the last three syllables of a Greek word is regularly pronounced, and is called accordingly the "acute accent,” accentus acutus, οξεία προσῳδία, ὀξὺς τόνος. It is indicated by a line sloping to the right over the vowel, or second vowel of the diphthong, by which the accentuated syllable is articulated.

41 Every other syllable is supposed to have the "grave accent" (Bapeîa πpоowdía), which, when expressed, is marked by a line sloping to the left.

42 The acute accent may stand on the ultima, penultima, or antepenultima of a word.

43 Words are called oxytone when the acute is on the ultima, as κрiτns; parоxytone, when on the penultima, as λóyos; and proparoxytone, when on the antepenultima, as TUTтóμevos.