other locality is intended; as Plat. Protag. 320 A: èv 'Apipp ovos èπaideve, “he taught in the house of Ariphron," and especially ev "Audou, "in the mansions of Hades." The applications of this local use are innumerable.

(cc) Demosth. xL. 3: ἐν ὑμῖν πειράσομαι τῶν δικαίων τυχεῖν, "I will endeavour to obtain justice in your court, before you." Thucyd. II. 36: μακρηγορεῖν ἐν εἰδόσιν οὐ βουλόμενος, “ not wishing to make a long speech before you, when you know all about the subject."

(dd) Xen. Cyrop. I. 6, § 2 : ὅτι οἱ θεοί σε εὐμενῶς πέμπουσι, καὶ ἐν ἱεροῖς δῆλον καὶ ἐν οὐρανίοις σημείοις. Hence such phrases as ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ὁρᾶν, &c.

(b) Zúv denotes close connexion (aa) in time and (bb) in cir

cumstances.

(aa) Xen. Cyrop. VIII. 7, § 6: σὺν τῷ χρόνῳ προϊόντι ἀεὶ συναυξανομένην ἐπιγιγνώσκειν ἐδόκουν καὶ ἐμὴν δύναμιν.

(66) Id. Ibid. § 13: ἡ τῶν φίλων κτῆσις ἔστιν οὐδαμῶς σὺν τῇ βίᾳ, ἀλλοὶ μᾶλλον σὺν τῇ εὐεργεσίᾳ. Hence such phrases as σὺν Oe, "with the help of God;" oùv Te vóμw, "in accordance with the law;" σuv Tivi μáxeolai, "to fight on one's side," &c.

There are many adverbial phrases with ἐν and σύν, as ἐν μέρει, "in turn " (vicissim); év táxei or σùv Táxe, "quickly," &c.

(7) Preposition with the Accusative. Eis.

=

477 'Ev and és or eis and eέ= éк-s, πρó and πpós. decided expression of motion. i. e. "to" or "into;" as

év-s1 really do not differ more than è But this -s affixed conveys a more Eis signifies ad or in (cum accus.)

εἰς Φωκέας ὡς πρὸς συμμάχους ἐπορεύετο

(Demosth. Philip. III. p. 113, § 16).

Here it will be observed that eis Pwréas, strictly speaking, designates the name of the country, whereas ws πρos σvμμaxous

In the poets és and eis are interchanged ad libitum to suit the metre; but és is more common in epic and lyric, and eis in Attic poetry. These forms appear somewhat arbitrarily in prose also.

is a personal reference: from which mode of speaking arose the use of os alone with names of persons, in nearly the same sense as εἰς with names of things ; e. g. πρέσβεις πέπομφεν ὡς βασιλέα for w's πρòs Baoiλéa (Demosth. Philip. 1. p. 54, § 55).

Idiomatically eis is used to express any extension or direction. Thus it means (aa) "with respect to," as Eurip. Electr. 29: ès pèv γὰρ ἄνδρα σκήψιν εἶχ ̓ ὀλωλότα, " with respect to the death of her husband she had a pretext;" (bb) "with a view to," as Soph. Phil. 111: és kéρdos тí Spâv, “to do something with a view to advantage;” (cc) "to the amount of," as ¿vveßońOnσav eis eixoσt μáλiora, "they came to their aid to the amount of about twenty." And similarly of time, as eis èviavтóv, "to the amount of a year," ἐνιαυτόν, "for a year;" eis tηv tpítηv äpav, "up to the third hour;" "Kete εἰς τὴν τριακοστὴν ἡμέραν, “ ye have come by the thirtieth day.”

There are many adverbial phrases with eis, as εἰς καιρόν οι εἰς καλόν, " opportunely;” εἰς ὑπερβολήν, “ to excess;” ἐς τέλος, "at last," &c.

Pindar sometimes uses for eis the shorter form ev; as

ἄμειψεν ἐν κοιλόπεδον νάπος θεοῦ (Pyth. v. 37).

(8) Prepositions with the Genitive and Accusative. Aiá.

478 Alá denotes separation or disjunction. With the genitive of ablation, therefore, diá signifies that something is done "through and out of;" with the accusative of motion and reference, that it is done "through, and towards, or with reference to," i. e. "along of" or on account of." Thus,

(a) With the genitive dɩá signifies "through," as in Herod. VIII. 3: πάσης διεξελθὼν τῆς Εὐρώπης.

(b) With the accusative diá signifies "on account of," as in Soph. Cd. Col. 1129: ἔχω γὰρ ἅχω διὰ σὲ κοὐκ ἄλλον βροτῶν.

The student will find it easiest to recollect that dia with the genitive corresponds to per, with the accusative to propter, as in the following example, where they both occur together, Arist. Eth. Nic. iv. 13, § 16: αἱ γὰρ δυναστείαι καὶ ὁ πλοῦτος διὰ τὴν τιμήν (propter honorem) ἐστιν αἱρετά· οἱ γοῦν ἔχοντες αὐτὰ τιμᾶσθαι Si avτov (per ea) Boúλovтai. But in Homer, Pindar, and other

poets, dia with the accusative sometimes signifies per, with this proviso, that it answers to the question quo? "whither?" and not, as with the genitive, to the question unde? "whence?" so that the meaning is rather "along" than "through;" e. g. Sià TóνTIOV κῦμα ἐπόρευσας ἐμὰν ἄνασσαν (Eurip. Hippol. 762).

The special idiomatic usages of diá are generally confined to its construction with the genitive. Thus it signifies

(aa) An interval in space or time; as in Thucyd. II. 29, § 3 : dià TOσOÚTOV, “at such a distance;" Isocr. Archidamus, p. 121 в: ταύτην διὰ τετρακοσίων ἐτῶν μέλλουσι κατοικίζειν, " they are going to colonise it after a lapse of 400 years." Thucyd. III. 21, § 3: διὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων πύργοι, “ there were towers at intervals of ten embrasures each."

(bb) An instrument or means, as something intervening; thus in Herod. VII. 203: οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐπεκαλέσαντο λέγοντες δι ̓ ἀγγέλων, "the Greeks called upon them, speaking by means of messengers." Plat. Phaed. p. 83 Δ: ἀπάτης μεστὴ ἡ διὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων σκέψις, “ the inquiring by means of the eyes is full of deceit" (see above, 457, (αα)). Το this use we must refer the phrases διὰ χειρῶν ἔχειν, “to have in hand;” διὰ στέρνων oι διὰ φρενῶν ἔχειν, “to have in one's heart;” διὰ οἴκτου λαβεῖν or ἔχειν, “ to hold in compassion;" Sià aidoûs öμμ' exew, “to look ashamed," &c.

(cc) The full extent of a procedure, generally with verbs of motion; as dia páxns exbeîv, "to go to the length of fighting;" διὰ φιλίας ἰέναι, " to go all the length of friendship;” δι' ἔχθρας γίγνεσθαι, “ to get to the extent of animosity;” διὰ φόβου ἔρxeolaι, "to go the whole length of fear, to be thoroughly afraid;" dià yλwoons iéval, "to go the length of speaking." Whence in the poets we have further applications of this phraseology, as in Pindar, Isthm. III. 17 : διέστειχον πλούτου τετραοριᾶν πόνοις, “ they went so far in wealth as to keep four-horsed chariots."

There are many adverbial uses of διά, as διὰ τάχους, “ swiftly ;” διὰ τέλους, “ completely;” διὰ παντός, “entirely;” δι' εὐπετείας, easily," &c.

Κατά.

479 Karά with the genitive denotes vertical motion or direction; with the accusative, it signifies horizontal motion or direction.

(a) Hom. Π. Ι. 44: βῆ δὲ κατ' Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων χωόμενος Knp, "he went down from the summits of Olympus, enraged in his heart."

(6) Thucyd. iv. 126: κατὰ πόδας τὸ εὔψυχον ἐνδείκνυνται, they display their courage by following at their heels." (For the diference of κατὰ πόδα and παρὰ πόδα see below, 485.)

Thus oi karà xóva are the living (Eurip. Hippol. 452), but ó Kaτà xlovós (Soph. Antig. 24) is the dead. In composition with κaтá a verb governs the genitive if the action comes down upon the object, but the accusative if the action merely follows the object in its own line of motion. Hencе Kaтά with the genitive is sometimes rendered "against," and кaтά with the accusative, “in accordance with." In the former signification, κará is opposed to ává; in the latter there is but little difference in their use.

The following are the chief idiomatic significations of κaτá.

(aa) With the genitive we havе κатà σкожоÛ To§evew, “to shoot at a mark ;" Kaтà KópρηS TUTTEW, "to smite on the cheek;" κατά τινος εἰπεῖν, " to speak against some one;” ὀμνύναι καθ' ἱερῶν, κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ παιδός, “to swear by (down upon) the sacred objects, by the head of the child;" тò κal' vμŵv éykóμiov, "the eulogium upon you," &c.

66

66

(66) With the accusative we have τὰ κατὰ Παυσανίαν καὶ Θεμιστοκλέα, OEμLOTOKλéα, "the circumstances concerning Pausanias and Themistocles;" Kaтà тà μéтρа, “in accordance with the measures" (opposed to παρὰ τὰ μέτρα) ; κατὰ τὸν ἀκριβῆ λόγον, “ in accordance with the strict argument;" κal eva, "one by one;" κaтà TÓMES, κατὰ πόλεις, city by city;" κaơ ýμépav, “ day by day” (but μeľ μépav, “in the day-time"); кaт' äveрwπov oрoveîv, "to think like a man;" οὐ κατὰ Μιθραδάτην, " not according to the standard of Mithradates;” κατὰ στρατόν, " in the army;” κατὰ Φωκαίην πόλιν, “in a line with, near or off, the city Phocæa;" κaтà tòv tóλeμov, “at the time of the war;" κaтà éýkovтa eтη, "about sixty years;" κατὰ ἑξήκοντα ἔτη, Kаľ ÉTTтÀ TOû 'Boλoû (Aristoph. Av. 1079), "at the rate of seven καθ ̓ τοῦ for the obol;" Katà tevτýkovтa táλavтa (Aristoph. Vesp. 681), "by fifty talents at a time.”

There are many adverbial phrases with κατά, as κατὰ μόνας, alone;" κaтà poîpav, "properly;" κal' noνxíav, "quietly;" κατὰ μέρος, “in turn;” κατὰ κράτος, “by main force;” κατὰ σμρóv, "by little and little."

Ὑπέρ.

480 'T-Tép-which is connected with Tepí, and appears as the comparative degree of ú-πó—designates the apex of the compass; whereas Tepí denotes the circle described. If the genitive follows, vπép signifies super relatively, i. e. "over" some object; but if the accusative accompanies it, the meaning is ultra, with motion implied, i. e. "beyond" some object. Thus,

(α) Pind. Nem. VII. 65: ̓Αχαιός ἀνὴρ Ἰονίας ὑπὲρ ἁλὸς οἰκέων, an Achæan dwelling above (on the shore of) the Ionian sea.” Thucyd. I. 46: ἔστι δὲ λιμὴν καὶ πόλις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ Oaλáoons, "there is a harbour and a city above it (on its shore) away from the sea." Plat. Tim. 38 D: ó Deòs eOnкev λiov eis tòV θεὸς ἔθηκεν ἥλιον δεύτερον ὑπὲρ γῆς, " God placed the sun in the second orbit above the earth."

(b) Plat. Leg. 855, init.: Tovs äλλovs πapáderyμa ỏvýoeɩ yevóμενος ἀκλεὴς καὶ ὑπὲρ τοὺς τῆς χώρας ὅρους ἀφανισθείς, “he will benefit the others as an example by being disgraced and hurried out of sight beyond the boundaries of the country." Hence very commonly to denote excess in capacity, measure and number; as Dem. p. 536, penult.: μavía ẻσTìv vπèρ dúvaμív Tɩ πoleîv, “it is madness to do anything beyond one's power."

Plat. Leg. 839 D: Herod. v. 64: πèρ τà тeσσаρáкоvта ern, "more than forty years." τὰ τεσσαράκοντα

Úπèρ аνОρшπоν, "beyond the power of man."

Hom. Od. 1. 34:

vπèρ μóρov, “against destiny;" and since past time is regarded as above (see eπí), we have Plat. Tim. 23 c: úπèp τηv ploρáv, "before, earlier than, beyond the destruction (going backwards and upwards in time).”

As the protecting champion fought over, as well as before his friend, we find both vπếp and πрó, with the genitive, in the sense "on behalf of;" as in Eurip. Alcest. 690: μn Ovĥσx' úπèρ тоûε' ἀνδρός, οὐδ ̓ ἐγὼ πρὸ σοῦ. But there is an implication of hostility in the use of ὑπέρ with the accusative; thus, ὑπὲρ ἀμπλακίαν, Pind. Isthm. v. 29. Sometimes Tép corresponds in meaning to the