of countries, islands, and cities, and the distinctive names of trees. and plants; as Λακωνία, Δῆλος, ̓Αθῆναι, ἐλάτη, ἄχερδος, πίτυς.

(3) Neuter : infinitives used substantively, names of letters of the alphabet, and generally all words or even phrases which are regarded merely as outward forms or material objects; as τὸ ζῆν, τὸ ἄλφα, τὸ τύπτω, τὸ γνῶθι σεαυτόν, τὸ τεῖχος, τὸ Πελασγικόν.

Exceptions.

(a) The form of the word sometimes maintains the gender in spite of the signification: thus (a) nouns in -a and -n of the first declension are always feminine; as ἡ Λήθη, “the river Lethe,” ἡ Όσσα, “ mount Ossa,” ἡ Αἴτνη, “ mount Etna.

(3) Nouns in -ov of the second declension, excepting, as above, diminutives from proper names : thus we have τὸ μειράκιον, “ the boy,” τὸ ἀνθρώπιον, “ the mannikin,” τὸ γύναιον, “ the little wench,” τὸ ἀνδράποδον, “the slave,” τὸ Λύκαιον, “ mount Lycæum."

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(c) Nouns in -os (-07-), -i and -eus of the third declension; as τὸ τέκος, “ the child,” τὸ "Αργος, " the city Argos,” τὸ πέπερι, “ pepper,” ὁ Φανοτεύς, “ the city Phanoteus.” In Aristoph. Thesm. 432, τῆς γραμματέως is merely a joke.

(α) Nouns used only in the plural; as οἱ Δελφοί, “ the city Delphi,” τὰ Λεύκτρα, “ the town Leuctra,” τὰ παιδικά, " the pet (delicia).

(β) Besides these there are certain special exceptions.

(α) The following names of rivers and hills are feminine: ἡ Στύξ, ἡ Παρνής, ἡ Κάραμβις, ἡ Πελωρίας or Πελωρίς, ἡ Χαλκίς, αἱ Αλπεις.

(3) The following names of countries and cities are masculine: Πόντος, Αἰγιαλός, Μάσης, Ωρωπός, Ορχόμενος, Ογχηστός, Κάνωβος (-πος), Οἰνεών, and most of those in -ους, -ας, and -ων, as Δαφνοῦς, Τάρας, Βραυρών, though some are common, as Μαρα θών, Ακράγας, Σελινοῦς, Φλιούς, &c.

(c) The following names of trees and plants are masculine: φοίνιξ, έρινεός, φελλός, λωτός, κύτισος, ἄκανθος, ἀμάρακος, ἀσπάράγος, ἀσφόδελος, ἑλλέβορος, λάπαθος, and the following are com

mon: κέρασος, κόμαρος, κότινος, πάπυρος, The general term δρυς was masc. in the Lacedæmonian dialect, which was imitated in this respect by the later writers (Schol. Arist. Nub. 401).

151 In many cases the feminine is distinguished from the masculine by a formative affix. The following are the most common examples of this motion of substantives, which, as we shall see, is regular in certain classes of adjectives:

-os into -n or -a ; as υίωνός, υἱωνή; κόρος, κόρη; ἑκυρός, ἑκυρά. -της and -τηρ into -τρια; as ποιητής, ποιητρία; ψαλτήρ, ψαλτρία. -τηρ and τωρ into -τειρα (in the poets); as σωτήρ, σώτειρα: πανδαμάτωρ, πανδαμάτειρα.

-της or -ης into -τις = τιδος or -ις=ιδες; as προδότης, προδότες; Σπαρτιάτης, Σπαρτιᾶτις; Σκύθης, Σκύθις; Πέρσης, Περσίς.

Obs. Some of these endings have more than one form of the feminine; thus λῃστήρ οι λῃστής makes λῄστειρα, συλλῃστρία, λῃστρίς ; ὀρχηστήρ makes ὀρχηστρία and ὀρχηστρίς; ὀλετήρ makes ὀλέτειρα and ὀλέτις; and αὐλητήρ οι αὐλητής makes αὐλήτρια and_αυλητρίς.

-os into -ις = ιδ-s; as αἰχμάλωτος, αἰχμαλωτίς; κάπηλος, καπηλίς. -ευς into -us ; as Δωριεύς, Δωρίς.

Consonant noun into ots ; as φύλαξ, φυλακίς ; Ελλην, Ελληνίς. -ων, -ας into -αινα = ανγα; as λέων, λέαινα; τέκτων, τέκταινα; δράκων, δράκαινα ; Λάκων, Λάκαινα; θεράπων, θεράπαινα; μέλας, μέλαινα; τάλας, τάλαινα.

Obs. We have also certain irregular forms, which seem to indicate other inflexions of the masculine since become obsolete; as θεός, θέαινα; λύκος, λύκαινα ; ὖς, ύαινα; δεσπότης, δέσποινα by the side of πότνια and δεσποτίς.

Various nouns form the feminine in -σσα; as ἄναξ, ἄνασσα (for ἀνάκια) ; Θρᾷξ, Θρῇσσα ; θής, θῆσσα; Κρής, Κρήσσα; Κίλιξ, Κίλισσα; Φοίνιξ, Φοίνισσα; Λίβυς, Λίβυσσα; φάψ, φάσσα. Το this class belongs βασιλεύς, which, however, makes not only βασίλισσα, but βασίλεια, βασιλίς, and even βασίλιννα.

The feminine patronymics sometimes exhibit a shortened form of the masculine: thus we have Βορεάδης, Βορεάς; Τανταλίδης, Τανταλίς. Others are formed independently in -ίνη and -ωνη, a3 Αδραστίνη from "Αδραστος, ἡρωίνη, ἡρώνη, ἡρωίς, and ἡρῷσσα from ἥρως ; Ηλεκτρυώνη from Ἠλεκτρύων, Τυνδαρεώνη from Τυνδαρείς (see Lobeck, Pathol. pp. 32, 509).

§ II. Substantives.

152 The following are the case-endings of the masculine noun in the singular number. Comparative philology teaches us that the nominative case-ending of the noun, denoting the subject, is to be referred to the second pronominal element, which indicates relative proximity. To this the genitive, denoting removal from the subject, adds the third pronominal element under the form -v. The dative, which denotes juxta-position, repeats the second element under the form. The accusative, denoting the object, is content with the third element alone.

153 The plural is formed from the singular by the addition of the collective -s.

154 The dual presents abridged forms of the plural.

155 The feminine case-endings are generally distinguished from the masculine by the substitution of -oa- for -σ-.

Sometimes

by a reduplication of this termination, as -tā for -la-σa, or -d-s for -o-s. Comparative philology shows that this extension is due to the wish to express more strongly the relative and collective nature of things conceived as feminine or maternal.

156 The neuter has, strictly speaking, no nominative, but uses for that purpose the accusative, originally in - or -v: it has no plural in -s of this case, but substitutes, for the singular -7 or -v, the combination -VT, which is invariably softened into -ă (107). In other respects, the neuter inflexions do not differ from the masculine.

of countries, islands, and cities, and the distinctive names of trees and plants; as Λακωνία, Δῆλος, ̓Αθῆναι, ἐλάτη, ἄχερδος, πίτυς.

(3) Neuter: infinitives used substantively, names of letters of the alphabet, and generally all words or even phrases which are regarded merely as outward forms or material objects; as τὸ ζῆν, τὸ ἄλφα, τὸ τύπτω, τὸ γνῶθι σεαυτόν, τὸ τεῖχος, τὸ Πελασγικόν.

Exceptions.

(a) The form of the word sometimes maintains the gender in spite of the signification: thus (a) nouns in -a and -n of the first declension are always feminine; as ἡ Λήθη, “ the river Lethe, ἡ Όσσα, “ mount Ossa,” ἡ Αἴτνη, “ mount Æta.”

(β) Nouns in -ov of the second declension, excepting, as above, diminutives from proper names : thus we have τὸ μειράκιον, “ the boy,” τὸ ἀνθρώπιον, “ the mannikin,” τὸ γύναιον, " the little wench,” τὸ ἀνδράποδον, “the slave,” τὸ Λύκαιον, “ mount Ly

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(c) Nouns in -os (-07-), -t and -eus of the third declension; as τὸ τέκος, “the child,” τὸ Αργος, " the city Argos,” τὸ πέπερι, pepper,” ὁ Φανοτεύς, “ the city Phanoteus.” In Aristoph. Thesm. 432, τῆς γραμματέως is merely a joke.

(α) Nouns used only in the plural; as οἱ Δελφοί, “ the city Delphi,” τὰ Λεύκτρα, “ the town Leuctra,” τὰ παιδικά, “ the pet" (delicia).

(β) Besides these there are certain special exceptions.

(α) The following names of rivers and hills are feminine: ἡ Στύξ, ἡ Παρνής, ἡ Κάραμβις, ἡ Πελωρίας or Πελωρίς, ἡ Χαλκίς, αἱ "Αλπεις.

(3) The following names of countries and cities are masculine: Πόντος, Αἰγιαλός, Μάσης, Ωρωπός, Ὀρχόμενος, Ογχηστός, Κάνωβος (-πος), Οἰνεών, and most of those in -ous, as, and wr, as Δαφνοῦς, Τάρας, Βραυρών, though some are common, as Μαραθών, ̓Ακράγας, Σελινοῦς, Φλιούς, &c.

(c) The following names of trees and plants are masculine: φοίνιξ, έρινεός, φελλός, λωτός, κύτισος, ἄκανθος, ἀμάρακος, ἀσπά ράγος, ἀσφόδελος, ἑλλέβορος, λάπαθος, and the following are com