observed that nouns of the third declension from forms in - or -v usually retain the -v of the accusative singular (below, 186). In general, there are very few nouns in -ws belonging strictly to the second declension. Besides those already mentioned, we have ὁ κάλως, “ the rope,” which makes κάλωες, κάλωας, κάλωσι in the Ionic poets; vews, "a temple," which has the by-form vaós; the adjectives News, "gracious," πλéws, "full," and certain compounds in -γεως, -χρεως, -κερως, γελως, -γηρως, and -ερως ; as λεπτόγεως, “having light soil,” ἀξιόχρεως, “ reliable,” βαθυγήρως, very old," μovokéρws, "one-horned," piλoyéλws, “fond of laughing," Svoépws, "unfortunate in love." The last three are also inflected δυσέρως, in -ωτος, and the neuter plurals of ἵλεως and πλέως are ἵλεα and πλέα.

66

Obs. 1 It will be observed that oxytones in -ws retain the acute accent even in the genitive singular, and the proparoxytones maintain their accent unchanged throughout all the cases. There is no good authority for the accentuation of υπέργηρων, ταχύγηρως, and βαθύγηρως, as they are written in some MSS. (Æsch. Agam. 79; Aristot. Rhet. 1. 5; Anth. Pal. vi. 247).

Obs. 2 There are some nouns in -ws (as Nékws) or -ovs (as 'Inσoûs), chiefly foreign, and not belonging to this class, which retain the w or ov throughout, thus:

General Remarks on the Second Declension.

171 Dialects: (a) The gen. sing. in Æolic, Doric, and bucolic Greek ends in -w; in the Thessalian dialect in -o for -oco; in the epic and lyric both in -ov and in -oto, and in -wo from nouns in -ws; in new Ionic in -ou, and in proper names sometimes in -ew, as in Βάττεω, Κροίσεω.

(B) The dat. sing. in Æolic ends in -w without iota subscript.

(7) The gen. and dat. dual in epic Greek end in -oïïv.

(8) The gen. pl. sometimes ends in -ewv or -awv, as from a by-form of the first declension.

(€) The dat. pl. is -ous or -out in all dialects, and even Plato uses the longer form.

(5) The accus. pl. in Doric and Bootic ends in -ws or -os, the latter omitting the v of ovs, as in ès for eis = évs.

(n) The contraction of nouns in -oos, -cov, does not generally appear in Homer and the Ionic writers, though vóos is contracted in Od. x. 240, and though xeμáppovs is written, probably for xeíμappos, in Il. XI. 493. The Doric contracts -eo into -eu.

(0) The ending -aos is sometimes written -nos in epic and lyric Greek: thus we have Evvnos in Il. VII. 468, XXIII. 747, and 'Aμpiápnos in Pind. Nem. IX. 30.

THIRD OR CONSONANTAL DECLENSION.

172 To this declension belong all those forms which end in a consonant, and in - or -v, considered as residuary states of the guttural and labial elements of the digamma.

173 This declension recedes from the primitive type in the following particulars only. The genitive singular ends in -os. The accusative singular generally substitutes -ă for the original -v (according to 85, 107), the exceptions being certain nouns in - and -v (below, 187, 188), and a particular form of the dental nouns (below, 180). The plural accusative is consequently -ăs. The nominative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is -es for

-σες.

174 Neuter nouns generally exhibit the uninflected form in the nominative and accusative; a characteristic dental is omitted or changed into -s.

175 Apparent anomalies in this declension result from the assimilation or absorption of the final consonant of the uninfleeted form, which may usually be recovered by removing from the genitive singular its termination -os. The exceptions to this rule are confined to the neuter nouns in which the characteristic is a dental, omitted or represented by a sibilant, and those in -v or -ɩ. In the former, the uninflected form is either derived from the genitive, or must be inferred from analogy. In the latter it is furnished by the vocative.

The following table gives the nominative, vocative, genitive, and crude form of all types of nouns in the third declension. It will be observed that the nominative is the same as the vocative in every noun which does not include in its termination 7, 8 (in maid-s only), v, p, or v; and in all neuter nouns and

participles, excepting among the latter ἄρχων and κρείων, which, when used as substantives in the sense of "ruler," make their vocative in -ov, as ἄρχον, κρεῖον.

176 The following are the main rules for the gender according

to the terminations in this declension :

1 Masculine: (α) Without exception the words with the endings -av, -as (gen. -avos and -αντος), -ευς and -υν.

(3) Most of the words with the endings -ην, -ηρ, ης (gen. -ητος), -ειρ, -ους, -υρ, -ων (gen. -ωνος and -οντος), -ωρ and -ως (gen. -ωτος and -ωος).

Exceptions (besides those of which the gender is determined by the signification): (1) In -ην, ἡ φρήν, ὁ, ἡ ἀδήν. (2) In -ηρ, ἡ γαστήρ, ἡ κήρ, ἀήρ and αιθήρ (in the poets), ἡ ῥαιστήρ; and all those contracted from -εαρ, which are neuter, as τὸ ἦρ, τὸ κῆρ. (3) In -ης, all derived substantives in -orns and -υτης, which are feminine, as ἡ νεότης, ἡ ὀξύτης, also ἡ ἐσθής, i.e. στολή. (4) In -ειρ, ἡ χείρ. (5) In -ους, τὸ οὖς. (6) In -υρ, τὸ πῦρ. (7) In -ων, ἡ ἁλών, ἡ βλήχων οι γλήχων, ἡ μήκων, ἡ τρήρων, and ὁ, ἡ αὐλών, κώδων. (8) In -ωρ, τὸ ἔλδωρ, τὸ ἕλωρ, τὸ πέλωρ, τὸ σκώρ, τὸ τέκμωρ, τὸ ὕδωρ. (9) In -ως, τὸ φῶς, ἡ δώς.

2 Feminine: (α) Without exception the words with the endings -avs, -w, -ws (gen. -oos).

(3) Most of the words with the endings -as (gen. -αδος), -εις, -ις (-ιν), -us and -ων (gen. -ovos).

Exceptions: (1) In -as, the adject. are common, as ὁ, ἡ λογάς, φυγάς, &c. (2) In -εις, ὁ κτείς. (3) In -ις (-ιν), ὁ κίς, ὁ δελφίς or δελφίν, ὁ, ἡ θίς, ὁ ἰκτίν, ὁ λῖς, ὁ ὄφις, ὁ ὄρχις, ὁ τελμίς, ὁ κύρβις, ὁ γλάνις, ὁ, ἡ ἔχις, ὁ, ἡ κόρις. (4) In -υς, ὁ βότρυς, ὁ θρῆνυς, ὁ ἰχθύς, ὁ μᾶς, ὁ νέκυς, ὁ πέλεκυς, ὁ πῆχυς, ὁ στάχυς. (5) In -ων, ὁ ἄκμων, ὁ κάνων, ὁ, ἡ κίων.

3 The words with the ending - are partly masculine and partly feminine; those in -ψ are all masculine, with the exception of ἡ καλαῦροψ, ἡ λαῖλαψ, ἡ ὄψ, ἡ φλέψ, ἡ χέρνιψ, ἡ κατῆλιψ.

4 Neuter: (α) Without exception those with the endings -a, -ăv, -i, -ev, -es, -ov, -op, -os, and -v.

(b) Those with the endings -ap and -as (gen. -aтos and -aos), with the exception of ὁ ψάρ, ὁ λᾶς.

177 Nouns of the third declension may be arranged according to their characteristics, that is, according to the letters which terminate their crude or uninflected forms.