nation added, to which the participle has been attracted. The most common example of this construction is furnished by the passive participle of raλŵ, which is almost regularly used in this way; thus Soph. Cd. Tyr. 8: ὁ πᾶσι κλεινὸς Οἰδίπους καλούμevos, "I, who am cited by all as the illustrious Edipus." Plat. Symp. 190 Ε: συνέλκων πανταχόθεν τὸ δέρμα ἐπὶ τὴν γαστέρα νῦν καλουμένην, " drawing together the skin from all sides to that which is now designated as the belly." On the other hand, we have this participle as the equivalent of a relative sentence in such phrases as (Plat. Phædr. 243 B): тoinσas πâσav tǹv kaλovμévyv Taλivædíav, “having composed all the so-called palinode,” i.e. that which is called the palinode.

Obs. It may be regarded as a difficulty by the young student to appreciate thoroughly the distinction between these two usages. Perhaps the simplest mode of explaining it is to suppose that in all cases where the verbum vocandi passivum seems to be used as merely a copula, the predicated name or designation is really a secondary predicate of manner, which may be rendered "as" or "by the name of," just as when we render σrparnyos péon, "he was chosen as general." This really amounts to an apposition, especially in the participial construction which we are considering. For example, in Thucydides, II. 15, we have at the end: καλεῖται δὲ διὰ τὴν παλαιὰν ταύτῃ κατοίκησιν καὶ ἡ ἀκρόπολις μέχρι τοῦδε ἔτι ὑπ ̓ Αθηναίων πόλις, “ the acropolis too, on account of the old settlement there, is still designated as the city by the Athenians." And a little above we read in the same chapter: τῇ κρήνῃ τῇ νῦν μέν, τῶν τυράννων οὕτω σκευασάντων, Εννεακρούνῳ καλουμένῳ, τῷ δὲ πάλαι, φανερῶν τῶν πηγῶν οὐσῶν, Καλλιῤῥόῃ ὠνομασμένῃ, which we must render in the same way, for the genitives absolute serve the same purpose as the sentence with diá in the direct predication, and explain the reason for the change of name: "the fountain, which is now, from the tyrants having so fashioned it, designated as the conduit of the nine pipes, but was formerly, because the sources were visible, known by the name of (named as) the fair stream."

(e) An apposition is sometimes expressed by means of wσπeρ, καθάπερ, οἷον. Thus Hom. Od. IV. 160: τοῦ νῶν, θεοῦ ὡς, τερπόμeľ avdy, “in whose voice, as [in the voice] of a goddess, we take delight.” Xen. Cyr. I. 4, § 15: Κύρῳ ἥδετο οὐ δυναμένῳ σιγᾶν, ἀλλ ̓, ὥσπερ σκύλακι γενναίῳ, ἀνακλάζοντι, “ he delighted in Cyrus, when he was unable to remain silent, but gave tongue, like a thorough-bred whelp." This rule of apposition applies also to cases where the comparison is incidental only; thus Thucyd. vi. 68: πρὸς ἄνδρας πανδημεί τε ἀμυνομένους καὶ οὐκ ἀπολέκτους, ὥσπερ ἡμᾶς, i.e. ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἐσμέν.

(5) In the apposition to a pronoun it matters not whether the pronoun is expressed or understood; thus, on the one hand we may say, ἐκείνου, τοῦ σοφιστοῦ, πάντες καταγελῶσι, “all laugh at that man, the sophist;" on the other hand we may say, oi pèv ̓Αλκμήνης καὶ Σεμέλης υἱοὶ εὐωχοῦνται ἀφρόντιδες· ὁ δὲ Μαίας τῆς ̓Ατλαντίδος διακονοῦμαι αὐτοῖς, “the sons of Alcmene and Semele feast without care, but I (ey understood) the son of Maia wait upon them."

(2) As the possessive adjective is derived from and represents the genitive of the personal pronoun or noun, we find an apposition of the genitive when the possessive pronoun or any possessive adjective is used; thus, διαρπάζουσι τὰ ἐμὰ τοῦ κακοδαίμονος, “they plunder the goods of me the unhappy man" or "my goods, unhappy that I am;” ἄπιτε ἐφ ̓ ὑμετέραν τῶν βαρβάρων χώραν, " go back to the land of yourselves the barbarians," i.e. "go back to your own land, ye barbarians ;” τὰ ὑμέτερ' αὐτῶν κομιεῖσθε, “ you shall get back the things of yourselves (ὑμῶν αὐτῶν),” i.e. “ your own property.” And this is the true explanation of Eur. Hipp. 605: ναὶ πρός σε τῆς σῆς δεξιᾶς εὐωλένου, where it is a common error to translate εὐωλένου as an epithet of δεξιᾶς. Similarly when there is no pronoun, ἐν δέ τε Γοργείη κεφαλὴ δεινοῖο πελώρου, “ and on it the Gorgonian head of a terrible monster," i.e. "of that terrible monster the Gorgon;” παππῷον δὲ καὶ οὗτος ὄνομ ̓ ἔχει τοὐμοῦ πατρός, “ he also has the name of his grandfather, who is my father;” Αθηναῖος ὢν πόλεως τῆς μεγίστης καὶ εὐδοκιμωτάτης, "being of Athens, the greatest and most famous of cities."

(0) It is not uncommon to have apposition in a partitive or distributive sense, namely, when the whole is not expressed in the genitive, but in the same case with its parts; thus Thucyd. II. 47 : Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι τὰ δύο μέρη ἐσέβαλον ἐς τὴν ̓Αττικήν, “ the Peloponnesians and their allies, that is to say, two thirds of them, invaded Attica,” instead of τῶν Π. τὰ δ. μ. Soph. Antig. 21: οὐ γὰρ τάφου νῶν τώ κασιγνήτω Κρέων τὸν μὲν προτίσας τὸν δ ̓ ἀτιμάσας ἔχει; “ has not Creon honoured one and dishonoured the other of our two brothers in regard to their sepulture?" Xen. Anab. II. 1, § 15: οὗτοι μὲν ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγει, “ of these one say s one thing, one another.” Id. Vectig. IV. § 4: καὶ νῦν δὲ οἱ κεκτημένοι ἐν τοῖς μετάλλοις ἀνδράποδα οὐδεὶς τοῦ πλήθους ἀφαιρεῖ, “ and

now of those who possess slaves in the mines no one diminishes the number."

(ε) To this form of apposition belongs the σχῆμα καθ ̓ ὅλον kaì μéρos, i.e. when the totality is mentioned first, and the particular part is afterwards specified. Thus Hom. Il. XVI. 597: TòV μὲν ἄρα Γλαῦκος στῆθος μέσον οὔτασε δουρί, “ Glaucus wounded him, that is, the middle of his breast, with his spear." Eurip. Heracl. 63: βούλει πόνον μοι τῇδε προσθεῖναι χερί; “ do you wish to impose labour on me, that is, on this hand of mine ?"

(x) The partitive reference of the apposition is sometimes made more distinct by the addition of the genitive of a pronoun; as Xen. Cyr. IV. 5, § 37 : κοινὰ γὰρ ἡμῖν ὄντα τὰ παρόντα, πολλὰ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἀσύντακτα for κοινῶν ὄντων, κ.τ.λ., without αὐτῶν. Plat. Apol. Socr. p. 18 c: ἐπιστεύσατε παῖδες ὄντες ἔνιοι ὑμῶν for ἐπίστευσαν ὑμῶν ἔνιοι παῖδες ὄντες.

(2) A noun in the nominative may appear as the apposition rather to the idea conveyed by the verb, that is, the predicate, than to the nominative or subject of the proposition, which is the grammatical construction. Thus Eurip. Hel. 994: keloóμeola dè νεκρώ...............ἀθάνατον ἄλγος σοί, ψόγος δὲ σῷ πατρί, “ we shall lie as two corpses, (as so lying we shall be or our lying so will be) an everlasting grief to you, and blame to your father." Id. Heracl. 71: βιαζόμεσθα καὶ στέφη μιαίνεται, πόλει τ ̓ ὄνειδος καὶ θεῶν ἀτιμία, "we are haled away by force, and our suppliant chaplets are defiled, a circumstance which is a reproach to the city and a dishonour to the gods. Id. Orest. 490: σάρκες δ ̓ ἀπ ̓ ὀστέων ἀπέῤῥεον, δεινὸν Déapa, "the flesh fell off from the bones, a terrible sight," i.e. not θέαμα, the flesh, but its falling off.

§ VII. The Pronouns as Subject.

408 The only pronouns, which can be used properly and directly as the subjects of propositions, are the personal pronouns ἐγώ, σύ, ἡμεῖς, ὑμεῖς, which, whether expressed or implied, are always the nominatives respectively of verbs of the first and second person; the distinctive pronoun ós or ó, which in certain cases appears as the nominative of verbs in the third person, though it is generally superseded by some noun or subsides into the prepositive

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article; the reflexive pronoun ", e, which expresses that the subject is also the object, or, in other words, indicates the subject in objective sentences; the indicative pronouns öde, oûtos, ékeîvos ; the indefinite and interrogative Tus, and more rarely ỏ deîva. The pronoun of identity, autós, although it is combined with the personal and reflexive pronouns in the oblique cases, and seems to take their place and that of os, oi in the nominative, while it also serves as the substitute for the third personal pronoun in the other cases, is strictly an adjective or predicative word, and is even found with other adjectives after the article, as in Thucyd. III. 47, § 3: τὸ Κλέωνος τὸ αὐτὸ δίκαιον καὶ ξύμφορον τῆς τιμωρίας, "Cleon's identification of justice and expediency in the punishment." This pronoun may be compared, as far as its use is concerned, with the Latin is, and its two derivatives i-dem and ipse = is-pse. For while in the later literary language, which generally suppresses the demonstrative use of ὁ, ἡ, τό, we find αὐτός used instead of that pronoun, as an equivalent to the oblique cases of is (e.g. ó viòs avtoû=filius ejus, "his son," &c.); with the article prefixed αὐτός is a mere epithet equivalent to idem (e.g. ὁ αὐτὸς ȧvýp = idem vir, "the same man"), and by the side of any noun or pronoun already defined autós performs the part of ipse as a pronoun of self (e.g. ó avmp avτós vir ipse, "the man himself," éμavτóvme-ipsum, "myself"). ἐμαυτόν myself"). Reserving then to its proper place the predicative use of autós, we shall here only notice those cases in which it appears as a representative of the pronouns used as the subjects of propositions, or as the opposite of the reflexive pronoun in objective sentences. And as the demonstrative use of ó, n, Tó has been already discussed, we shall here confine our attention to (a) the personal pronouns; (b) the reflexive; (c) the indicative pronouns; (d) the indefinite; (e) the interrogative.

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(a) The Personal Pronouns.

409 Although the older Greeks used the first and second personal pronouns without any particular emphasis, these expressions for the subject do not appear in Attic except when there is some stress on the nominative or some opposition. Thus, while in Homer we have ἦλθον ἐγὼ παύσουσα τὸ σὸν μένος, where there is no particular emphasis and where an Attic writer would have omitted the eye, we recognize both emphasis and opposition in

such a passage as the following (Plat. Gorg. p. 473 a): vûv pèv οὖν ἃ διαφερόμεθα, ταῦτ ̓ ἐστί· σκόπει δὲ καὶ σύ· εἶπον ἐγώ που ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν τὸ ἀδικεῖν τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι κάκιον εἶναι· σὺ δὲ τὸ ἀδικεῖσθαι· καὶ τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας ἀθλίους ἔφην εἶναι ἐγώ, καὶ ἐξηλέγχθην ὑπὸ σοῦ. Το bring out this opposition or emphasis more strongly, the predicative autós often takes the place of the personal pronouns in the nominative or is appended to them in the accusative. Thus we find such usages as the following: Πρόξενος εἶπεν, ὅτι αὐτός εἰμι ὃν ζητεῖς (Xen. Anab. II. 4, § 16), “Proxenus said, I am the very person whom you seek;” αὐτός, ὦ Φαίδων, παρεγένου Σωκράτει, ἢ ἄλλου του ἤκουσας (Plat. Phad. init.), “ were you by the side of Socrates yourself, Phædo, or did you hear of his death from some one else?" avròs epa (of Pythagoras), "he said it himself," ipse dixit, "it is the great master's own saying” (cf. Arist. Nub. 219). And in the oblique cases we have this addition when there is an emphatic reference to the subject; as (Xen. Cyr. IV. 6, § 2): ἥκω πρὸς σὲ καὶ δίδωμί σοι ἐμαυτὸν δοῦλον, σὲ δὲ τιμωρὸν αἰτοῦμαι ἐμοὶ γενέσθαι. In old Greek we find αὐτόν μιν (Od. IV. 244) when the third person is expressed emphatically in an oblique case; but the short and simple pronoun of the third person being disused in Attic Greek, αὐτοῦ, αὐτῷ, αὐτόν, &c. have taken its place, without any emphasis intended or expressed.

Obs. In replies to questions the first personal pronoun is used alone with an understood reference to the verb of the question; as (Plat. Gorg. p. 454 c) : καλεῖς τι πεπιστευκέναι; ἔγωγε, i. e. καλώ. (Ibid. B): οὐ δοκεῖ σοι δίκαιον εἶναι ἐπανέρεσθαι; ἔμοιγε, i. e. δοκεῖ. And similarly when there is merely an interruption, as (Soph. Ed. C. 1441): εἰ χρὴ θανοῦμαι—μή σύ γ' (i. ε. θάνῃς), ἀλλ ̓ ἐμοὶ πιθοῦ.

(3) The Reflexive.

410 Besides the emphatic combination of αὐτός with the personal pronouns, especially in the oblique cases ἐμαυτοῦ, σεαυτοῦ, ἑαυτοῦ, we have a reflexive usage which is not only independent of αὐτός, but even uses that pronoun as its proper antithesis, namely, as a substitute for the simple demonstrative. This is when the unemphatic personal pronoun is used as the subject of the objective sentence. Thus τολμήσω τήνδε πεῖραν ἔτι, with the unemphatic ἐγώ understood, is a regular subjective proposition: "I shall still venture on this attempt." But it becomes objective and depends