examples. The former is the more useful course for one who wishes to master the idiom of the Greek language, and to exercise himself in reasoning; but for purposes of reference and in order to verify the statement which has been made, it will be convenient to enumerate and classify the chief idiomatic usages of the Greek genitive. We shall therefore give (1) the regular uses of the Greek genitive according to the above arrangement of its meanings as ablative, partitive and relative; and (2) those special uses in which the primary signification is subordinated to the idiomatic practice.

(1) Regular uses of the Greek Genitive.

(a) The Genitive of Ablation.

451 The genitive denotes ablation, that is, separation or detachment from something,

(aa) With all verbs of motion from a place; as Soph. Ed. Col. 572: yns óπoías λov, "from what sort of a land I came;” Phil. 613: εἰ μὴ τόνδε ἄγοιντο νήσου τῆσδε, “ if they did not take this man with them from this island."

(bb) With all verbs denoting separation or removal, such as

(a) « Το remove or separate ” (χωρίζειν, διορίζειν, ἀποκρίνειν, εἴργειν, ἀποκλείειν, ἐκβάλλειν, ἀφιστάναι), or to be removed or stand away from ” (ἀπέχειν, διέχειν, ἀπεῖναι, ἀφίστασθαι, ἀποστατεῖν, ἐξίστασθαι, μεθίστασθαι, &c.), or “ to yield and give way” (εἴκειν, ὑπείκειν, παραχωρεῖν, &c.), “to fee, to escape” (ἀλύσκειν, φεύγειν, ἐκφεύγειν, &c.).

(β) “To set free or deliver” (ἀπαλλάττειν, λύειν, ἀπολύειν, ἀφιέναι, ἐλευθεροῦν, σώζειν, &c.), “ to get off” (ἀπαλλάττεσθαι), " to miss or fall short of” (ἁμαρτάνειν, ἀφαμαρτάνειν, διαμαρτ τάνειν, &c.).

(γ) “ To repel, keep off, divert or stop ” (ἔχειν, ἐπέχειν, ἀμύνειν, ἀλάλκειν, βάλλειν, ἀποβάλλειν, ἀφιστάναι, ἀποτρέπειν, παύειν, καταλύειν, &c.), “ to hinder or prevent” (κωλύειν, εἴργειν, ἐρητύειν, ἐμποδὼν εἶναι), “ to cease, to desist, to remit” (παύεσθαι, ἀφίεσθαι, λήγειν, λωφᾶν, ἐπέχειν, &c.), “ to refrain or restrain oneself”

1 For the use of this verb with the accusative see 430, (bb).

(ἀπέχεσθαι). For example, Hom. Od. xv. 33: ἑκὼς νήσων ἀπο éxew vaûv, "to keep a ship far from the islands." Thucyd. IV. έχειν 3, § 2: ἀπέχει ἡ Πύλος τῆς Σπάρτης σταδίους τετρακοσίους, "Pylus is distant (i. e. removed or separated) from Sparta 400 stades.” Pind. Οl. Ι. 58 : τὸν μενοινῶν κεφαλᾶς βαλεῖν εὐφροσύνας aλâtai, "which desiring to push away from his head, he wanders away from joy." Hence p0eípeolaí Tivos, "to leave something to one's destruction" (Esch. Pers. 443; Eurip. Andr. 715). To these must be added many of the nouns derived from such verbs, and conveying the same meaning. Thus we have both ảπaλλáğai тivà κακοῦ οἱ ἀπαλλαγῆναι κακοῦ (Plat. Gorg. 458 Α), and ἀπαλλαγὴ Tovov (Esch. Agam. init.), and so forth.

(cc) With all verbs denoting a production or its result; as ποιεῖν, ἐργάζεσθαι, κατασκευάζειν, &c., “ to make;” or their converse, ποιεῖσθαι, γίγνεσθαι, ὑπάρχειν, εἶναι, “ to be made, to come into being, to exist." Thus we have Herod. v. 62: σvykeiμévov σφι πωρινοῦ λίθου ποιέειν τὸν νηόν, Παρίου τὰ ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ eeroinσav, "it having been covenanted by them to build the temple of tuff-stone, they finished off the front of it with Parian marble." And to show how completely the idea of ablation enters into this use of the genitive, it is sometimes accompanied by ảπó, “from,” or ¿§, “out of;" as Herod. VII. 65: equaтa àñò §úλwv πεποιημένα; ΙΙ. 96: τὰ πλοῖα ἐστιν ἐκ τῆς ἀκάνθης ποιεύμενα.

To these verbs must be added nouns denoting the result of manufacture ; thus we have οἴκημα ξύλων, λίθων, " a chamber made out of timber or stones;” νόμισμα χρυσοῦ, χαλκού, “ a coin made out of gold or copper;” λίθου ἐστρωμένη ἐστὶν ἡ ὁδός, “ the road is paved with (out of) stones;" kρyπìs Xílwv ẻoтì μeyáλwv, “the foundation is made of great stones."

(dd) To the same class we must refer the genitive of derivation or selection, with distributives, as τῶν ὄντων τὰ μὲν ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστίν, τὰ δ ̓ οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, " (out) of existing things, some are and some are not in our power;" with definite participles, as Tv BouwTŵν TOÙS μỶ Bovλoμévovs, "those (out) of the Boeotians, who did not wish;" with adjectives, as oi Toλλoì Tŵv évláde eipnkótwv, "the majority (out) of those who have spoken here;" oi xpnoToi Tŵv ȧvoρáπшv, "those out of the number of men who are good;" with the adverb of place, as aλλobi yaíns, “in a different place

out of the extent of the earth ;” ποθὶ φρενός, “in what part (out) of the range of my mind;” ἵν' εἶ κακοῦ, “ in what situation (out) of misfortune you are." A special application of this is the genitive of sonship, as ̓Αλέξανδρος ὁ Φιλίππου, “ Alexander the son of (sprung or derived from) Philip;” for the idea of ablation is clearly shown in the occasional use of a preposition, as in Soph. Αj. 557 : ὅπως πατρὸς δείξεις ἐν ἐχθροῖς οἷος ἐξ οἵου τράφης. Also in the use of words like ἔκγονος, &c.

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(ee) Hence also the genitive is found with all kinds of substantives to denote the cause or origin of a thing, as Il. II. 396: κύματα παντοίων ἀνέμων, “ the waves proceeding from, caused by, all sorts of winds;” Eurip. Οr. 610: ὀνείρατ ̓ ἀγγέλλουσα τἀγαμέμνονος, “ announcing the dreams sent from Agamemnon.”

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(ff) Verbs and nouns indicating fulness or want take a genitive of ablation, the former according to (cc), as denoting the materials, and the latter according to (bb), as implying separation or removal from the object. To this class belong the following: πιμπλάναι, πλήρουν, μεστοῦν, γέμειν, κορεννύναι, βρίθειν, βρύειν, πλουτεῖν, εὐπορεῖν, with the adjectives μεστός, πλέος, πλήρης, πλούσιος, ἀφνειός, εὔπορος, and the adverbs ἄδην, ἅλις; also the converse of these, κενοῦν, ἐρημοῦν, γυμνοῦν, ἀπογυμνοῦν, μονοῦν, στερεῖν, ἀποστερεῖν, ἀποδύειν, ἐκδύειν, σπανίζειν, πένεσθαι, ἀπορεῖν, ἐλλείπειν, λείπεσθαι, δεῖσθαι, δεῖν, with the adjectives κενός, ἔρημος, γυμνός, ἄπορος, πένης, ἐνδέης, ψιλός, ὀρφανός, καθαρός, &c.; also words denoting mental fulness and deficiency, as μέμνησθαι and its converse λανθάνεσθαι; thus, χρημάτων μὲν εὐποροῦμεν, λόγων δὲ ἀποροῦμεν, “ we abound in (we have an abundance derived from) money, but we are lacking in (we are deprived of, separated from) eloquence."

To this class belong the collective words which are followed by the genitive, as πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων, ἀγέλη βοῶν, σωρὸς λίθων. Also quantitative nouns estimated by a measurement, as τεῖχος σταδίων ὀκτώ, “a wall of made up of materials extending to) eight stades;” ὁδὸς τριῶν ἡμερῶν, " a road or journey of (made up of the space traversed in) three days." Hence the genitive is frequently used in estimates of space and time, with perhaps a tacit reference to some such word as μήκος. Thus in Hom. Π. XVIII. 7, τί νηυσὶν ἔπι κλονέονται ἀτυζόμενοι πεδίοιο; “why do

they rush about in confusion by the ships, being driven in flight over the plain?" we must understand or imply some word of extent or magnitude on which Tediouo may depend. And similarly of time, when we wish to express that something has happened or is to happen within a certain period. Thus in Esch. Agam. 288, 9, we have the question and answer: Tolov Xpóvov dè kat TETTÓρONTAI TÓλIs; "out of (within the space of) what time has the city been sacked ?” τῆς νῦν τεκούσης φῶς τόδ ̓ εὐφρονῆς λέγω, "I maintain within the (space of) night which is the mother of this morning." Pind. Ol. II. 95: Ékatóv ye étéwv, "within a hundred years." Lys. Nicom. § 3: πроσтаxlèv avт@ тεσσаpŵv unvŵv αναγράψαι τοὺς νόμους τοὺς Σόλωνος, “whereas it was assigned to him to publish the laws of Solon within four months." Xen. Anab. 1. 9, § 25: οὔπω δὴ πολλοῦ χρόνου ἡδίονι οἴνῳ ἐπέτυχον, “ not yet, within a long time, have I met with pleasanter wine." That this genitive is really ablative is clear from the occasional appearance of a preposition, as in Soph. El. 780: οὔτε νυκτός, οὔτ ̓ ἐξ ἡμέρας. That this usage approximates very closely to that of the partitive. genitive we shall see below.

(99) A genitive of ablation is used to express the perceptions of the senses; and that in two ways. Primarily the object itself is regarded as the source or material from which the perception emanates; and thus properly and literally the percipient is said to draw his perception from the object, which is therefore placed in the genitive; whereas the perception exists to or for some percipient or person endowed with sensation, and this person is therefore expressed in the dative. Thus Plato says (Theaetet. 160 A, B): άváукη ἐμέ τε τινὸς γενέσθαι, ὅταν αἰσθανόμενος γένωμαι, ἐκεῖνό τε τινὶ γενέσθαι, ὅταν γλυκὺ ἢ πικρὸν ἤ τι τοιοῦτον γίγνηται, “ it is necessary both that I (the percipient) should be percipient of (derive a perception from) something, when I have become sentient; and also that it (the object of sensation) should have become so to or for some sentient person, whenever it becomes sweet or bitter or any such thing." In a secondary sense, the object may be said to be the genetic origin of the sensation. Practically then, while in the former case a verb signifying "I smell," i.e. "I have the perception or sense of smell," may have the genitive of the object from which the scent emanates, as Arist. Ran. 654: xpoμμúwv ỏσOpalvoμat, "I smell onions;" in the latter case, a verb signifying

"it smells," i. e. "it emits the smell," may have the genitive of the object from which that particular scent usually proceeds; as Æsch. Agam. 1281: Tód ökei Ovμátwv èþeστlwv, “this smells of (this is the smell from) victims at the hearth." Arist. Ach. 191: ččoval πίττης καὶ παρασκευῆς νεῶν, “ this treaty smells of has the smell which comes from, pitch and the equipment of ships of war;" Soph. Fragm. 147: περὶ δ ̓ ἐμῷ κάρᾳ κατάγνυται τὸ τεῦχος οὐ μύρου πνέον· ἐδειματούμην δ ̓ οὐ φίλης ὀσμῆς ὕπο, “ about my head there is broken a vessel not breathing forth (the scent) of (from) ointment; I was terrified by no pleasant smell."

To this class belong not only the verbs which refer to specific senses, as ἀκούειν, ἀκροᾶσθαι, ὀσφραίνεσθαι, &c., but general words, like αἰσθάνεσθαι, and secondary applications, like μανθάνειν, ξυνιέναι and πvvláveσbai. The genitive is strengthened in the last verb by the occasional use of the prepositions από, ἐξ, and παρά.

(hh) Verbs signifying the derivation of advantage or enjoyment from an object are followed by a genitive of ablation, on the same principle as the verbs of perception; thus we have a genitive after yeveolai, "to taste of;" máσaolai, "to feed from;" aπоλαύειν, ἐπαυρεῖν, ἐπαύρεσθαι, ἔνασθαι, “ to get enjoyment from;” Evwxeîolaι, "to make a feast of;" with their corresponding causatives, yevew, “to give to taste;" éσtiâv, evwxeîv, “to feast a person," &c. Just so in Latin we have the ablative after fruor, vescor, utor, and the like. Thus we find Xen. Ec. 12, § 7: oi àπoλavοντες τῶν σῶν ἀγαθῶν εὐνοί σοι γίγνονται, “ those who derive benefit from your advantages are well disposed towards you." Plat. Resp. p. 352 B: evæɣoû тOû λóyov, "make a feast off the discourse." Ibid. p. 571 D: éσTiâv Tiva λóywv kaλŵv, "to regale a person on (off) fine speeches."

(b) The Genitive of Partition.

452 The manner in which the genitive of ablation passes into that of partition is strikingly shown in two of the applications of the former. Thus the genitive of time (451, (ff)) is undoubtedly ablative in the first instance, according to the definition given, namely, as a genitive of the amount, which serves as the materials. from which the collective term is made up. But in other idioms it seems to be merely a possessive genitive dependent on some specific