word which would be expressed, if at all, in the dative. Thus the genitive of time not only expresses, as we have seen, "out of (within the space of) a certain amount of time," but also "within the limits of a general division of the year or the twenty-four hours." Now this latter usage is partitive, whether we consider the genitive itself to bear this meaning, or think it necessary to supply μépet or pa, the latter of which actually appears with this use of the genitive. Thus, on the one hand we say, Toû μŋvós, тoû èviavтoû, "at intervals of a month or year," the whole month or year being counted, so that we must supply μnket, if anything, and the genitive will be ablative, as indicating the materials; or, on the other hand we say, οἱ πολέμιοι ἀπεχώρησαν νυκτός, “ the enemy departed in the night, at some hour in the night," where the whole period cannot be intended, and the genitive must therefore be partitive, or, what is the same thing, possessive. The same remark applies to the genitive as denoting some season of the year. For while we have the genitive alone in Xen. Mem. III. 8, §9: noù μèv Oépovs чvxeivηv exeiv τὴν οἰκίαν, ἡδὺ δὲ χειμῶνος ἀλεεινήν, “ it is pleasant to have one's house cool during the summer and warm during the winter," where the whole of these seasons are intended, and μnket, if anything, would be supplied, we often find these genitives dependent on "pą, in which use they seem to be partitive; as Oépovs pą (Hes. Op. et D. 582); pos év pa (Arist. Nub. 1008), &c. And while Tò MOTóv includes "the whole of future time,' 66 τοῦ λοιποῦ means at times during the future," which is manifestly partitive. Again, although the primary sense of the verbs denoting enjoyment (451, (hh)) leads to the inference that the genitive dependent on them signifies ablation or derivation; though this is confirmed by the analogy of the Latin fruor, vescor, &c.; and though there are passages, like Plat. Resp. 606 B: ἀπολαύειν ἀνάγκη ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων εἰς τὰ oikeia, where the ablative use is so plain that it has been proposed to change απολαύειν into ἀπολαβεῖν,on the other hand the word μépos is actually supplied by Isocrates, c. Soph. p. 293 в: OỦк av ἐλάχιστον μέρος ἀπελαύσαμεν αὐτῆς; this verb governs the accusative in many passages (as Xen. Mem. 1. 6, §2: Tavavría Tĥs σopías ἀπολελαυκέναι) ; and in one passage the genitive alone is placed in opposition to the genitive with ex, Plat. Resp. 395 c: iva μn ek τῆς μιμήσεως τοῦ εἶναι ἀπολαύσωσιν, " that they may not as a result of their imitation gain the reality" (where some read Tò eivac).

But while in these instances the connected ideas of ablation and partition can hardly be distinguished, there are very many examples in which the partitive use of the genitive is unmistakable.

(aa) Verbs signifying" to partake or to participate in anything" are followed by a genitive of the object from which the part is taken; such are μετέχειν, μεταλαμβάνειν, ξυλλαμβάνειν, ξυναί ρεσθαι, μεταλαγχάνειν, κοινωνεῖν, κληρονομεῖν, &c. ; also the impersonal verbs μέτεστί μοι, “ there is to me a share ;” προσήκει μοι, “there has come to me a share;” and the transitive μεταδιδόναι, “to impart or give a share ;" ξυμβάλλεσθαι, “ to make a contribution."

Thus Thucyd. iv. 10 : ἄνδρες οἱ ξυναράμενοι τοῦδε τοῦ κινδύνου, “ ye men, who have taken on yourselves a share of this danger.” Soph. Εl. 1168: ξὺν σοὶ μετεῖχον τῶν ἴσων, “with thee I had a share of an equal fortune." Εd. Τ. 630 : κἀμοὶ πόλεως μέτεστιν, οὐχὶ σοὶ μόνῳ, “I too have a share in the state, not you only.” Arist. Av. 970 : τί δὲ προσήκει δῆτ ̓ ἐμοὶ Κορινθίων, “ what share in the Corinthians has come to me? what have I to do with them?" Xen. Cyr. VII. 5, § 78: θάλπους καὶ ψύχους καὶ σιτῶν καὶ ποτῶν καὶ πόνων καὶ ὕπνου ἀνάγκη καὶ τοῖς δούλοις μεταδιδόναι, “ it is necessary to give even the slaves a share of heat and cold and food and drink and labour and sleep.” Eurip. Med. 288 : ξυμβάλλεται δὲ πολλὰ τοῦδε δείματος, “ many things contribute a part of this fear;” and the true reading in Thucyd. III. 36, § 2, is προσξυνεβά λοντο τῆς ὁρμῆς αἱ νῆες τολμήσασαι παρακινδυνεῦσαι, “ the ships, having dared to venture on a cruise to Ionia, contributed an additional ingredient in their passion."

66

The partitive value of the genitive after ξυμβάλλομαι and μετέχω in particular is shown by the introduction of μέρος, as in Lysias, c. Nicom. 184, 31: τοῦ μὲν γὰρ ὑμᾶς φεύγειν μέρος τι καὶ οὗτος ξυνεβάλετο, cf. Plat. Resp. 331 B; and in sch. Ag. 518: · μετέχειν μέρος τάφου; or μοῖρα, as in Herod. IV. 145 : μετέχειν μοῖραν τιμέων. So also we have μέρος as the nominative of the otherwise impersonal μέτεστι, as in Eurip. Iph. Τ. 1310: μέτεστιν ὑμῶν τῶν πεπραγμένων μέρος; or τὸ ἴσον appears with μέρος understood, as in Thucyd. III. 37 : μέτεστι πᾶσι τὸ ἴσον.

Obs. Μετέχω takes the accusative of other words besides μέρος and μοίρα ; as χάριν, Soph. Ed. C. 1482 ; τὰς ἴσας πληγάς, Arist. Plut. 1142.

This verb and KoLvoveîv are also used occasionally with other cases, when the noun of direct reference has to be supplied (e. g. Thucyd. II. 16; Plat. Resp. p. 452). With έvμßáλλoμai we have not only μépos and other words of quantity, but also the further object generally expressed by the accusative with cis or рós, as Xen. Hel. VI. 5, § 5: тpía Táλavτa ξυνεβάλλοντο αὐτοῖς εἰς τὴν δαπάνην. Cyr. II. 4, § 21: τοῦτο συμβαλεῖται πρὸς τὸ λανθάνειν.

(bb) Verbs of all kinds, even those which are generally followed by an accusative of the object, take the partitive genitive when the action is limited to a part only of the thing designated; thus didóval and λaußávei are used with the accusative when it is implied that the whole of the object is given or received, but with the genitive when the giving or taking is limited to a part of it; Isocr. de Pac. § 23: TŶs aútŵv πроodάσоvσι, "they will give in addition a part of their own land;" Xen. Anab. I. 5, § 7: λaẞóvTes τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ, “having taken a division of the barbarians." And similarly with many other verbs, as xapiceolai, ἐσθίειν, φαγεῖν, πέμπειν, τέμνειν, &c. For example, Il. IX. 214; χαριCoμévn πaρeóvτwv, "freely giving a part of the provisions;" Eurip. Iph. Τ. 1216: σὺν δέ μοι σύμπεμπ ̓ ὀπαδῶν, “send some of your attendants with me;" П. IX. 214: Táσσe d' áλés, "he sprinkled some (of the) salt over it;" Thucyd. 1. 30: Tŷs yŷs éteμov, “they laid waste a part of the territory;" Id. 1. 143: kiveîv tŵv Xpnμátwv, "to touch a part of the treasure;" Arist. Pax, 30: Tapolas Tŷs Oupas, "having opened the door partially," Plat. Symp. p. 213 E: λaßóvтa Tŵv Taiviv, "having taken some of the fillets," immediately after μετάδος τῶν ταινιῶν; Arist. Ach. 1180: τῆς κεφαλῆς κατέαγε περὶ λίθων πεσών, “ and fell down on the stones and broke a part of his head (inflicted a wound on the scalp)."

(cc) The substantive verb is connected with many uses of the genitive of partition.

it

(a) It implies "to be one out of a certain class," "to belong to as a part;" Plat. Gorg. 458 a: ei où ei tŵv åvěpáπwv ůvπeρ Éyw, "if you are one of the same class of men with myself;" Thucyd. 1. 65: ἤθελε τῶν μενόντων εἶναι, “ he wished to be one of those who staid behind;" III. 70: ÉTúyxave Bovλns wv, "he was at that time a member of the senate;" Plat. Resp. p. 360 a: dieπpážato twv ảyyéλwv yevéolai, "he managed to be one of the messengers;" 462 Ε: ἡ τοιαύτη πόλις μάλιστα φήσει ἑαυτῆς εἶναι τὸ

Ibid.

p.

Táoxov, "such a city more than any other will say that the suffering member belongs to herself, is a constituent part of the whole body."

(8) It implies "to belong to somebody, as a property or function;” Herod. III. 117: τοῦτο τὸ πεδίον ἦν ποτε Χορασμίων, “ this plain belonged formerly to the Chorasmians;" Soph. Ed. T. 917: ἀλλ ̓ ἔστι τοῦ λέγοντος, ἢν φόβους λέγῃ, “ he belongs to is the property of) the speaker, if he brings terrible news;" Antig. 737: πόλις γὰρ οὐκ ἔσθ', ἥτις ἀνδρός ἐσθ' ἑνός, “ a city has no existence, when it belongs to (is the property of) one man."

(7) It implies "to belong as a quality or duty;" Soph. El. 1054: πoλλns ȧvoías (ẻστí), “it is a thing of (has the quality of) no slight folly;" Thucyd. I. 83: σTI & Tóλeμos oВX OTTλWV TÒ πλéοv åλλ Saπávηs, "war is a thing of (partakes of the quality ἀλλὰ δαπάνης, of, presumes or requires) expenditure rather than arms;" Plat. Gorg. 461 A: our oxíyns ovvovoías èσTí, “it is a thing of (requires) no small discussion;" Soph. Ed. C. 1429: otpatηλatoû χρηστοῦ τὰ κρείσσω λέγειν, “ it is the part or duty of a good general to speak of success.'

(8) It implies "to belong as a capacity or qualification ;" Soph. Cd. Τ. 393: τό γ' αἴνιγμ ̓ οὐχὶ τοὐπιόντος ἦν ἀνδρὸς διει Tεîv, “the riddle did not belong to the capacity or qualification of every man to solve," and so in the proverb: où tavτòs åvôpòs εἰς Κόρινθόν ἐσθ ̓ ὁ πλοῦς, “ non cuivis hominum contingit adire Corinthum."

ó

(e) It implies "to belong as a custom, wont, or habitude;" Thucyd. III. 39: ἀπόστασις τῶν βίαιόν τι πασχόντων ἐστίν, “ revolt is the usual resource of those who are oppressed;" Plat. Resp. p. 335: ἔστιν ἄρα δικαίου ἀνδρὸς βλάπτειν καὶ ὁντινοῦν ȧveρáπwv; "is it the wont of a just man to do harm to anybody?"

Obs. 1 In these cases the genitive is sometimes accompanied by πρός, “from the direction of;” Æsch. Αg. 603 : ἢ κάρτα πρὸς γυναικὸς alpeolaι κéap, "it is very much the part of a woman to have her heart elated."

Obs. 2 That this use springs from that of the ablative-genitive of derivation (451, (dd)) is clear from the use of that genitive with words which, if omitted, must leave a genitive of partition. Thus compare

with the genitive implying a part, such uses as the genitive following a demonstrative; Xen. Ages. 1. 7: Tád avтoû ayaμai, "I admire these things (as a part of) in him." Or without a demonstrative in the same sense; Isocr. Nicocl. p. 27 Α, Β : θαυμάζω τῶν ταύτην τὴν γνώμην ἐχόντων, "I wonder at this point in the persons who entertain this sentiment.' Or before a relative sentence; Thucyd. 11. 65: dieλóvtes toû teixous ǹ προσέπιπτε τὰ χώμα, “ taking down that part of the wall where the mound was raised against it." Or compare with the genitive denoting a quality or property, such uses as the genitive following oikeios, idios, and the like; Isocr. Nicocl. p. 19 B: ἅπαντα τὰ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν πόλιν οἰκεῖα τῶν καλῶς βασιλευόντων ἐστί, “ all the property of those who inhabit the city belongs to those who govern well."

(dd) Verbs, which do not in themselves denote participation, like those enumerated in (aa), but which imply attainment generally limited to a part of the object sought, are followed generally and regularly by a genitive of partition. Such are Tyɣávew, κυρεῖν, ἀντιᾶν, λαγχάνειν, all signifying a contingent attainment. With regard to the first of these verbs, it is to be observed that although Tyxáve in itself means primarily "to hit the mark," and though it is often used with the participle merely to indicate coincidence in time, the noun Túxn is synonymous with Saíuwv and poîpa, which denote respectively "a divider" and "a share." The verb κυρείν corresponds in many of its usages with τυγχάνειν, and while τυγχάνειν is sometimes found with the accusative, κυρεῖν takes not only the genitive, but the accusative and the dative, the latter sometimes with él. The same remark applies to avriâv, and λαγχάνειν, which conveys the idea of obtaining a λάχος or lot, is often construed with the accusative. Of the use of these verbs with the genitive of partition the following are examples: Isocr. Nicocl. p. 22 B, C: θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, ἀθανάτου δὲ ↓ʊxîs, “you have obtained a share in (you partake of) a mortal body, but an immortal soul." Eur. Iph. A. 1624: λéywv čπolas λέγων ὁποίας ἐκ θεῶν μοίρας κυρεί, “ saying in what sort of a destiny from the gods he is made a sharer." Herod. II. 119: eivíwv vτnσe μerɣáAwv, "he obtained great presents." Soph. Ed. C. 450: ovтi μnj λáxwoi toûde ovμμáxov, “they shall not gain me as an ally."

(c) The Genitive of Relation.

453 The proper criterion of a genitive of relation is furnished by the fact, that in translating this usage we may always introduce the words "in regard or respect to;" in some cases this will be the