(bb) In precisely the same manner the dative is used with verbs signifying " to promise or to owe,” as ὑπισχνεῖσθαι, ὀφείλειν, and the impersonal deî; "to lend," as davelleiv; "to pay," as προΐεσθαι; “ to benefit or profit,” as λυσιτελεῖν, ὠφελεῖν (which also takes the accusative); "to assist," i.e. "to lend assistance," as ἀμύνειν, βοηθεῖν, ἀρήγειν, ἀλέξειν, ἐπικουρεῖν, and the like; thus, πολλὴν ὀφείλω τοῖς θεοῖς χάριν, " I owe much gratitude to the gods;” τοῖς θανοῦσι πλοῦτος οὐδὲν ὠφελεῖ, “wealth does not at all benefit the dead."

(cc) The dative follows verbs which involve or imply the idea of giving way or conceding; such are πσтEÚε, "to give or yield belief" (cf. the Latin cre-do); πeídeolaɩ, “to yield obedience," and its opposite ἀπειθεῖν (but ὑπακούειν and κατακούειν take the accusative also); elkew, vπeikei, &c., "to yield, concede, give way," and the like; thus we find in one passage (Soph. Aj. 669 sqq.): καὶ γὰρ τὰ δεινὰ καὶ τὰ καρτερώτατα τιμαῖς ὑπείκει· τοῦτο μὲν νιφοστιβεῖς χειμώνες ἐκχωροῦσιν εὐκάρπῳ θέρει, ἐξίσταται δὲ νυκτὸς αἰανὴς κύκλος

τῇ λευκοπώλῳ φέγγος ἡμέρᾳ φλέγειν,

i. e. "even the obstinate things and those which are most stubborn yield to superior powers; for instance, the snowy winters give way to fruitful summer, and the dark circle of night stands aside for the day with its white steeds to blaze forth."

(dd) The dative of the recipient is used with the substantive verb to signify possession, so that eσti μoí, &c. is exactly equivalent to "I have, &c." Thus Eurip. Heracl. 298: ovk ěσti toûde παισὶ κάλλιον γέρας, " children have no nobler privilege than this." In Hebrew there is no other means of expressing the verb "to have" than by this use of the dative.

(ee) By an immediate transition, the dative of the recipient denotes the person immediately interested in the action. Thus we have (Soph. Αj. 1045): Μενέλαος ᾧ δὴ τόνδε πλοῦν ἐστείλαμεν, "Menelaus, for whose interest, to oblige whom, we engaged in this expedition.' Eurip. Suppl. 15: μέρος κατασχεῖν φυγάδι Πολυνείκει θέλων, " wishing to get a share for the exile Polyneices."

(ff) In a similar application the dative of the personal pronouns is used in intreaties, to strengthen the prayer by a reference to the earnest wish of the speaker; as in Hom. Il. xiv. 501: εἰπέμεναί μοι, Τρῶες, ἀγανοῦ Ἰλιονῆος πατρὶ φίλῳ καὶ μητρί, "tell for me, tell to oblige me, tell I desire, to the father and mother of Ilioneus." Herod. VIII. 68: eiπεiv μoι πρòs Baoiλéa, Μαρδόνιε, σ say to the king, I desire you, Mardonius." And elliptically, as in Arist. Vesp. 1172: μǹ μoi ye púlovs, "no fables, pray !” Dem. Phil. I. § 19 : μή μοι μυρίους μηδὲ δισμυρίους ξένους, "don't talk of 10,000 or 20,000 foreigners, I beseech you." Similarly in a condition, Plat. Gorg. 461 D: éáv poi ev μóvov þvλátTys, "if you will only take care of one point at my request, to oblige me."

της,

(gg) Hence also we have the dative of the participles of verbs of wishing, &c. used after substantive verbs and those signifying motion, and the like; thus Hom. Od. III. 228: ovк av ěμoiye ÈXTOμένῳ τὰ γένοιτο, “ those things would not happen to me hoping for them." Herod. IX. 46: ἡδομένοισι ἡμῖν οἱ λόγοι γεγόνασι, "the words have been said to us pleased (to our satisfaction)." Aristoph. Pax, 582 : χαῖρε, χαῖρ ̓, ὡς ἦλθες ἡμῖν ἀσμένοις, ὦ φιλTáτη, "how glad we are to see you, our dearest goddess.' Soph. Cd. Τ. 1356: θέλοντι κἀμοὶ τοῦτ ̓ ἂν ἦν, “I too should wish for this." Plat. Gorg. 448 D: ei avτ@ yé σoi Bovλoμévợ ẻotìv ảπoKρiveolaι, "if you would like to answer on your own account."

(hh) The dative of the recipient is used as an equivalent for the possessive genitive; thus Herod. VI. 103: ô πρeσßúτepos tŵv παίδων τῷ Κίμωνι Στησαγόρης ἦν, " Stesagoras was the elder of Cimon's sons."

(d) The Dative of Special Limitation.

459 (aa) The dative is used by the best writers to denote the special and subjective limitation of an act to some particular person; in other words, it expresses that the act appeared under a special aspect as regarded from a certain point of view. Thus (Thucyd. II. 101): ἡ στρατιὰ σῖτον οὐκ εἶχεν αὐτῷ, “the army had no provisions for him," "he found that the army had no provisions, it presented itself to his mind under that aspect." Id. 1. 6:

οἱ πρεσβύτεροι αὐτοῖς τῶν εὐδαιμόνων οὐ πολὺς χρόνος ἐπειδὴ χιτῶνας λινοῦς ἐπαύσαντο φοροῦντες, “ it is not long since they saw the old men of the wealthy class leave off wearing linen tunics." Id. I. 101: οἱ Εἵλωτες αὐτοῖς ἀπέστησαν, “they experienced a revolt of the Helots." Id. III. 98, init.: μéxpɩ oi Tokóтai eixov TÀ Béλn avrois," as long as they found, or saw, that the archers had βέλη their arrows.” Id. VII. 19 : ἕωσπερ αὐτοῖς οὗτοι οἱ ὁπλῖται ἀπῆραν, "until they had got these men-at-arms started." Id. Ibid. 34: kaì αὐτοῖς τοῦ χωρίου μηνοείδους ὄντος, “and as they found that the place was semicircular." Plat. Resp. p. 343 a: os ye avтy ovde πρόβατα οὐδὲ ποιμένα γιγνώσκεις, “ since she has the disgrace of finding that you cannot distinguish between the sheep and the shepherd.” Soph. Antig. 904: καί τοι σ ̓ ἐγὼ ̓τίμησα τοῖς φρονοῦσιν εὖ, "yet I did well to honour thee, as the wise would estimate the case." We have two of these datives in the same sentence in Esch. Agam. 598: εἶπε μανθάνοντί σοι τοροῖσιν ἑρμηνεῦσιν εὐπρεπῶς λόγον, "she has spoken her words, as far as you understand them, in a manner suited to (which requires) clear interpreters;" cf. Pind. Οl. II. 85: φωνᾶντα συνετοῖσιν, ἐς δὲ τοπὴν ἑρμηνέων χατίζει, "with an intelligible utterance for the wise, but to the common herd they need interpreters."

(bb) This dative of special limitation is sometimes accompanied by ὡς. Thus Soph. Cd. C. 20: μακρὰν γάρ, ὡς γέροντι, προϋ στáλns ódóv, "you have travelled onwards a long way for an old man," i.e. considered with special reference to the age of the wayfarer. Aj. 395: épeßos & paevvótatov és éμol, “O Erebus, most radiant, in regard to me in particular." Antig. 1161: Kpéwv γὰρ ἦν ζηλωτός, ὡς ἐμοί, ποτέ, “Creon was an enviable person formerly, as I judged the case."

ws

(cc) This dative of limitation is regularly used when a definition of place or time is given with reference to the circumstances or experiences of persons whose situation is defined. Thus Herod. II. 29: ἀπὸ Ελεφαντίνης πόλιος ἄνω ἰόντι ἄναντές ἐστι χωρίον, to or for one going up from the city Elephantine it is a steep place.” Id. IX. 41: ὡς δὲ ἑνδεκάτη ἐγεγόνεε ἀντικατημένοισι ἐν Пλaraino, "when to them, encamped opposite to one another at Platea, the eleventh day had passed." And this subjective use of the dative may be extended to cases where the construction would

have admitted of the accusative. Thus in Thucyd. v. 111: Toλλois γὰρ προορωμένοις ἔτι ἐς οἷα φέρονται τὸ αἰσχρὸν καλούμενον ἐπεσπάσατο ξυμφοραῖς ἀνηκέστοις περιπεσεῖν, “ in the case of many still foreseeing the tendency of their actions, that which is called dishonour has been an inducement to involve themselves in irremediable disasters."

(8) The Accusative.

460 The accusative signifies that the object referred to is considered as the point towards which something is proceeding-that it is the end of the action or motion described, or the space traversed in such motion or direction.

The accusative, thus defined, has the following applications in Greek syntax. It denotes (a) motion to an object; (b) distance in space; (c) duration in time; (d) the immediate object of a transitive verb; (e) the more remote object of any verb, whether it has another accusative or not; (f) the accusative of cognate signification, i. e. the secondary predication, by way of emphasis, of that which is already predicated by the verb itself; (g) an apposition to the object of the whole sentence; (h) the subject of the objective sentence, when this is expressed in the infinitive mood. These different usages are illustrated by the following examples.

(a) The Accusative of Motion.

=

461 The use of the simple accusative to denote motion to a place is confined to the poets. An older and fuller form of this case was also employed to express the end or object of motion. This form had the affix -de, as 'Oxúμπоvde, "to Olympus;" očkade = οἴκονδε, “ homewards;” Αθήναζε = Αθήνασδε, “ to Athens.” It is worthy of notice that this affix -de, as the numeral dúo dFe, the particle dé, and the index of motion, corresponds to the three English particles, or rather three different modes of spelling the same particle, two, too, to. In ordinary Greek prose the object of motion is expressed by the accusative with some preposition, as eis, πρós, éπí, &c. The following are examples of the simple accusative used as the case of motion to a place. Hom. Od. v. 55: öte dǹ tǹv νῆσον ἀφίκετο, ἤϊεν ὄφρα μέγα σπέος ἵκετο; Soph. d. C. 643 : τί

δῆτα χρήζεις; ἢ δόμους στείχειν ἐμούς; Eurip. Μed. 7: Μήδεια πύργους γῆς ἔπλευσ ̓ Ἰωλκίας; Alc. 457: εἴθε δυναίμαν σε πέμψαι φάος; Ibid. 479: χρεία τίς σε Θεσσαλών χθόνα πέμπει; More rarely the person or something personified is represented as the object of the motion in the accusative; as in Hom. Od. 1. 233: μvηστĥρas áþíкETO, "he came to the suitors;" Eurip. Andr. 287: ἔβαν Πριαμίδαν, " I went to the son of Priam ;" Hel. 613: πατέρ' és ovρavòv aπεut, "I will go to my father unto heaven;" Pind. Ol. 11. 173: aivov eßa kópos, "satiety attacks praise."

(b) The Accusative of Extension.

"to

462 Here the accusative signifies "through the space,' the extent or distance of." Thus Thucyd. II. 5: áπéɣei ý ПIλáтаAιA τῶν Θηβῶν σταδίους ἑβδομήκοντα, " Plata is distant from Thebes to the extent of seventy stades;" Hom. Il. XXIII. 529: λeiπETO Soupòs epwýv, “he was left the flight of a spear behind;" Pind. Pyth. IV. 228: opóyviav σxíše vôôtov yâs, "he cut up the surface of the earth for a fathom;" Thucyd. vI. 49: vavoтalpov Méyapa ἔφη χρῆναι ποιεῖσθαι, ἀπέχοντα Συρακουσῶν οὔτε πλοῦν πολύν, OUTE ódóv, "he said they ought to make Megara a naval station, not far distant from Syracuse either by sea or by land."

(c) The Accusative of Duration.

463 Here the accusative signifies "through the time of." Thus Dem. de Corona, p. 235, 22: καθῆντο ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ τρεῖς ὅλους μnvas, "they remained in Macedonia three whole months;" Xen. Anab. v. 8, § 24 : τοὺς κύνας τοὺς χαλεποὺς τὰς μὲν ἡμέρας διδέασι, τὰς δὲ νύκτας ἀφιᾶσι, " they tie up the savage dogs throughout the day, but let them loose throughout the night." And sometimes with ordinals, as Plat. Prot. 309 D: IIpwтayóрas éπidedŃ μnke τρίτην ἤδη ἡμέραν, " Protagoras has been here now for three days complete," i. e. "throughout the third day."

(d) The Accusative of the Immediate Object.

464 As the case of transition, the accusative is properly used to express the immediate object of transitive verbs, which are so called because their action passes on from the subject to an object. The manner in which this accusative of the immediate object per