cognate περί, as in Herod. II. 123: τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὲρ ἑκάστων. [Plat. Apol. 39 E; Aristot. Eth. Nic. I. 6, 13.] It stands in a certain parallelism to ἀμφί and κύκλῳ in Soph. Antig. 117:

στὰς δ ̓ ὑπὲρ μελάθρων φονώ

σαισιν ἀμφιχανὼν κύκλῳ

λόγχαις, κ.τ.λ.

(e) Preposition with the Dative and Accusative. 'Avá.

481 'Ανά with the dative is nearly equivalent to ὑπέρ with the genitive, or ἐπί with the dative, i. e. it means super, “ up-on;"

as

εὕδει ἀνὰ σκάπτῳ Διός αἰετός (Pind. Pyth. 1. 6).

But this usage is confined to the poets.

With the accusative, ává signifies sursum per, “up-to" or 'up-by;" as

ἀνέβαινε Μελάνθιος αἰπόλος αἰγῶν

ἐς θαλάμους Ὀδυσῆος ἀνὰ ῥῶγας μεγάροιο

(Hom. Od. XXII. 142).

The student must remark the constant antithesis or parallelism of the correlatives and and κατά, which appear as equivalent particles under the shortened forms av and κév (below, 501). We may represent the force of these prepositions by either of the following forms:

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Thus ἀνά, κατά may signify " backwards and forwards,” “ hither and thither” (ultro, citroque); ἄνω, κάτω, “ up and down” (sursum, deorsum); κατά implies afirmation, ἀνά, negation; κατά signifies progress, ἀνά, retrogression, and so forth. But sometimes it seems a matter of indifference which of these prepositions we employ. Thus we might say, τοὺς ἄρτους πωλεῖν κατ ̓ ὄβολον οι ἀν ̓ ἡμιω βολαῖα, “ to sell the loaves at an obol” or “half an obol apiece;" ἀνὰ κράτος, “ up to the full amount of his strength,” i. e. “ with all his might” (μετὰ πάσης σπουδῆς, Suidas), or κατὰ δύναμιν, “ according to his power;” ἀνὰ πέντε οι καθ ̓ ἑπτά, “by fives or by sevens;” and ἐσκεδάσθησαν ἀνὰ τὰς πόλεις, “ they were scattered

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and down the cities," or Karà Tóλeis dieкpíðnσav, "they sepaup rated to their respective cities." The following idioms deserve notice: ἀνὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ἡμέραν, “ all the day,” but ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέ ραν, " day by day;” ἀνὰ πᾶσαν γῆν καὶ θάλατταν εἰρήνη ἔσται, "there shall be peace throughout all the land and sea;” ảvà μépos, "in turn;" ȧvà σтóμa éxwv, “speaking of, having in the mouth" (Il. 11. 250; Eurip. Electr. 80); similarly ȧvà σTóμa eivaí tıvı (Lucian, Navig. 43); ȧvà λóyov, “proportionally," whence ȧvà Tòv avтòv Xóyov, “in the same proportion;" ȧvà dâμa, “throughout the house" (Il. 1. 670); ȧvà σтparóv, "throughout the army" (Ibid. ιν. 209); ἀνὰ θυμὸν φρονεῖν, ὁρμαίνειν (Ibid. II. 36, ΧΧΙ. 137), "to think or ponder in one's mind."

Obs. 'Avá, as a preposition, is never anastrophized, i. e. accentuated on the first syllable (vide Hom. Od. XIII. 34: velov av eλkytov); but we have ava for the imper. ȧváσrno, and this is not elided (vide Soph. Ajax, 194).

(5) Prepositions with three Cases.

Αμφί

'Aupi and repi.

482 'Appí, utrinque, and Tepí, circum, are nearly synonymous; the former denotes an imperfect, the latter a completed circle. Hence ȧupí is sometimes strengthened by the addition of kúkλ or περί, as in ἀμφιχανὼν κύκλῳ, ἀμφὶ περὶ κρήνην. We find ἀμφί chiefly in the Ionic writers and in poetry; Tepí occurs everywhere. It is to be observed that, while dupí with the dative is never found in Attic prose, Tepí with this case is very rarely used by the Athenian prose writers in the strictly local sense, and that both of these prepositions occur most frequently in connexion with the accusative. (a) 'Aupi, Tepi, with the genitive, signify "around, with relation to, yet separation from, something else;" as

ἀμφὶ πόλιος οἰκέουσι (Herod. VIII. 104).

τετάνυστο περὶ σπείους ἡμερίς (Hom. Od. v. 68).

Hence, "about or concerning;" as

τοιάδ ̓ ἀμφὶ σῆς λέγω παιδὸς θανούσης (Eurip. Hec. 580). περί τε γραμμάτων δυνάμεως καὶ συλλαβῶν καὶ ῥυθμῶν καὶ ἁρμοviv (Plat. Hipp. Maj. p. 285 D).

This construction is common with verbs like διαλέγεσθαι, βουλεύεσθαι, πυνθάνεσθαι, πρέσβεις πέμπειν, μάχεσθαι, κινδυνεύειν, δοκεῖν, ποιεῖν, λέγειν, &c.

In old Greek Teρí meant "above," like the cognate preposition ὑπέρ; thus Il. I. 287 : περὶ πάντων ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, “ to be before and above all others;" from this we have in common Greek the phrases περὶ παντός, πολλοῦ, ὀλίγου, σμικροῦ, οὐδενός, ποιεῖσθαι, εἶναι, 'to estimate or be counted above every thing, a good deal, at a little, at nothing."

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(6) Αμφί, περί, with the dative, signify " around and upon or close by;" as

πέπλους ῥήγνυσιν ἀμφὶ σώματι (Æsch. Pers. 199). χιτῶνας φεροῦσιν οὐ μόνον περὶ τοῖς στέρνοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τοῖς μήροις (Xen. Αnab. VII. 4, § 4).

περὶ τῇ χεῖρι χρυσοῦν δακτύλιον φέρειν (Plat. Resp. p. 359 D). περὶ μὲν τῇσι κεφαλῇσι εἶχον τιάρας (Herod. VII. 61).

After verbs of fearing, &c. and with nouns of the same meaning, περί is frequently an accompaniment of the dative; thus Il. VIII. 183: ἀτύζεσθαι περὶ κάπνῳ. Thucyd. I. 60, § 1 : δεδιότες περὶ τῷ χωρίῳ. Plat. Phado, 114 D: θαῤῥεῖν περὶ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ ψυχῇ; also conversely, περὶ τάρβει, περὶ φόβῳ, περὶ χάρματι, and the like. But φοβεῖσθαι also takes the genitive with περί or ὑπέρ, as in the phrase: περὶ ἑαυτῶν φοβοῦνται καὶ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν.

(c) Αμφί, περί, with the accusative, signify " motion or extension around.” Thus Herodotus, in the passage quoted under (3), adds, περὶ δὲ τὸ σῶμα κιθῶνας, because while the tiara remains firm on the head, the tunic floats about the body; but see the preceding example from Xenophon; we have an implied motion in

ἀμφί τε ἄστυ ἕρδομεν ἱρὰ θεοῖσιν (Ιl. xΙ. 706).

ὁ μὲν δὴ περὶ Πιερίην διέτριβε ἡμέρας συχνάς (Herod. VII, 131).

Both ȧupí and Tepi are used with vague indications of time or number, as ἀμφί οι περὶ πλήθουσαν ἀγοράν, “ about the time when the market is full;” similarly ἀμφὶ δείλην, “ about evening;” ἀμφὶ τὰ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη γεγονώς, " about sixteen years old;” similarly περὶ τούτους τοὺς χρόνους, “ about those times;” περὶ μέσας νύκτας, “about midnight;” περὶ τρισχιλίους, " about three thousand. These prepositions are also used with verbs signifying "to be busied about anything,” εἶναι, ἔχειν ἀμφί τι; εἶναι περὶ τὴν θήραν,

διατρίβειν περὶ τὴν γεωμετρίαν, σπουδάζειν περί τι, εὐσεβεῖν περὶ θεούς, ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς περὶ τὴν πόλιν, and the like. Hence we have περί in a periphrasis, like οἱ περὶ Κύρον, “Cyrus and his attendants," or even Cyrus himself (above, 399, (y)).

Ἐπί.

483 'Em, which is another form of aμpi1, by itself denotes superposition.

(a) With the genitive therefore it signifies superposition with separation. There are two applications of this meaning. We may either imply, that, although there is total separation, yet the object is so placed that a line drawn from it would pass over or through the object designated by the genitive; or we may signify, that, although one object is placed on the top of another, yet the whole of the superimposed object does not rest upon the supporting surface. In the former case, èπí with the genitive may denote direction or motion at a certain height, e. g. a ship at sea was considered to be up in the air (μετέωρος); hence such phrases as πλεῖν ἐπὶ Σάμου (Thucyd. 1. 116), "to sail in the direction of Samos;" Tà éπì Opáns, "the Thraceward districts." Past time is considered as up or above (cf. the augment è- for ává, and see above, 480, (b), for a similar use of ὑπέρ); hence ἐπὶ Δαρείου ἐγένετο (Herod. VI. 98), "it happened in the time of Darius." In the other case, èπí with the genitive denotes partial superposition, as when a line is regarded as passing over two points (hence called ép' v, Arist. Eth. Nic. v. 4, § 12), or when planks are laid across piles fixed at intervals (Herod. v. 16: ἴκρια ἐπὶ σταυρῶν ὑψηλῶν ἕστηκε), or when burdens are laid upon the head or shoulders, so as to extend beyond them on both sides (Herod. II. 35 : οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν κεφαλέων φορέουσι, αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων). Hence such phrases as ἐπὶ θρόνου καθίζεσθαι, ἐφ ̓ ἵππου ὀχεῖσθαι, because in sitting and riding the legs hang down by the side. But we have in Eurip. Phon. 74: ènì ζυγοῖς καθέζετ ̓ ἀρχῆς, and in sch. Αgam. 1538: κρατούντων τῶν ἐπὶ ζυγῷ δορός, of the officers, whose seats were placed on the ζυγά, so that their whole body was superimposed, as contrasted with the rowers, who would be said καθῆσθαι ἐπὶ ζυγῶν. This usage of ἐπί with the genitive applies to every description in which a body rests

1 See New Cratylus, §§ 167, 172.

upon another body by only a part of itself. Thus we have of a turban which projects all round the head (Aristoph. Aves, 487): ἔχων ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς τὴν κυρβασίαν; similarly of a bird perched on the top of a sceptre (Ibid. 510): ἐπὶ τῶν σκήπτρων ἐκάθητ ̓ opvis. With a slight transition éri with the genitive denotes that ὄρνις. the surface extends on all sides beyond the superincumbent object, as in Herod. VII. 44: προεπεποίητο ἐπὶ κολωνου προεξέδρη, and ἵζετο ἐπὶ τῆς ἠϊόνος. Thucyd. 1. 13, § 3 : οἰκοῦντες τὴν πόλιν ἐπὶ TOû 'Iσ0μoû. And we find this construction used to describe the revolution of a sphere on the end of its axis, the surface below and the circumference above being detached. Plat. Polit. 270 A: èì σμικροτάτου βαϊνον ποδὸς ἰέναι. We have also the military phrase Éπì TETTάρWV TETάx@aι, "to be drawn up four deep," because each soldier is considered as separate and moveable; and this explains the rare construction èπ' èκкλŋσías (Thucyd. VIII. 81, § 1: Memnon, Heracl. 59; Polyænus, Strat. v. 63).

(b) With the dative ei signifies absolute superposition, i. e. rest upon or close to; as oixéovтes éπì Eтpνμóvi (Herod. VII. 75), "dwelling close upon the Strymon ;" Kelμevos èπì Tỷ πʊpậ (Plat. κείμενος ἐπὶ πυρᾷ Resp. p. 614), "lying on the funeral pile;" aλwTekídas èπì Taîs Kepaλaîs popεîv (Xen. Anab. VII. 4, § 4), "to wear fox-skins (closely fitted) on their heads" (contrast the case of the xvpẞacia in Aristoph. Aves, 487); and ep & means "a point" (Arist. Eth. Nic. v. 5, § 8), as distinguished from èp' ŵv, “a line” (Ibid. 4, § 12). From this sense of immediate superposition all the other usages of éπí with the dative naturally flow. Thus it signifies

(aa) Addition, as in the common phrase π TOÚTOIS (Xen. Cyr. IV. 5, § 38), "besides," præterea.

(bb) Subsequence or succession, as in Xen. Cyr. II. 3, § 7: ἀνέστη ἐπ' αὐτῷ Φεραύλας, “ Pheraulas rose up after him;” Hom. Od. VIII. 120 : ἄγχνη ἐπ ̓ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει, “ pear ripens after pear; ;" Herod. 11. 22: ¿mì xióvi teσovon, "after snow has fallen;" Æsch. Pers. 531: ἐπίσταμαι μὲν ὡς ἐπ ̓ ἐξειργασμένοις, “ I know that I do this after all has been effected, when it is too late to mend the mischief."

(cc) That which is close by us as a suggesting cause, accompaniment, motive, or condition. Thus we have Oavμáčeσ0ai éπì ζωγραφία, “ to be admired for painting;” ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν φίλων ἀγα