APPENDIX A.

(PART I. § VI. ß).

Alphabetical List of Words which change their Signification according to the Position of the Accent or Breathing.

(a) Differences of Accent only.

ayov (ayovтos), particip. of ayw; | yaûlos, "a merchant-vessel;" yav

ἀγών (ἀγῶνος), “a contest.” ἄθροος, “ noiseless;” ἀθρόος, “in crowds."

allos, "heat;" allós, "burnt." alvos, "praise;" aivós, "dreadful." aλntés, "true;" aλnoes, "indeed!" ἀληθές,

aλλa, "other things;" dλλá, "but." ἄνα, voc. οἱ ἄναξ; ἀνά, prep.

Aós, "a milk-pail."

δῆμος, “ people;” δημός, “ fat.”
Δία, acc. of Ζεύς; διά, prep.
διαίρετος, “ divided ;" διαιρετός, “di-
visible."

Aiós, gen. of Zeus; Sîos, "divine."
εἰκών,
elkov, "an image," elkov, particip.
οι εἴκω.

äpa, ergo; åpa, num; ápá, impre- | cîñe, indic.; eiπé, imper.; elπov,

αὕτη, fem. of οὗτος; αὐτή, for ἡ ἐξαίρει, “he lifts up;” ἐξαιρεί, “ he

αὐτή.

66

βασίλεια, “a queen;” βασιλεία, α

kingdom."

Báros, "a thorn;" Barós, "passable."

Bíos, "life" Biós, "a bow."

takes away."

ἐρινεός, “ wild fg-tree;” ἐρίνεος, "woolly."

eros, "a year;" èrós, "in vain." xopa, "enmity;" x@pá, fem. of ἐχθρός.

Sporós, "mortal;" ẞpóros, "clotted, "verily;", "or."

blood."

Oéa, "spectacle;" cá, "goddess."

παιδιά, “ play ;” παιδία, “ boys.” παρείας, “a serpent ;” παρειάς, acc. pl. of rapeiά, "a cheek."

καθαίρων, “ cleansing;” καθαιρῶν, πείθω, “I persuade;” πειθώ, “per

"taking down."

καιρός, “ a season;” καιρος, “a row

of thrums," licia.

κάλως, “ a cable;" καλώς, adv. κάμπη, “a caterpillar;” καμπή, "bending."

Keîvos, "that;” keɩvós (Ion.) "empty."

Kŵp, neut., “the heart;" kýp, fem.,
"death."

κóμTоs, "pride;" κоμπós, "proud."
λάβη, “ a pretext;” λαβή, “ a han-
"a "a
dle."

Ayus, "a Ligurian;" Ayus, "shrill."
μονή, mansio ; μόνη, sola.
μοχθηρός, “wicked ;" μόχθηρος, “la-
borious."

μύριοι, “ ten thousand;” μυρίοι,

"very many."

νόμος, “law;” νομός, “a province."

oikot, "houses;" oko, "at home." ouws, tamen; opas, simul.

p. 340.

suasion."

πλείων, “ more ;” πλειών, "a year."
πονηρός, “bad;” πόνηρος, σε labo
rious."

πότος, potus; ποτός, potulentus.
oíya, sile; oîya, silenter.

σκαφή, “ a pit ;” σκάφη, " a boat."
σKÓλɩov, “a drinking-song;" σKO-
λιόν, "crooked."
σταφύλη, “a plummet ;” σταφυλή,
"a bunch of grapes."
σύν, prep.; σῦν, acc. οἱ συς.
τρόπος, “ manner;” τροπός,
thong."

of

668

The appearance of oxytone adjectives by the side of barytone substantives in the above list (as αἶθος, αἰθός, βάτος, βατός, &c.) is in accordance with a general rule to that effect. See Lobeck, Paralipomena, And this applies particularly to verbals, as in aμŋtos, “a reaping," dunrós, "reaped;" σrópηros, "a sowing," σтоρηтós, "sown." ἀμητός, σπόρητος, See Spitzner, Excurs. xxx. ad Il. But in some cases the substantive and adjective have the same accent, as φανές, πυρσός, γλοιός, κτίλος, ζωή, Arn; and in others the substantive is oxytone but the adjective barytone, as apreós, "a ram," degauern, "a receptacle," veós, "a fallowfield," by the side of the adjectives or participles apretos and aprecos, δεξάμενος, νέος.

(b) Differences of Breathing, or of Breathing and Accent.

a'yvós, "chaste;" ǎyvos, vitex. αγνός,

aipov, "bloody;" alμwv, "skilful."

aλé, "to collect ;" aλéw, "to grind."

ἦσαν, “they sent;” ἦσαν, “they

were."

ião, "they send;" tao, "they will go."

odós, f., "a way;" odós, m., "a

eipyw, "to shut in;" epyw, "to odós, f.,

Application of the Numerals to the Calculation of Time and Money.

(a) Calculation of Time.

The Greeks reckoned by years, beginning at the summer solstice, and containing 12 lunar months of 30 or 29 days each, which bore the following names in Attic Greek:

The first day of the month was not the day of conjunction, but the day on the evening of which the new moon first appeared; consequently

full moon is called διχόμηνις, “ the divider of the month” (Pindar, Οl. ΙΙ. 34, cf. Eurip. Ion, 1156: μηνὸς διχήρης). As the lunar month consists of 29 days and about 13 hours, the 12 months were reckoned alternately at 30 and 29 days, the former being called full months (πληρείς) and the latter hollow (κοιλοι). And, as the 12 lunar months fell short of the solar year, the Greeks were obliged every other year to interp late an intercalary month (μὴν ἐμβολιμαῖος), either full or hollow; and thus, while the ordinary year consisted of 354 days, every third year consisted of 384 or 383 days, the intercalary month being a second Poseideon inserted in the interval between autumn and winter. Every Athenian month was divided into three decades, according to the following table, which represents the successive days of the full month:

In the hollow month the twenty-ninth day was ἔνη καὶ νέα, the twenty-eighth δευτέρα φθίνοντος, and so on; the twenty-first being there fore ἐνάτη φθίνοντος.

The separate years were designated at Athens by the name of the chief Archon, hence called ἄρχων ἐπώνυμος, or “the name-giving Archon ;"

at Sparta by the first of the Ephors; at Argos by the priestess of Juno, &c. Timæus, the historian, introduced (about B.C. 130) the method of reckoning by Olympiads. The simplest rules for converting the year B.C. into Olympiads, and vice versa, are as follows:

I. To find the year B.C., given the nth year of Ol. p, take the formula 781-(4p+ n). If the event happened in the second half of the Attic year, this must be farther reduced by 1; for the Attic year, as mentioned above, commenced with the summer solstice. Thus Socrates was put to death in Thargelion of Ol. 95, 1. Therefore he died in B.C. [{781 - (4 × 95 + 1)} − 1] = (781 - 381) − 1 = 400 – 1 = 399.

II. To find the Olympiad, given the year n B.C., take the formula 781

4

- n The quotient is the Ol. and the remainder the current year of it; if there is no remainder, the current year is the 4th of the Olympiad. If the event happened in the second half of the given year, it must be increased by 1. Thus, to take the event just mentioned, 781-(399+1) 781-400 4

Socrates was put to death

=

4

Ol. 95, 1.

(b) Calculation of Money.

The Athenians reckoned money most usually by the Spayun, a silver coin equivalent in value to 9.72 pence, or 93d. of our money, and therefore as nearly as possible the counterpart of the modern French franc, which is worth about 93d. The Romans regarded two drachmas as equivalent to their numus (Plautus, Pseud. III. 2, 20; Truc. 11. 7, 12). There was another standard of weight, which was called the Æginetan Spayun, and which was worth 18. 1d. But whenever a sum is mentioned without any specification of the unit, Attic drachmas are always meant. The drachma contained six obols (oßoλoí), which were latterly of bronze; but the Athenians, in their best days, had silver obols, and separate silver coins from four drachmas to a quarter of an obol, or δίχαλκον. One-half of this, or the xaλkoûs, and one-seventh of the Xaλkoûs, or the Xenтóν, were the smallest coins known at Athens, and were always of bronze or copper. Sums of money were estimated by certain weights of silver. A mina (μvâ) indicated a sum of 100 drachmas, and a talent (ráλavтov) a sum of 60 minas. The following table gives the relations of all the coins and sums mentioned by the Attic writers: