Exercise 21.

1. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR.

1. Introduction: Struggle in Bohemia-Protestant v. Catholic-persecution of Protestants by Rudolf II., 1604-Bohemia transferred to Matthias, 1611-resigned by him to Ferdinand, 1617-the Protestants take up arms, 1618.

2 Narrative: 1st Period: Ferdinand becomes Emperor, 1619-the Bohemians elect Frederic, the Elector Palatine,2 their king, and march on Vienna-defeated at Prague by Maximilian of Bavaria, 1620-flight of Frederic.3

2d Period: Christian IV. of Denmark heads the Protestant Union, 1625- Wallenstein takes the field-Christian defeated by Tilly at Lutzen, 1626—his German states overrun by Wallenstein, 1627-restored to him by the Peace of Lübeck, 1629.

1 R. A consequence of the Reformation struggle.

2D. Husband of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England. 3 R. His misfortunes.

5 D. The massacre.

3d Period: Wallenstein dismissed by 4 D. His character. the intrigues of Richelieu, 1630-Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden heads the Protestant Union-overruns Pomerania-Tilly sacks Magdeburg 5-defeated by Gustavus at Leipsic 1631-Gustavus takes Mentz-Tilly slain at the passage of the Lech, 1632Gustavus overruns Bavaria-Wallenstein recalled-Gustavus' slain at Lutzen, in the hour of victory, 1632-Oxenstiern regent of Sweden, 1633-Wallenstein assassinated,8 1634.

4th Period: Richelieu openly aids the Protestants in Germany, 1635-death of Ferdinand, 1637-Banner, Swedish general, overruns Bohemia, 1639-Torstenson occupies it, 1644-French defeated at Friburg, 1644-Königsmark takes Prague, 1646-Peace of Westphalia,9 1648.

3. Reflections: Overthrow of the Germanic Empire-independence of petty states-Germany desolated-the gains of Francesettlement of Modern Europe.

6 R. The reason of this.
7 D. His character.
8 R. His treatment by
the Emperor.

9 D. Its terms.

2. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand.
3. The Swiss War of Independence.
4. The Scottish War of Independence.
5. The Wars of the Roses.

6. The Reformation in Germany.
7. The Rise of the Dutch Republic.

8. The Jacobite Rebellion.

9. The American War of Independence. 10. The French Revolution.

11. The Crimean War.

12. The Indian Mutiny.

Chapter II.-Description.

72. It is the aim of the Descriptive Theme to impart such information regarding the object described as shall convey a full and clear idea of its nature, its qualities, and its uses. As in the case of narration, the theme differs from the paragraph chiefly in the fulness and minuteness with which details are entered into. Many of the particulars, which in the paragraph (I. §§ 96-99) are dismissed in a single sentence, will in the theme occupy a separate paragraph. The elements of the theme are the same as those of the paragraph, viz.,—

1. A General Description: the class to which the object belongs, and the points of agreement or difference between it and other objects of the same class.

2. A Particular Description: its appearance, form, size, colour, etc.—its locality or situation-its structure, with a description of its parts-its characteristic features, or points of special interest-its habits (if it be an animal) -its kinds or varieties.

3. Reflections: its qualities-its uses.

Exercise 22.

1. THE CAMERA CBSCURA.

1. General Description: An optical apparatus1 | 1N.* Its invention, and for producing images or pictures of external

objects.2

*N. Narration.

the improvements effected in its structure.

2 R. Compare it to the human eye.

2. Particular Description: Consists of a box or
dark chamber, into which light is admitted
only through a double convex lens 3-a
screen of ground glass is placed in the
focus of the lens-on this the images of
objects placed before it are received in-
verted and reversed.-Kinds: stationary,
portable, stereoscopic,5 microscopic, magni-
fying, etc.
3. Reflections: Used in photography 6-a chemi-
cally prepared plate is put in the place of the
screen, and the image is made permanent—
beauty of the contrivance-wonderful re-
sults obtained by it-application to por-
traiture, to landscape, to astronomy, and
the useful arts.

2. The Electric Telegraph.
3. An Armstrong Gun.

4. A Paper-making Machine. 5. A Steam Plough.

6. A Gas-work.

Exercise 23.

1. PLANT-LIFE.

1. General Description: The process by which
plants are propagated.1
2. Particular Description: (1.) The Seed: the

cotyledons, the plumule, and the radicle-
dicotyledons, monocotyledons, and acoty-
ledons.2 (2.) The Root: caudex and fibrils
-branching, fibrous, bulbous,3 etc. (3.)
The Stem: exogenous and endogenous.4
(4.) The Leaf: fibres and pores. (5.) The
Flower: calyx-corolla, petals—stamens,
anther, and pollen-pistils, stigma, and
ovary.5 (6.) The Fruit, or seed vessel.
3. Reflections: Beauty of arrangement and con-
trivance-uses of the root, seed, and fruit
as food for man and the lower animals-of
the stem and stalk as timber, etc.-of the
bark in tanning and in medicine-other
vegetable products, turpentine, resin, gum,
balsam, sugar, gutta percha, india rubber,
tea, coffee, cotton, wine, oil,-all contributing
to the health, comfort, and pleasure of man.
2. The Animal Kingdom.
3. The Mineral Kingdom.

4. The Structure of Birds.
5. The Senses.

6. The Circulation of the Blood.

Exercise 24,

1. MOTIONS OF THE EARTH.

and Copernican sys

tems.

1. Description: (1.) Diurnal motion:1 causing | 1N. Contrast Ptolemaic day and night-earth's axis inclined to its orbit, hence varying length of day and night. (2.) Annual motion: causing the succession of the seasons-differences of temperature and light in different hemispheres and zones 2-spring and autumnal equinoxes-summer and winter solstices3 -accompanied by the moon-account for the phases of the moon-explain the doctrine of eclipses.

2. Reflections: (1.) Contrast with the effect if the earth's axis had been perpendicular to its orbit. (2.) Contrast real with apparent motion-effect of the succession of day and night, and of the seasons upon the animal and vegetable kingdoms.

2. The Tides.

3. The Solar System.

2

D. Enumerate

zones.

the

3D. Explain these terms. 4 R. Explain the causes of the tides.

4. The Winds.
5. Heat.

6. The Mechanical Powers.

2. St Paul's Cathedral.

3. The Houses of Parliament.

4. Staffa and Iona.

5. A National Gallery.

6. A Great Exhibition.

ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS:-See Part I., Exercises 28-31.

Chapter III.-Exposition.

73. Exposition has already been described as Description applied to scientific and abstract truths (I. § 101). At this stage, we may distinguish two classes of Expository Compositions-1st, Discursive Themes or Essays; 2d, Argumentative

Themes.

I.-DISCURSIVE THEMES OR ESSAYS.

74. The distinction usually drawn between the Theme and the Essay is, that the latter is less restrained than the former by fixed rules or a rigid plan. It is not intended that Essays should be written without any plan or scheme,-only that they cannot, as in the previous cases, be composed according to a uniform plan. No Essay should be written without a systematic laying out of the subject; but the subjects are so various in kind, and many of them are so complex, that each of them will require, or at least admit of, a different mode of treatment.

(a) In the following exercise a few model schemes are given as specimens. From these the first Essays should be written. Afterwards, the pupils should be required to prepare an outline of each subject, and submit it to the teacher for approval before writing the Essay.

Exercise 26.

1. On Cruelty to Animals.

OUTLINE.

a. The obligations of man to the lower animals. The ingratitude of maltreating his benefactors.

b. The goodness of God in providing these animals for our use, and in giving man "dominion over them." The injustice and