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CREDO Pudicitiam Saturno rege moratam
In terris visamque diu, quum frigida parvas
Præberet spelunca domos ignemque laremque
Et pecus et dominos communi clauderet umbra;
5 Silvestrem montana torum quum sterneret uxor
Frondibus et culmo vicinarumque ferarum
Pellibus, haud similis tibi, Cynthia, nec tibi, cujus
Turbavit nitidos exstinctus passer ocellos;

1. Credo implies some doubt. LU. Julia lex (38) ex quo renuta est, atque intrare domos jussa Pudicitia est; Mart. VI. vii. 1 sq.

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The reign of Saturn,' who was said to have been king of Latium, was the golden age.' cf. Hes. O. D. i. LU. Cic. de N. D. ii. 64. Virg. E. iv. 6-45. Æ. vii. 180. viii. 314-329. Ov. M. i. 89 sqq. Lactant. i. ult. v. 5. S Hieron. in Isa. iv. 11. ix. ult. PR. xiii. 28 sqq. 38 sqq. Tib. I. iii. 35 sqq. Lucr. v. 9051026. Prop. II. xxxii. 52 sqq. Ov. Her. iv. 131 sqq. R.

'Tarried:' understand esse.

3. Domus antra fuerunt, et densi frutices et vinctæ cortice virge; Ov. M. i. 121 sq. Euryalus and his brother Hyperbius are said to have built at Athens the first dwellings of brick; Toxius was the first who constructed houses of mud in imitation of swallows' nests; previously, to which antra et specus erant pro domibus; Plin. vii. 56. PR. nemora atque cavos montes sylvasque colebant, et frutices inter condebant squalida membra, verbera ventorum vitare imbresque coacti; Lucr. v. 953-955. R. Such was the cave of Inkle and Yarico: Spect. No. 11.

'The household god whose altar was the hearth.' The deceased were buried: in their houses, and afterwards worshipped as the tutelary deities of the mansion. SV.

4. Antiquitus ante usum tectorum oves in antris claudebantur; Fest. v. caulae. R. Thus old Silenus says "¿vayxaíws ἔχει, σαίρειν σιδηρᾷ τῇδέ μ ̓ ἁρπαγῇ δόμους, ὡς τόν τ ̓ ἄπόντα δεσπότην, Κύκλωπ', ἐμὸν. καθαροῖσιν ἄντροις μῆλά τ' εἰσδεχώμεθα” Eur. Cyc. 32-35. See other parts of the same play.

5. Silvestres homines; Hor. A. P. 391. PR. antra petens: contra ignis, viridique torus de fronde; V. Flacc. i. 136 sq.

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sylva domus fuerat, cibus herba, cubilia frondes; Ov. A. A. ii. 475. To this hardy and simple mode of living may be attributed the unsophisticated virtues of olden times: cf. 286 sqq. and xiv. 161 sqq. R.

6. With leaves and straw.' LU. sylvestria membra nuda dabant terræ nocturno tempore capti, circum se foliis ac' frondibus involventes; Lucr. v.968-970. ' PR.

'Of neighbouring brutes.' sacla ferarum infestam miseris faciebant sæpe quietem: ejectique domo fugiebant_saxea tecta setigeri Suis adventu validique Leonis, atque intempesta cedebant nocie paventes hospitibus sævis instruta cubilia fronde;• Lucr. v. 980-985.

7. Manuum mira freti virtute pedumque, consectabantur sylvestria sacla ferarum missilibus saxis et magno pondere clave multaque vincebant; Lucr. v. 964–967. Haud similis: cf. Lucr. v. 923 sqq.

R.

Cynthia, whose real name was Hostia, was the mistress of Propertius. LU. R.

The other beauty is Lesbia (her real name was Claudia) the mistress of Catullus, whose exquisite hendecasyllables on the death of this favourite sparrow are still extant. LU. R. G.

8. Passer mortuus est meæ puellæ, quem plus illa oculis suis amabat. O mi-selle passer! tua nunc opera mea puellæ flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli; Cat. iii. 3.5. 16-18. LU. ii. PR. Mart. VII. xiv. 3 sq. R.

'Whose beaming eyes were clouded:' a metaphor from the face of the heavens. LU. συννεφοῦν ὄμματα. GR. turbatiore calo; Suet. Tib. 69. The Gaul who fought Valerius, is described (when assailed by the raven) to have been oculis simul ac mente turbatus; Liv. vii. 26.

Sed potanda ferens infantibus ubera magnis 10 Et sæpe horridior glandem ructante marito. Quippe aliter tunc orbe novo coloque recénti Vivebant homines, qui rupto robore nati Compositive luto nullos habuere parentes. Multa Pudicitiæ veteris vestigia forsan

15 Aut aliquâ exstiterint et sub Jove; sed Jove nondum Barbato, nondum Græcis jurare paratis

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Per caput alterius, quum furem nemo timeret
Caulibus aut pomis et aperto viveret horto.

1

9. To be quaffed,' and not merely 'sucked.' The children were more robust when born, and were not weaned so very soon. According to Hesiod, sons were under their mother's management for the first hundred years of their life. GR. LU. xv. 70. PR. Lucr. v. 925. R. The above passage is charmingly imitated by Beaumont and Fletcher: "PHIL. O, that I had but digg'd myself a cave, Where I, my fire, my cattle, and my bed Might have been shut together in one shed; And then had taken me some mountain girl, Beaten with winds, chaste as the harden'd rock Whereon she dwells; that might have strew'd my bed With leaves and reeds and with the skins of beasts, Our neighbours; and have born at her big breasts My large coarse issue;" Philaster, Act IV. G.

10. More unpolished.' LU.

"And fat with acorns belch'd their windy food." D. Plin. vii. 56. xvii. procm. and 5. PR. Virg. G. i. 8. 148. R. glandiferas inter curabant corpora quercus plerumque; Lucr. v. 937. glandem quercus, oracula prima, ferebant: hæc erat et teneri cespitis herba, cibus; Ov. Am. III. x. 9 sq. M. i. 106. Hor. I S. iii. 100.

11. Tellure nova cœloque recenti; Lucr. v. 905. R. With the words of this Epicurean our author did not adopt his system: see xv. 142 sqq. G.

12. Gens virúm truncis et duro robore nata; Virg. Æ. viii. 315. The idea originated from the circumstance of men's coming forth in the morning from the hollow trees in which they had passed the night. LU. Conceptus sub robore creverat infans quærebatque viam qua se exsereret:.... arbor agit rimas et fissa cortice vivum reddit onus; Ov. M. x. 503 sqq. 512 sq. GR.

13. Formed of clay either by the Deity, or by Prometheus.' PR. iv. 133. xiv. 35. M. Hes. O. D. 61. Phocyl. 2 sqq. Hence man is called inλis Пgoundños Callim. fr. lxxxvii. R.

No parents to teach them wickedness.' cf. 232 sqq.

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14. Perhaps; but Jupiter so soon commenced his profligate career, that it is doubtful.' LU.

15. Then began the silver age: LU. sub Jove mundus erat; subiit argentea proles, auro deterior: Ov. M. i. 114 sq. Tib. I. iii. 49 sqq. R.

16. For as soon as he was an adult, he was an adulterer. cf. 59. xiii. 41. 58. R. Our author treats the vices and follies of the popular deities with as little ceremony as those of Nero or Domitian or any other object of his abhorrence. G.

17. Before perfidy and perjury were common.' PR. The Greeks of that day were a most degenerate race: iii. 58— 125. xiv. 240. Cic. pro Flacc. for at one time Attic faith' was proverbially as good, as Punic faith' was bad. V.Pat. ii. 23. Plaut. Asin. I. iii. 47. word paratis also denotes the levity with which they regarded the solemn obligation of an oath. cf. Sen. Helv. 10. and xiii. 90 sqq. R.

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The Greeks introduced forms of swearing not only by Jove, thence called exes, but by other deities, and also by their own head or that of others like Ascanius, Per caput hoc juro, per quod pater ante solebat;" Virg. Æ.ix.300. PR. M. The custom of swearing by the life of another, is an Asiatic one, and probably originated in the first great monarchies. G.

18. Honesty was great and temptation little.' R. Afterwards gardens were

Paulatim deinde ad superos Astræa recessit 20 Hac comite atque duæ pariter fugere sorores. Antiquum et vetus est, alienum, Postume, lectum Concutere atque sacri genium contemnere fulcri. Omne aliud crimen mox ferrea protulit ætas : Viderunt primos argentea sæcula mœchos.

25

Conventum tamen et pactum et sponsalia nostra
Tempestate paras, jamque a tonsore magistro
Pecteris et digito pignus fortasse dedisti!
Certe sanus eras. Uxorem, Postume, ducis?

enclosed, and Priapus placed in them as a protector. GR. Tib. I. iii. 43 sq. Plin. xix. 4. R. Calp. i. 37 sq. HK.

Viveret agrees with quisque, which is often implied although a negative, as nemo, may precede: suasit ne se moveret et expectaret; C. Nep. xviii. 6. R.

19. Victa jacet Pietas: et virgo cæde madentes, ultima cœlestum, terras Astræa reliquit; Ov. M. i. 149 sq. LU. The daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and goddess of justice. PR. On retiring to heaven, she was translated into the sign of Virgo, and her balance became Libra. M. Janus says "Tunc ego regnabam, patiens cum terra deorum esset et humanis numina mista locis: nondum Justitiam facinus mortale fugarat: ultima de superis illa reliquit humum;" Ov. F. i. 247 sqq. Virg. G. ii. 473 sq. R.

20. Cf. Pudor et Justitia soror incorrupta Fides nudaque Veritas; Hor. I Od. xxiv. 6 sq. PR.

With her for a companion :''Abavárwv μerà qõλa irny, goλιπόντ ̓ ἀνθρώπους, Αἰδὼς καὶ Νέμεσις Hes. O. D. 199 sq. morantur pauci ridiculum effugientem ex Urbe Pudorem; xi. 54 sq. R. See note on 23.

21. Hor. I S. iii. 106 sqq. R. Ursidius Posthumus 1S the friend whom he is dissuading from matrimony. LU.

22. To violate the nuptial couch (Cat. vi. 10 sq. thalamos temerare pudicos, Ov. Am. 1. viii. 19. et fœdera lecti; Id. Her. v. 101. R.) and set at defiance the deity to whom the marriage bed is sacred.' LU. VS.

'The Genius:' Pers. ii. 3. PR. Hence the bed is called genialis; x. 334. cf. Tib. I. vii. 49. Hor. III Od. xvi.

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25. And yet you are mad enough to be preparing marriage covenant, and contract, and settlement !' SA. These are legal terms; (1) the preliminary meeting, when the suitor made his proposals to the family: (2) the compact, when the father promised to give the hand of his daughter: (3) the marriage contract, when they were formally betrothed, and the settlement (if any) drawn up and duly signed and attested. R.

26. To make yourself more fascinating to the lady, LU. you place your head (which surely must be cracked!) under the hands of a first-rate artiste.' Quid tibi nunc molles prodest coluisse capillos sæpeque mutatos disposuisse comas? Quid succo splendente genas onerasse? Quid ungues artificis docta subsecuisse manu? &c. Tib. I. viii. 9 sqq. R.

27. On the day of the wedding a plain iron ring (for which one of gold was substituted in after times, R.) was sent to the bride, which she wore on the fourth finger of the left hand, because in that finger there was said to be a vein communicating directly with the heart. Gell. x. 10. Macr. vii. 13. Plin. xxxiii. 1. A. PR.

Α. Οὐ

28. You always used to be considered of sound mind.' Gell. i. 6. PR. γαμεῖς, ἐάν γε νοῦν ἔχῃς, τοῦτον καταλιπὼν τὸν βίον γεγάμηκα γὰρ αὐτὸς, διὰ τοῦτό σοι παραινῶ μὴ γαμεῖν. Β. Δεδογ μένον τὸ πρᾶγμ'· ἀνεῤῥίφθω κύβος. Δ.

Dic, qua Tisiphone, quibus exagitare colubris? 30 Ferre potes dominam salvis tot restibus ullam? Quum pateant altæ caligantesque fenestræ? Quum tibi vicinum se præbeat Æmilius pons? Aut si de multis nullus placet exitus, illud Nonne putas melius, quod tecum pusio dormit? 35 Pusio, qui noctu non litigat, exigit a te

Nulla jacens illic munuscula, nec queritur, quod
Et lateri parcas nec, quantum jussit, anheles?
Sed placet Ursidio lex Julia: tollere dulcem
Cogitat heredem cariturus turture magno

Πέραινε· σωθείης δὲ νῦν· ἀληθινὸν εἰς πέλαγος
αὑτὸν ἐμβαλεῖς γὰρ πραγμάτων οὐ Λιβυκόν,
οὐδ ̓ Αἰγαῖον, οὐδ ̓ Αἰγύπτιον, οὗ τῶν
τριάκοντ ̓ οὐκ ἀπόλλυται τρία πλοιάρια
júμas d'ouds is orowol öλws Menand.
and καλῶς ἀπόλοιθ, ὅστις γυναῖκα δευτέραν
ἔχημε· τὸν γὰρ πρῶτον οὐκ ἐρῶ κακῶς· ὁ
μὲν γὰρ ἦν ἄπειρος, οἶμαι, τοῦ κακοῦ· ὁ δ ̓,
οἷον ἦν γυνὴ κακὸν, πεπεισμένος· Eubul.
both in Ath. xiii. 1. R.

29. Tisiphone was one of the three Furies, daughters of Acheron and Night; her sisters were Alecto and Megara. They had snakes instead of hair, Virg. Æ. vii. SA. PR. (¿porλónaμs) and were believed to drive men mad. R.

30. A female tyrant;' (cf. 43. 136. 457. with vi. 376. ix. 78. Epict. Ench. 40. 62. Tib. II. iv. 1 sqq. Tac. A. ii. 87. R.) when there are so many halters to be had, which would put you out of your misery at once.' SA. tunc patiere pudendum, cum tibi tot mortes scelerisque brevissima tanti effugia? V. Flacc. vii. 331-333. ego illam (fortunam) feram, quum in manu mea mors sit? Sen. Ep. 41.

R.

31. And dizzy windows.' LU. caligat in altis obtutus saxis; Sil. iii. 492. R. 32. The Emilian Bridge' was built by M. Æm. Scaurus in the Flaminian Road, LU. a mile out of town. PR. It is more correctly called the Mulvian Bridge. Aur. Vict. 72, 8. Sall. Cat. 45. R.

34. A stripling;' Cic. Col. 15. T. Q. i. 24. R. Juvenal is not here seriously advising the sin which he condemns elsewhere, but is using an argumentum ad hominem, (observe the word dormit, not dormiat, and v. 42.) LU. This is one of those passages (un

fortunately of too frequent occurrence in our author) which cannot well be literally translated. M.

35. Who does not trouble you with curtain lectures:' see 268 sq. R.

36. Who does not teaze you out of this little present and that little present. Ον. Α. Α. iii. 805 sq. GR.

Illic in bed.' R.

37. Who does not complain of the little pains you take to oblige.' VS.

38. Ursidius, having sown his wild oats, has now no objection to the rigid enforcement of the Julian law against adultery, and is willing to trust to that security for the fidelity of his future spouse; at the same time he is desirous of qualifying himself for becoming an heir or legatee, by renouncing celibacy, which (according to another Julian law) incapacitated a person from receiving either an inheritance or a bequest by legacy, unless of kin to the testator. VŠ. LI on Tac. An. iii. 25. Cf. ii. 37. ix. 87 sqq. R. PR. Plin. vi. 31. Mart. VI. vii. G.

It is a common notion that a newborn infant was laid on the ground, and that the father by taking it up acknowledged it for his own; whence arose the phrase tollere or suscipere liberos. But the latter verb is applied to the mother also: Plaut. Truc. II. iv. 45. Ter. Heaut. III. v. 14 sq. R.

39. Cogitat Ursidius, sibi dote jugare puellam, ut placeat domino, cogitat Ursidius. Cogitat Ursidius, heredem tollere parvum, Ut placeat domino, cogitat Ursidius. Cogitat Ursidius, domino quacumque placere virgine vel puero: quam sapit Ursidius! Epigr. in Anthol. BU, t. i. p. 685. HK.

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40 Mullorumque jubis et captatore macello, shambles
Quid fieri non posse putes, si jungitur ulla
Ursidio? si mochorum notissimus olim
Stulta maritali jam porrigit ora capistro,
Quem toties texit periturí cista Latini?
45 Quid? quod et antiquis uxor de moribus illi
Quæritur. O, medici, mediam pertundite venam !
Delicias hominis! Tarpeium limen adora

'Though certain of losing, on becoming a father, if not on becoming a husband, all those dainty presents with which legacy-hunters had previously plied him.' LU. FE. iv. 18 sqq. v. 98. 136 sqq. PR. x. 202. M.

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Turtle-doves' were considered great delicacies. BRI. tu tibi istos habeas turtures, pisces, aves; Plaut. Most. I. i. 44. PR. Mart. III. lxx. 7. lxxxii. 21. XIII. liii. R.

40. And bearded surmullets.' iv. 15. v. 92. PR. mulli barba gemina insigniuntur inferiori labro; Plin. ix. 17 $ 30. These barbati mulli, Cic. Att. ii. 1. Varr. R. R. iii. 17. were the more delicate. Γενιᾶτιν δ ̓ ἔφη τὴν τρίγλην Σώφρων (a Syracusan writer of Mimes), il ai τὸ γένειον ἔχουσαι ἡδίονες εἰσι μᾶλλον τῶν daar Ath. vii. 21. R.

And all the tempting baits of the market, with which old men are caught.'

FE. v. 95. 97. PR. xi. 64. R.

41. Mopso Nisa datur, quid non speremus amantes? jungentur jam gryphes equis, &c. Virg. E. viii. 26 sqq. PR. Thus Benedick says, "I will not be sworn, but love may transform me to an oyster; but I'll take my oath on it, till he have made an oyster of me, he shall never make me such a fool;" and presently afterwards, I may chance have some odd quirks and remnants of wit broken on me, because I have railed so long against marriage: But doth not the appetite alter? A man loves the meat in his youth that he cannot endure in his age; Shaksp. Much Ado about Nothing, II. iii.

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The words conjux and in matrimonio are to be supplied. LU. Virg. Æ. iv.

192. R.

43. Luxuria puerilis nuptialibus pedicis colliganda; Apul. LU. Like a beast of burden who quietly stretches forth his head to the bridle or halter.' M.

det mollibus ora capistris; Virg. G. iii. 188. Cf. Pallad. epig. xiii. in Brunck's Anal. t. ii. p. 409. and note on ix. 5. R. See also 206 sqq.

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44. Latinus, in the farce, to escape from the incensed husband was obliged to jump into any place of concealment that came first to hand.' VS. T. turpi clausus in arca, quo te demisit peocati conscia herilis contractum, genibus tangis caput; estque marito matronæ peccantis in ambo justa potestus; Hor. II S. vii. 59-62. PR. By omitting one letter we should have perjuri, VA. which would give us an imitation of the Virgilian cadences in E. ii. 195. and E. v. 811. Thus Roscius is said to have acted improbissimum et perjurissimum lenonem; Cic. pro Rosc. 7. where it is opposed by the orator to castum. HR.

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You have often acted the venturous gallant, and now you are going to act the duped husband.' See note on i. 36. and Shaksp. Merry Wives of Windsor, III. iii. Óv. A. A. iii. 607 sqq.

45. And he would have forsooth one of the wives of the golden age!' LO. knowing, as he well must, that such a one is not to be got now-a-days for love or money.' R.

Quid? quod cf. iii. 147. M.

46. Some suppose the vein in the arm, called mediana, to be meant. BRI. This calling for the doctor, as though Ursidius were labouring under a brain fever, is in the same style as xiv. 252. xiii. 97. Hor. II S. iii. 166. R.

47. Ten', o delicias! extra communia censes ponendum? xiii. 140 sq. 'You are a pretty fellow to expect better luck than your neighbours, when you are the last man to deserve it.' R. LŮ.

The temple of Capitoline Jove on the summit of the Tarpeian rock,' contained three chapels, one sacred to Juno, another to Minerva, and the central one

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