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20 Herba nec ingenuum violarent marmora tophum! & line-stine,

Hic tunc Umbricius “Quando artibus" inquit "honestis
Nullus in Urbe locus, nulla emolumenta laborum,
Res hodie minor est, here quam fuit, atque eadem cras
Deteret exiguis aliquid: proponimus illuc

25 Ire, fatigatas ubi Dædalus exuit alas,

Dum nova canities, dum prima et recta senectus,
Dum superest Lachesi, quod torqueat, et pedibus me
Porto meis, nullo dextram subeunte bacillo.
Cedamus patria: vivant Artorius istic

30 Et Catulus: maneant, qui nigrum in candida vertunt,
Quis facile est ædem conducere, flumina, portus,

155 sqq. Numen aquæ 'the sacred fount:' R. or the Naiad of the spring.' M.

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20. Ingenuum native.' The tophus was a coarse lime-stone,' which was now supplaced by a marble basin.' R. Art does violence' to nature: nullo violatus Jupiter auro; xi. 116. violaverit ostro ebur; Virg. Æ. xii. 67. Mart. I. liv. 6. μιαίνειν ἐλέφαντα φοίνικι Hom. Il. Δ 141.R. 21. The word honestis is emphatic. M. This passage is an imitation of Plautus Merc. V. i. 7 sqq. GR.

22. Emolumentum, from e and mola, was properly the profit got by grist.' 23. My fortune is growing less, daily.'

PR.

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Here is an ancient form of heri. PR. 24. Will file down somewhat.' damnosa quid non imminuit dies? Hor. III Od. vi. 45. GR. Strictly speaking, res deteritur and not deterit. R.

'I and my family propose.' M. 25. Fatigatus applies to the body, fessus to the mind. Fatigued with his long flight from Crete.' Virg. Æ. vi. 14 sqq. If Dædalus, who had the choice of all the world before him, fixed upon Cumæ, it must indeed be a lovely spot (since he was both xúgos and sides. cf. Arist. Rh. I. vii. 2.). LU. i. 54. PR. Šil. xii. 89 sqq. R.

26. Before the infirmities of old age grow upon me:' LU. cf. Cic. Sen. 26. 60. PR. donec virenti canities abest morosa; Hor. I Od. ix. 17 sq. R. Philosophers divided man's life thus: from birth to 3 or 4 infantia, 3 or 4 to 10 pueritia, 10 to 18 pubertas, 18 to 25 adolescentia, 25 to 35 or 40 juventus, 35 or 40 to 50 atas virilis, 50 to 65 senectus prima or

recta, 65 till death senectus ultima or
decrepita. HO.

27. Dum res et ætas et sororum fila
trium patiuntur atra; Hor. II Od. iii.
15 sq. The respective offices of the
three Destinies is described in the follow-
ing verse: Clotho colum gestat, Lachesis
net, et Atropos occat. The name of
Lachesis is derived from λαγχάνειν. LU.
cf. Cat. lxiv. 312 sqq. Torquere and versare
(Tib. II. i. 64.) signify to spin.' R.

28. Senex, gravatus annis, totus in baculum pronus et lassum trahens vestigium; Apul. LU. Compare the riddle of the Sphinx.

29. Cf. ii. 131. Artorius and Catulus were two knaves who, by disreputable arts, had risen from the dregs of the people to affluence. VS.

30. Qui facere assuerat, patriæ non degener artis, candida de nigris et de candentibus atra; Ov. M. xi. 314 sq. 'White' and 'black' the ancients often used for 'good' and 'bad:' hic niger est; hunc tu, Romane, caveto; Hor. S. iv. 85. Pers. v. 108. His præmium nunc est, qui recta prava faciunt ; Ter. Phor. V.ii.6. LU. Pers. ii. 1 sq. Mundana sapientia est cor machinationibus tegere, sensum verbis velare, quæ falsa sunt vera ostendere, quæ vera sunt falsa demonstrare; Greg. Mag. Mor. PR.

31. Who have the means of getting contracts for lucrative public works.' M. These contractors were generally of the Equestrian order. R. The building of a temple;' for this is (almost without exception) the signification of aedes in the singular. SV. vnov μobovσbar Her. v. 62. See note on vi. 597.

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Games,

Siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver, Et præbere caput domina venale sub hasta, Quondam hi cornicines et municipalis arena n 35 Perpetui comites notæque per oppida bucca, Munera nunc edunt et verso pollice vulgi

The clearing the mud from rivers and harbours,' or else the fisheries, ferries, and harbour dues.' FA. BRI. Or the construction and reparation of harbours.' GR.

32. The cleansing of the public sewers.' VS. cf. Arist. Eth. iv. 1.

The furnishing of a funeral.' G. Scipio's funeral was performed by contract, the sum being raised by subscription: Plin. H. N. xxi. 3. PR.

33. To speculate in a drove of slaves' by buying the whole cargo, and then disposing of them by auction in separate lots. GR. Pers. vi. 76 sq. M.

'A spear' used to be stuck up as the sign of a public auction. It was called the mistress-spear' as implying the dominion over the person and life of the slave, which was then and there vested in the purchaser. BR. M. Tib. II. iv. 54. dominus and domina are often used as adjectives: Ov. Her. iii. 100. H.

34. They once used to blow the horn at the provincial theatres, and attend the strolling company of prize-fighters from town to town.' T. PR. The horn' was sounded to call the people together, as at the shows in our country fairs. M.

Municipium was 'a borough-town,' which had the privileges and freedom of Rome, and at the same time was governed by laws of its own, somewhat like our corporations. M.

35. Their faces were known;' for which Juvenal says 'their cheeks,' the most prominent part of their faces while they were puffing their horns. PR. M.

36. Now they give shows to the people.' From the occasional practice of putting prisoners of war to death at the grave of a favourite chief who had fallen in battle, as the readiest way to appease his manes, arose that of exhibiting combats of gladiators in Rome, at the funerals of eminent persons; to which they were for some time restricted. The magistrates were the first to break through this restriction, by producing them at festivals for the amusement of the citizens. Ambitious men soon found that to gratify the people

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with such entertainments was one of the readiest roads to power. Cicero first checked this abuse by a law prohibiting candidates from so doing. Augustus decreed that they should be given but twice a year. Caligula removed every restriction: Domitian gave them every encouragement and even Trajan exhibited the horrid spectacle of 10,000 victims, on his triumph over the Dacians! There were other checks of a secondary nature: among these a decree of the senate, ne quis gladiatorium munus ederet cui minor quadringentorum millium res; Tac. An. iv. 63. and he was also required to be a free citizen; for Harpocras, the freedman of Claudius, exhibited them by the emperor's special indulgence. This will account for the indignation which the poet feels, when such purse-proud upstarts presumed to trifle away the lives of their fellow-creatures at the caprice of an unfeeling rabble. Constantine suppressed these barbarous shows; which were finally abolished by Arcadius and Honorius. cf. Suet. Cæs. 10. Tac. An. xiii. 49. G. T. R.

Vertere pollicem was a sign of condemnation, premere pollicem of favour. cf. Hor. I Ep. xviii. 66. LU. Plin. xxviii. 2. PR. The brutalization, resulting from the frequent sight of these massacres, rendered instances of compassion but rare. If any where, we might have anticipated such pity would be found in the breasts of the Vestals: O tenerum mitemque animum! consurgit ad ictus: et, quoties victor ferrum jugulo inserit, illa delicias ait esse suas! pectusque jacentis virgo modesta jubet converso pollice rumpi; ne lateat pars ulla animæ vitalibus imis, altius impresso dum palpitat ense secutor! Prud. adv. Sym. 1095. No war or pestilence ever swept away such myriads of the human race, as these barbarous sports. In some months, twenty or thirty thousand were slaughtered in Europe alone Nero and Caligula put to death some hundreds in the course of their reigns and even private citizens frequently butchered a thousand in a day! G.

:

Quem libet occidunt populariter: inde reversi
Conducunt foricas; et cur non omnia? quum sint,
Quales ex humili magna ad fastigia rerum
40 Extollit, quoties voluit Fortuna jocari.

Quid Romæ faciam? Mentiri nescio: librum,
Si malus est, nequeo laudare et poscere: motus
Astrorum ignoro: funus promittere patris

Nec volo nec póssum: ranarum viscera numquam 45 Inspexi. Ferre ad nuptam, quæ mittit adulter,

37. When the vulgar spectators have notified their wishes, he gives the deathsignal which was waited for, to curry favour with the rabble;' LU. GR. and therefore might be said to kill' the gladiator: cf. 116. R. upon the principle qui facit per alium, facit per se.

From these magnificent exhibitions, they start off to the Ediles to get some lucrative contract, no matter how sordid.' ACH.

38. They farm the jakes,' built for the accommodation of the public, upon payment of a trifle. R. conducere to contract for;' vi. 597. R. see note on 13. cf. Arist. Eth. iv. 1.

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40. The elevation of such low people is solely attributable to a frolic of the blind goddess.' x. 366. Hor. I Od. xxxiv. 14 sqq. xxxv. 1 sqq. III Od. xxix. 49 sqq. M. vii. 197 sq. Stat. Th. iii. 179. Claud. in Eut. i. 23 sqq. Hence she is called improba; vi. 605 sqq. δὲ καὶ τῶν τῆς Τύχης ἀγαθῶν καταφρονεῖν, ὁρῶντα, ὥσπερ ἐν σκηνῇ καὶ πολυπροσώπου δράματι, τὸν μὲν ἐξ οἰκέτου δεσπότην προϊόντα, τὸν δ ̓ ἀντὶ πλουσίου πένητα, τὸν δὲ σατράπην ἐκ πένητος ἢ βασιλέα· τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ τὸ δεινότατόν ἐστιν, ὅτι, καίτοι μαρτυρουμένης τῆς Τύχης παίζειν τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράγματα καὶ ὁμολογούσης μηδέν αὐτῶν εἶναι βέβαιον, ὅμως μεστοὶ περιΐασι Távtes_ov_yıyvopśvwv iλxídwv. Luc. in Nig. 20. R.

41. Vir bonus et pauper linguaque et pectore verus, quid tibi vis, Urbem qui, Fabiane, petis? qui nec leno potes nee comissator haberi, nec pavidos tristi voce citare reos; nec potes uxorem cari corrumpere amici, plaudere nec Cano plaudere nec Glaphyro. Unde miser vives? homo fidus, certus amicus. hoc nihil est ; numquam sic Philomelus eris; Mart. IV. v. Wyatt, in his Epistle to his friend Poynes, shows that he had this Satire before him:

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"But how may I this honour now attaine, That cannot dye the colour black a lyer? My Poynes, I cannot frame my tune to fayn, To cloke the truth, for praise without desert, Of them that list all vice for to retayne." Hence he cannot prefer Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas to his Palæmon and Arcite: he cannot "Praise Syr Topas for a noble tale, And scorne the story that the Knight tolde. Praise him for counsell that is dronke of ale; Grinne when he laughes that beareth all the sway, Frowne when he frownes, and grone when he is pale; On others' lust to hang both night and day." G.

Librum: cf. Hor. A. P. 419 sqq. Pers. i. FA. quod tam grande " oopws!” clamat tibi turba togata, non tu, Pomponi, cœna diserta tua est; Mart. VI. xlviii. M.

42. Poscere to say I should be delighted to have a copy.' FA.

'I am no astrologer.' FA. vi. 553 sqq. xiv. 248 sq. R.

43. Spondere; vi. 548. to the prodigal and expectant heir' (vi. 565 sqq.), R. qui filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos, Ov. Μ. i. 148. FΑ.

44. Though a soothsayer, I never explored the entrails of a toad, for the purpose of extracting poison. Ex ranae rubeta visceribus, id est, lingua, ossiculo, liene, corde, mira fieri posse constat, sunt enim plurimis medicaminibus referta; Plin. FA. i. 70. PR. vi. 658. 563 sqq. M. Ov. M. xv. 577. R. Either our toad' is not the rana rubeta, or it has lost its noxious qualities in this country. The compounders of poisons might pretend to extract venom from toads, in order to conceal their secret, which more probably was some vegetable or mineral poison. G.

45. Quæ mittit, billets doux and presents.' GR.

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Quæ mandat, norunt alii: 'me nemo ministro
Fur erit atque ideo nulli comes exeo, tamquam
Mancus et exstinctæ corpus non utile dextræ.
Quis nunc diligitur, nisi conscius et cui fervens
50 Estuat occultis animus semperque tacendis?

Nil tibi se debere putat, nil conferet umquam,
Participem qui te secreti fecit honesti.

Carus erit Verri, qui Verrem tempore, quo vult,
Accusare potest. -Tanti tibi non sit opaci
55 Omnis arena Tagi quodque in mare volvitur aurum,
Ut somno careas ponendaque præmia sumas
Tristis et a magno semper timearis amico.

Quæ nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris
Et quos præcipue fugiam, properabo fateri

60 Nec pudor obstabit. Non possum ferre, Quirites,
Græcam Urbem:. quamvis quota portio fæcis Achæi?

46. Quæ mandat, 'messages.' GR.

47. I will never be an accessary to
peculation, or lend myself as an agent to
extortion; therefore no governor, when
departing for one of the foreign pro-
vinces, would receive me into his train.'
cf. 53 sq.

48. A cripple.' exstincta dextræ is
a Grecism for exstincta dextra.
'I am
not dexterous enough in knavery to
be made any one's right-hand man.'
49. Quis? i. e. nemo, none, but the
confidant of a guilty secret.' FA. vis
fieri dives, Bithynice? conscius esto; Mart.
VI. 1. 5. R.

50. Animo estuante reditum ad vada
retulit; Cat. a metaphor from the sea
'raging and boiling' under the influence
of a storm: fervet vertigine pontus;
Ov. M. xi. 549. Maura semper aestuat
unda; Hor. II Od. vi. 3 sq. "The
wicked are like the troubled sea, when it
cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire
and dirt. There is no peace, saith my
God, to the wicked;" Isa. lvii. 20 sq. M.
Raging waves of the sea, foaming
out their own shame;" Jude 13.

51. To be under no obligation.' M. Nil tibi, vel minimum, basia pura dabunt; Mart. VI. 1. 6. R.

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Estus serenos aureo franges Tago, obscurus umbris arborum; Mart. I. 1. 15 sq. PR.

55. Now the Taio.' R. arena aurumque (v dià dvoiy) golden sands.'

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65. Some confound ponenda with proposita: (Virg. Æ. v. 292. 486.) it is rather equivalent to deponenda, especially in juxta-position with sumas; R. as in Hor. III Od. ii. 19. M. ii. 66.

57. • To your sorrow, οὐ χαίρων.

Cf. 113. i. 33. M. vi. 313. R. poßegov ἐστι φόβος τῶν δυναμένων τι ποιῆσαι, ἐν παρασκευῇ γὰρ ἀνάγκη εἶναι τὸν τοιοῦτον· Arist. Rh. II. vi. 2. See the history of Pausanias in Thuc. i. 132 sqq.

59. Nec sequar aut fugiam, quæ diligit ipse vel odit; Hor. I Ep. i. 72. GR. 60. Pudor: Umbricius blushed for his country.

Quirites! is said in bitterness of spirit, and as a contrast to Græcam. vi. 16. 185 sqq. 291 sqq. xi. 169 sqq. xv. 110 sqq. Pers. vi. 38. K. Sil. iii. 178. xii. 41. 49. 69. Cic. pro Flac. Luc. Nig. 15. R.

61. A Grecian Rome. (xv. 110. R.) Yet when I see what a deluge of Asiatics the Orontes has disgorged into the Tiber, I must own that the filth of Greece bears but a small proportion to the inundation 54. Arcanum neque tu scrutaberis ullius of impurity with which we are over

53. C. ii. 26. PR. Tac. A. vi. Amm. Marc. XXVIII. vi. 20. R. See 47.

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Jam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes Et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas Obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum 65 Vexit et ad Circum jussas prostare puellas. Ite, quibus grata est pictâ lupa barbara mitra. Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipra, Quirine, Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo.

Hic alta Sicyone ast hic Amydone relicta,

whelmed.' G. cf. xiii. 157. The depravity of the Greeks we learn from 1 Cor. vi. 9-11. and elsewhere in the New Testament. M. λa rà šlvn ülgóws avróbı (at Rome) συνώκισται, ὡς τὸ Καππαδοκῶν καὶ Σύρων καὶ Ποντικῶν καὶ ἄλλων πλειόνων· Ath. i. 36. BO.

62. The inhabitants of the East, and especially of Antioch, which was on the Orontes, (Julian. Misop. Herodian II. vii. 15. HN.) were scandalously debauched in their morals, (viii. 158 sq.) and introduced quite new fashions; (vii. 14 sqq. viii. 198 sqq.) Mart. III. iv. V. lvi. Suet. Ves. 19. For a similar metaphor, see vi. 295. Claud. Eut. i. 434. Isa. viii. 6-8. R.

63. Luxuriæ peregrina origo ab exercitu Asiatico invectu in urbem est; tum psaltria sambucistriæque et convivialia ludionum oblectamenta addita epulis; Liv. xxxix. 6. the Sambucum was a triangular lyre. The harp and flute' were very generally played together; cf. Hor. E. ix. 5 sq. and elsewhere. SP.

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64. National tambourines.' VS. Lucr. ii. 618. R.

65. There were several Circuses at Rome. The Circus Maximus is here meant, which was first built by Tarquinius Priscus, PR. and by subsequent alterations was able to accommodate 260,000 spectators, KE. being more than three furlongs in length, and one broad; Plin.

xxxvi. 15 s 24. BRI. See 223.

'To stand for hire.' vi. 123. R. i. 47. Puellas, et quas Euphrates et quas mihi misit Orontes; Prop. II. xxiii. 21. R. 66. Hie thither.' G.

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ix. 616. Id. Cop. 1. Ov. M. xiv. 654. Claud. Eut. ii. 185. R.

67. The Romans were reduced to the level of prize-fighters; while foreigners were worming themselves into every post of power and proft. LU. To mark his contempt the more, the poet crowds his description with Greek words. G. cf. Hor. ÎI Ep. i. 32 sq. R.

M.

Rusticus; cf. ii. 74. 127. viii. 274 sq.

It is not agreed what part of the dress is meant by rgexidurva. It may be the same as ivdeouis, a gymnastic dress,' 103. vi. 245. T. or the succinct vest of the Greek wrestlers,' G. or 'a suit of livery,' cf. v. 143. RU. or a cloak in which they ran for their supper or dole,' 127 sq. LU. PR. HO. or 'Grecian shoes,' VS. SA. HN. or the same as inrng, i.e. ' prizes worn round the neck," which served as badges to distinguish such as were entitled to partake of the suppers provided at the public expence.'

JS. RI. VO.

Quirinus, a surname of Romulus, derived from curis a Sabine word signifying a spear;' or from Cures, after the admission of the Sabines into Rome. Mars was called Gradivus when incensed, and Quirinus when pacified. Ov. F. ii. 475 sqq. PR. cf. ii. 128.

68. Cf. ii. 143. ACH. Ceroma was an ointment made of oil, wax, and clay; LU. (Mart. VII. xxxii. 9. PR.) Plin. xxviii. 4 s 13. xxxv. 12 sq. R. with which they besmeared their neck and breast, and that profusely; for Seneca, telling his friend Lucilius of a journey he had taken, says, 'the roads were so bad that he rather swam than walked, and, before he got to his inn, was plastered over with ceroma like a prize-fighter.' G. Mart. IV. iv. 10. xix. 5. 69. Cf. vii. 14 sqq. was irì aópor iguuvór

R.

Sicyon, in Achaia, Strab. viii. p. 587,

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