The relatives qualis, quantus, quot, are elegantly placed before the antecedents talis, tantus, tot; and the relative adverbs quantò, ubi, quò, quam, quamdiù, quoties, before tantò, ibi, hoc, or eò, tam, tamdiu, toties; as,

Atlas was made as great a mountain, as he was a

1. Citizens usually conform themselves to the example of those who govern the state. (Say, such as those who govern the state, such are usually citizens.)

2. There are almost as many different kinds of speaking, as there are orators.

3. The more elevated we are in rank, the more submissive should we behave ourselves.

4. As long as the life of Crassus was harassed by the toils and intrigues of ambition, so long did he receive greater renown from his private actions and greatness of mind, than profit or glory from the power and dignity of the

state.

*5. Spurius Cavilius having contracted a lameness from a wound which he had received in the service of his country, and being ashamed on that account to appear abroad, his mother said to him, Why do you not show yourself before the public, my dear Spurius, that as many steps as you take, the mind may be struck with the remembrance of so many virtues?

2

For omnis qui; and omnia quæ, it is often much better, as it is more concise, to put quicunque,' quisquis, and quidquid.

EXAMPLE.

I wish you to consider, that in can show a kindness to my friend, by the strongest ties of gratitude.

all things in which you
you
u will bind me to you

The pronoun quid is most frequently used for the adverb cur; as,

Why do

you weep?

And on the contrary, it is more elegant to use the adverbs cur, quare, quamobrem, instead of propter or ob quem, quam, quod, &c.: as,

Many reasons occurred to my mind for which I thought that labor would prove an honor to you. Multa mihi veniebant in mentem quamobrem illum laborem tibi honori fore putarem.

EXAMPLES.

1. Nor yet have I been able to devise any reason, for which he ought to undertake their cause.

2. But if there is no reason for which you should load this miserable wretch with so great calamities, my advice is that you should spare him.

3. But there were many reasons for which I wished to be there.

4. There will be that for which the enemy may strip you of your arms, not for which you should be a terror to them.

To the interrogatives quis, quæ, quid, quò, quando, the particle ec is elegantly prefixed; as, Brutus ecquid agit?

What does Brutus ?

EXAMPLES.

1. 1 pray you what so great misfortune can you imagine which does not fall to my lot?

2. Who had the power of entering into the forum?

3. When did you suppose they would give in an account of your proceedings ?

Id quod is most frequently used for quod, when it refers not merely to one substantive, but to the whole preceding sentence; as,

You love virtue; which I commend :
Amas virtutem, id quod laudo.

EXAMPLES.

1. The undeserving are often loaded with wealth and honors, whilst the good meet with contempt and repulse; which is the reason that virtue itself is not practised with much zeal.

2. But the man who feels no shame, which I find happens in many, I consider not only worthy of reprehension, but even of punishment.

3. You have signified your intention to leave this country soon; which has affected us all with the most lively concern.

When the pronoun is is used for talis, it is elegantly followed by qui, quæ, quod, instead of ut is, ut ea, &c. as by the same rule quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, will be more elegantly put for ut tantus, talis, tot, toties; as,

Such, or so great, is your desire of revenge, that if I was inflamed with it, I should be the most miserable:

Ea or tanta est tua vindicta cupido, quá or quantâ si flagrarem miserrimus essem.

EXAMPLES.

31. Such indeed is your learning, that if I possessed it, I should call myself fortunate.

2. For I would not have Cæsar, to whom I am bound by the strongest obligations, imagine me capable of giving such advice to Pompey, that if he had followed it, he might indeed have obtained the first celebrity and pre-eminence in the forum, but he would not have attained so great a power as he now possesses.

3. As for L. Cæsar, when I had come to him at Naples though he was bowed down and afflicted with diseases of the body, yet before he could have an opportunity of embracing me, he exclaimed, O my dear Cicero, I congratulat you on having so much influence with Dolabella, that if I had as much interest with my sister's son, I should pronounce myself quite recovered.

4. You have read Homer so often, that, if I had read him as often, things would go on much better with me.

5. We have gained so many trophies from our enemies, that no nation can boast of ever having gained so many.

Qui, quæ, quod, is often elegantly used simply for talis, or tantus, or qualis; as,

Such is thy love towards me:)
Qui tuus est ergà me amor.

EXAMPLES.

1. Such is thy hardness of heart, the divine judgments will at last fall upon thy guilty head.

2. Cities also, as well as other things, spring from the lowest beginnings: afterwards such as their own bravery and the gods assist, get themselves great power and a great

name.

3. Every person holds an inward and secret conversation with his own heart, and such as it highly concerns him to regulate properly..

And what deserves to be imitated, as being particularly elegant, is the use of qualis without being preceded by talis; as,

You are blessed with such a child, that if I had such a one I should greatly rejoice:

Felix es puero, qualis si mihi esset, magnoperè gauderem.

EXAMPLE.

Especially as the Senate and people of Rome had then such a leader, that, had they now his fellow, the same fate would overtake thee which then befel them.

Qui, quæ, quod, with or without quippè, is very elegantly used for cum, or quòd ego, cum tu, &c. and cujus, for cum ejus, cum meus, cum tuus; cui for cum mihi, &c. with the verb that follows in the subjunctive mood; as,

What wonder that men die, when we know that they are mortal?

Quid mirum homines mori, quos sciamus mortales esse? Quos used for cum eos.

EXAMPLES.

1. How is it possible that you should converse on the subject of literature, since you never paid the least attention to it?

2. And certainly that conduct of mine is entitled to the highest commendation, in that I was unwilling that my fellow citizens should be exposed to a band of armed ruffians.

3. They rated and blamed the Belgæ, for having surrendered themselves to the people of Rome, and abandoned the bravery of their progenitors.