4. The Roman power had already acquired sufficient strength and stability to become a match for any of the neighbouring states in war; but from deficiency of women, it was a greatness that could last but one generation of men, since they had neither at home the hope of a progeny, and they were debarred from all intermarriages with their neighbours. (Say, since neither the hope, &c. nor intermarriages were to them, &c.; and use the relative qui, quæ, quod.)

The relative qui, quæ, quod, is elegantly used after idem instead of ac or cum; as,

Nor had he the same master as his father:
Nec eodem magistro, quo pater, usus est.

EXAMPLES.

1. The wise man is not confined within the same bounds with the rest of the world. No age, no time, no place, limit his thoughts, but he penetrates and passes beyond them all.

2. At the same time with the Edui, the Ambarri also acquaint Cæsar, that, their country being depopulated, they cannot easily keep off the violence of the enemy from their

towns.

3. This nation is not so warlike as the neighbouring states; and it does not make use of the same weapons in war, as other nations.

Qui, quæ, quod, is also elegantly used for et is, et ego, et tu, &c. for is vero, tu vero, &c. in the beginning of a sentence, or a member of a sentence, when it may be easily referred to what goes before; as,

It happened in my absence, and had I been present:

Me absente accidit, qui si adfuissem; for et ego, si, or si verò, &c.

EXAMPLES.

1. You have always given me wholesome advice; and if I had always followed it, I should have been happy.

2. When I received the information of the death of your daughter Tullia, I felt indeed that sorrow and affliction for her loss which I could not but feel: I looked upon it as a common calamity; and if I had been present at it, I would not have been wanting to you, and I would have openly manifested and declared my own grief to you.

*

3. But he employed the interval that followed, not in endeavouring to blot out the memory of the ancient quarrel, but in concerting measures to renew the war; and after he had built and equipped the most formidable fleets, and had raised powerful armies, under pretence of carrying the war into the dominions of the neighbouring states, he sent ambassadors into Spain to those commanders against whom the Romans were in actual hostilities.

4. A friend was then at my house, and he told me that he feared it would not succeed. (Ut succederet. Vereor ne fiat, expresses what we wish not to happen; vereor ut fiat, what we wish to happen, but are afraid it may not.)/

5. I asked him this question; and when he did not answer, I refused to do it.

Qui, quæ, quod, may also be used for quia, nam ego, tu, is, &c. when it is clear from the context, that though the causal conjunction is not inserted, yet it may be easily inferred from the sense; as

You are truly reprehensible, for when you stand in need of the friendship of all, you injure all:

Verè reprehensione dignus es, qui, cùm omnium amicitia indigeas, omnibus noces; for nam cum tu omnium, &c.

EXAMPLES.

1. And even our calamities will furnish some variety to your writings, not unaccompanied with that kind of pleasure, which has the power of arresting the mind in the perusal of history. For nothing is more calculated to afford delight to the reader, than the changes of the times, and the vicissitudes of fortune. For though to our own experience they could not be very desirable, yet in the perusal they will be entertaining: and indeed the remembrance of past calamities, when no longer attended with danger, affords a sensible delight.

2. For certainly it is not my part, since, as you are used to wonder, I apply generally so much industry in writing, to commit myself so far, as to appear to have been negligent in it, especially as that would be the crime, not only of negligence, but also of ingratitude.

3. It was not the part of that general, since he knew that he was in the midst of enemies, to suffer his soldiers to go out of the camp unarmed, and to straggle about the fields.

Qui, quæ, quod, is also often used for cum in a

narration.

EXAMPLES.

1. Cæsar knowing that the enemy would immediately abandon their camp, advanced with his forces against them.

2. The man being of some authority, of a grave demeanour, advanced in years, and a father too, was struck dumb with astonishment at the barefaced proposal of this shameless man,

The relative qui, quæ, quod, is often used for a substantive, especially after the verbs sum and habeo, when the sense seems to demand such a variation; as,

I have a request to make to you.
Est quod te rogem.

EXAMPLES.

1. If thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee, (that is, a complaint, that of which he may complain,) leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.

3. I have an accustion against thee, that thou hast deserted thy first love.

Qui, quæ quod, may in some instances be used for the English particle after; as,

The fourth year after he had come :
Quarto quo venerat anno.

EXAMPLE.

What! have you not heard of Cæsar's achievements in Spain Two armies beaten? Two generals defeated? Two provinces taken? These things were done forty days after Cæsar was come in view of the enemy.

It must be observed, that though the English very often omits the relative, yet the ellipsis must always be supplied in Latin.

EXAMPLES.

1. The man I saw yesterday, told me of your disaster.

2. Go into the village over against you, and bring away all the provisions you can collect, that we may set sail again immediately.

OF VERBS.

As it is sometimes difficult to determine, when an accusative with the infinitive is to be used after the English conjunction that, and when it is better to turn that into quòd or ut with a nominative followed by an indicative or subjunctive, it will be proper to attend to these few observations.

We always use ut, and never the accusative with the infinitive, after ita, sic, talis, or is used for talis, tantus, adeò; after verbs of causing or effecting, persuading impelling, exhorting, advising, compelling, entreating, beseeching, decreeing, telling, writing, and announcing, when they carry with them the force of a command; as,

Tell him to come.

The Senate wrote to him to return.
And also after accidit, fit, contingit.

EXAMPLES.

1. He persuaded me to write.

2. I beseech you to come.

3. I happened to see you.

4. He commanded me to come.

5. Your neighbour is plunged into such profligacy and luxury, that words cannot describe his desperate condition.