nected by the South French cougourde, of which Diez is ignorant. From cucurbita. Diez connects them through the Italian cucuzza, which is surely only collateral to courge*.

Flageolet, used in gardening,-see "Le Bon Jardinier;"-a kind of bean, may be connected either with the Spanish frejol, frijol, and a probable fabiola from faba on the one hand, or with phaseolus, faséole, on the other; although the mutation from s to its fellow sibilant is in French extremely rare. From fabiola comes the French féverolle, with an adventitious r in a different syllable from the Spanish. Derived from the same, the archaic faviau (Roquefort) has become the nautical French fayol (pronounced fayo), given in the Supplement to the 'Dictionnaire de l'Académie,' the white bean which is the chief dry vegetable supplied to the French navy; whence the cant sea-phrase "doubler le cap Fayol" for "seeing the end of fresh provisions." (The vegetarian richness of the Frenchand indeed of the Spanish-in respect of the various kinds of pulse is characteristic.)

(D.) Gouge, gouger, to gouge, from Mid. Lat. gubea, Sp. gubia, Port. goiva (compare raiva from rabies). But there is also a Mid. Lat. gulvia.

(D.) Plonger, to plunge, from plumbare, to fall plumb down, Ital. piombare. (There is also a closely approximating Keltic root.) Diez supposes plumbicare, by analogy to vindicare, venger. But somniare, songer, shows that the c has nothing essential to do with the g; and the above-quoted cambire, changer, supplies a still nearer analogy. The compound "surplomber," to overhang, seems moreover to prove that "plomber" was the original French stock, and not “plombi

* The family is a numerous and odd one. As likenesses are said to come out stronger in alternate generations, so our cucumber [arch. and still local cowcumber], though, I suppose, a child of the French concombre, reproduces cucumer, its grandfather, with the sole addition of the b; while the Negro-French concomme, another child of the same parent, though more like it, yet throws out the b. I may observe that there are two French words which seem to have a family resemblance to courge, and yet are in nowise related: escourgée, a flogging, from whence evidently our scourge, Ital. scuriada, from excoriata; and escourgeon, early barley cut green, which seems in some strange way to be derived from exsurgere.

quer"; Roquefort gives plumbar, to be heavy, to sink, though without a reference. The Picard form plonquer, on which Diez relies, need have no weight. The tendency of the idiom, as we shall see hereafter, is to substitute a guttural for the French sibilant g, or the labial which it represents. The French has, moreover, one remarkable instance (no doubt of northern origin) where the q takes the place of the labial v, itself representing the consonant sound of u. This is manquer, manque, traceable (through the Sp. menguar, mengua, Port. mingoar, mingoa, Cat. minvar, Ital. menovar, Low Lat. minuare) to minuere; a series from which Diez omits precisely the last and most remarkable terms, in the two French words and in the Italian mancar, manco, Sp. mancar. Tautophony with manger was probably the sole reason why menger was not adopted as the French form. (The same motive probably arrested in mendier the transformation of mendicare, which would otherwise no doubt have followed judicare, juger. The subject of arrested growths and abnormal formations in language, from causes other than the laws of phonological development, is a very curious one.)

(D.) Tige, stem. Diez queries: from tibia?

Note also the French word enrager, arch. enraigier, to enrage, suggesting inrabiare. The Ital. has arrabiar.

G for F:

None certain, though rouge might be rufus; for which, however, I should hold roux (roufz) the true equivalent; Ital. rosso, Sp. rojo. Compare, however, gurges with gulf, to gulp*.

* It should not, of course, be forgotten that there are two "gulfs,” in our language; the one above referred to, answering with engulf to the French gouffre, engouffrer, and to the Latin gurges, ingurgitare, regurgitare, and the other answering to the French golfe, Ital. golfo, which is translated in the Latin of geography by "sinus," and is derived evidently from the Greek коATоя. Whether кoλos and gurges have any original kinship I must leave to others to determine. Koλños seems near to collum, and our own somewhat prudish use of the word "neck," as implying "breast," in speaking of and to ladies, shows how the ideas could slide into one another; whilst the Romance derivatives from gurges, as gorge,

G for P:

(D.) sage (arch. saige), Engl. sage, from sapiens (probably through sapidus, sapius), Ital. savio or saggio*, Sp. Port. sabio.

(D.) Pigeon, Fr. Engl., from pipio, Ital. pippione, piccione, Old Fr. pipion, Sp. pichon, a young pigeon; pipiare the acknowledged stock-with which compare our cheep. Diez misses the Ital. form pippione, and with it a fresh instance of the pairing of words of this class in that language, where the one form adheres to the labial, the other passes into the sibilant (like savio, saggio, above).

G for V:

Abréger, arch. abrégier, to abridge, from abbreviare, also Ital.; Sp. Port. abreviar.

Âge, age, arch. aage, aaige, or even aege, from ævum. If not from the latter, I cannot trace the filiation. Etas, with its Romance offspring, età, edad, seems to me only a cousin. Of course the parent of the whole stock is deì, whence aiov, aifov, ævum (and our ever?).

(D.) Alléger, arch. allégier, to alleviate, from alleviare, also Italian with alleggiare, Sp. Port. aliviar. See below lège and léger, and observe the strict correspondence of form between inrabiare, enrager; abreviare, abréger; and alleviare, alléger.

Auge, trough, from alveus, Sp. Port. in other senses alveo. Bouger, to budge: from volvere, Ital. volgere, Sp. Port. volver. Mr. Key already connects vulgus with volveret. I originally connected bouger directly with movere, mouvoir; but I am satisfied that volvere, volgere, supply the true derivation. The initial b for v is paralleled by barioler, to variegate, from varius (variolare); and brebis from vervex (compare

garganta (the former of which is used in polite French as the full equivalent to koλos), induce the suspicion that the Latin must have had at least the cant meaning of "throat."

* Used with reference to children, respecting whom the use of the French sage for good is remarkable.

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† Are turgere, turba, connected? If to be always ́turning round” is characteristic of vulgus, the very essence of a crowd is its "swelling." Compare tumere, tumultus.

also courbe, courber, curvus, curvare); besides that occurs for v not only in Spanish, but in South French and South Italian dialects; Gasc. bous for vous, Neap. bino for vino. The primitive sense of bouger would therefore be to turn tail. "To budge," is surely much stronger than "to move," or "to stir." "Don't budge," implies a fighting it out with one who is trying to make you budge; "don't move," or "don't stir," mean simply "stay quiet." Bougette, obsolete for leathern bag, whence our budget, might also, like the Italian bolgio, wallet, be derived from volvere through the idea of roundness (is our bolster allied?); and bougière, a very fine net used on the coast of Provence, might be also a shoot from the same stock. At any rate

Bouge (arch. probably boulge), meaning a filthy hut, sty, &c., is evidently identical with the Italian bolgia (“Malebolgia "), also evidently from volvere, volgere, as meaning (I should think) a place to wallow in (compare for the English form follow, folgen, hallow, heiligen). Diez goes woolgathering about these two words, straggling away towards beugen, to bow, or bulicare, to bubble. Both words, as well as our bulge, and the Port. bojo, the belly of a bottle, may indeed have an ultimate connexion with volvere. Lastly, bauge, the den of a wild boar, seems another form for bouge.

(D.) Cage, Fr. Engl., from cavea; Ital. gabbia. Cagia occurs in our law-Latin.

(D.) Cajoler, to cajole, from caveola (caveolare); the meaning being to entrap, put into a cage. See below geole, enjoler. (D.) Concierge, porter. Ménage supposes conservius from conservare; Diez denies.

(D.) Geóle, gaol, enjôler, to entrap, Span. jaula, enjaular, cage, to encage. Diez notices these, with cajoler, in connexion with cavea and gabbia, but does not distinguish the formations. Jaula, as shown by the arch. Fr. jajéole (Roquefort), is only the veola of caveola, forming then enjaular and enjoler. Geole is a later adaptation of jaula, belonging to the period of feudal history-Spanish amongst others—when men were literally jailed in cages. The recurrence of our modern spelling jail towards jaula is remarkable.

(D.) Gouge, gulvia: see above.

(D.) Lège, arch. leige, light, in French confined to ships in ballast; from levis, Ital. lieve, Sp. Port. leve. Liège, cork, seems the same word.

(D.) Léger, arch. légier, leigier, even leugier, light, from, levior, Ital. leggiero, Sp. ligero, Port. ligeiro. Diez fails to distinguish the derivatives of the Latin positive from those of the comparative*.

(D.) Neige, snow, from nivis or niveus, Ital. Port. neve, Sp. nieve. Neigeux, snowy, is either direct from nivosus, or from the French noun.

Outrager, outrage; arch. oultraigier, oultraige, our outrage; It. oltraggiar, oltraggio; Sp. Port. ultrajar, ultraje. Simple folks may believe that "to outrage" is "to rage out." The observation of the Old French and other Romance forms sufficiently disposes of this view†. The next simplest view—and I am far from asserting that it may not be correct-is to consider outrage as a noun of action of outrer (oultrer), to drive to extremities, a verb taken direct from the preposition, outre, oultre, ultra (whence outrance); and outrager as a derivative from it. This would be supported by the analogy of ombre, ombrer, ombrage, ombrager. But it is remarkable that, while we find the derivative verb with the noun in full use in the three sister languages (Ital. Span. Port.), there is no trace of the

* Few who are familiar with the Latin and French of casuistry, and know the equivalence of "coulpe légère" with "culpa levior," will, I think, doubt that "léger" and its equivalents are really derived from the comparative. The formation is no doubt an exceptional one, as the French nouns and adjectives in er answer mostly to the Latin in arius, arium, fructuarius, fruitier; vivarium, vivier; whilst the Latin or becomes eur for the most part: amator, amateur; melior, meilleur; though this is not invariable, as shown by pire from pejor, and maire from major, and moindre from minor, all much more abnormal than léger from levior. A supposititious Latin form in er is not to be thought of, since this termination in adjectives must evidently have been unaccented, as shown by the derivatives, tendre, ácre, intègre, celèbre, from tener, acer, &c. The termination or must, on the contrary, have been accented, as we see through its derivatives; and léger, leggiero, &c., all point to an accented terminal syllable in the primary.

† I would reserve, of course, the question, whether out and ultra may not really be connected.