commonly suppose, by an overwhelming superiority of military skill and valour, but that it was effected partly by successful wars and partly by alliances*. Mr. Kemble supposes that the rapidity of Cadwealha's success may perhaps be attributed to the "cheerful assistance" of his mother's countrymen, scattered over the face of Wessex and Sussex; and this supposition is entirely in accordance with the historical and linguistic facts that present themselves in connexion with this period of our history.

The names mentioned by Mr. Kemble as being Cymric or Pictish are, Puch Comes, Pechthelm, Padda, Oiddi, Maban, Uelhisc, Pehthat, Pehthætius, Cynyath and Theabul†. He mentions some others, of which he says that he can give no explanation, which are evidently Keltic; as

Ethelwold Mol, king of Northumberland. W. moel (bald); a common surname in Welsh annals. Helig Voel (Moel) or Helig the Bald, a chieftain in Caernarvonshire, is an instance. Elfheah, the 23rd bishop of Winchester, whose surname is Calvus, may be cited as an instance on the Saxon side.

Wulfstan Ucca or Uccea. W. hwca (crooked).

Elfnod Pilia. W. pilio (to peel off, to pillage, to rob)?
Egelric Bycga. W. bwcai (what produces dread or disgust)?
Atsur Roda, or the generous, from W. rhoad (giving).
Osulf Fila. W. ffil (a scud or quick dart, Pughe); filawg (a

* In the north of England, and for the most part in the eastern counties, there appears to have been an absolute subjection, but in the south and west it is certain that the connexion was often one of alliance simply. There must, however, have been frequent intermarriages in all parts of the country, as in the case of the Normans, unless we suppose that the Angles and Saxons brought wives with them in their warlike expeditions.

+ Padda is probably contracted from the W. name Padarn. Maban is the W. mabon (a youth, a young hero), still retained as a surname in Lancashire. Uel in Uelhisc is probably the W. Hywell, pron. Huwell; hisc may be the name of a residence near a stream, Gael. uisge (water), or an epithet of character from gwysg or wysg (precipitate), as Hywel Dda (Howel the Good), Cynyath is from the W. cyn (first, chief), and iad (the temples, the skull)=Greathead. For Oiadi and Theabul, I can only suggest the Gael. oid, oide (master, teacher), and teabh-ach (renowned, brave), uile (all, whole). The rest appear to be connected with the Gael. pioc-ach (a Pict). Peithien occurs as a name in the Welsh records of this age.

colt or filly, a wanton girl), or fill (a writhe or turn); fillio (to writhe or twist about). The root in Gaelic implies deceit.

Elfricus Puttoc. W. pwt (anything short or squat).

Nennius also calls Oswald, king of Northumbria, Oswald Lauiguin, i. e. Oswald with the fair hand.

These nicknames were very probably given by the common people, and their Keltic origin can only be accounted for by supposing that the lower classes were to a great extent of Keltic descent. Other Keltic names, found in the Anglo-Saxon period, are

Mora, an abbot. W. mawr; Gael. more (great).

Owini (Owain or Owen), a monk, who was prime minister to queen Etheldrid (according to Bede), and governor of her family. We meet with this name again in connexion with the gloss to the Bodleian Anglo-Saxon MS., commonly called the Rushworth Gospels. This gloss was the work of two priests, Owen and Farmenn, the latter of whom describes himself as a priest at Harawuda (Harewood in Yorkshire). Farmenn may have been Saxon or Angle, but Owen was certainly of Keltic origin.

Cumbra, an ealdorman: probably from Cymro, pron. Cumro (a Welshman). "And then Cynewulf drove him (Sigebert) into Andred, and he abode there until a swineherd stabbed him at Privet's-flood, and avenged the ealdorman Cumbra" (A.S. Chron., anno 755). The swineherd was very probably of the same race as Cumbra, and a feeling of clanship may have sharpened his indignation at the foul crime of Sigebert in murdering his friend and supporter.

=

The names of Cimberth, a priest, and Coifi, chief of the heathen priests at the court of Edwin, king of Northumbria, may probably be added to the list. Mr. Kemble is of opinion that the word Coifi may be derived from Cóf, and is ardent (Proc. Phil. Soc. vol. ii.), but Coibhi (bh=v) in Gaelic means an archdruid, and that which expressed to the Kelt only his office, may have been used by the Saxon as a proper name.

Worr, the name or surname of an ealdorman and a bishop. An ealdorman of this name died in A.D. 800, and (according to Mr. Kemble) the word is not unfrequently found as an appellative in A.S. charters. We have also a bishop Wor, who ruled over the see of Lichfield from 721 to 737. Bede mentions him by the

name of Aldwine, but Simeon of Durham speaking of the same bishop, writes, under the date 737: "Aldwine, qui et Wor, episcopus defunctus," and as he signed several charters by the name of Wor, this was undoubtedly a name by which he was commonly known. The ancient MS. list of bishops in the British Museum says, "Aldwinus, qui et Wor." Mr. Kemble thinks it was only a nickname, and adds his regret that he cannot offer the slightest explanation of it. It was more probably his original name, and Aldwine one which he afterwards assumed. It is the W. gwor (that which is superior or uppermost), and appears to indicate that Aldwine was of a Keltic stock, and commonly used his Keltic name. It is found as an appellative in the elegy on Cunedda by Taliesin, a poet of the 6th century:"Where cliff and cliff meet in the west

Was the dread of Cunedda, the ardent in battle,

In Caer Wair and Caer Liwelydd*."

To these may be added many other names or surnames that were certainly not Teutonic, and which Mr. Kemble is obliged to leave unexplained, as

Hecca. W. hecian (to halt, to limp).

Tudda. W. tew (thick, gross, fat); tewder (thickness, fatness). Becca. W. bechan (little), Gael. beag; or from Gael. beic (the beak or bill of a bird).

Clapa. Osgod was surnamed Clapa (A.S. Chron. 1044). W. clap (a stroke, a blow), the striker ?. He was outlawed A.D. 1044

or 1047.

Prúdan, the surname of Tofig, son-in-law of Osgod. W.prudd (sad, serious, prudent); Lat. prudens.

The name of Maielbrith Macdurnan shall close the list. In a copy of the Four Gospels written on vellum, which belonged to a friend of the late Lewis Morris in the year 1760, there was a note testifying that the book was given to the church

Cam

* The word seems to have come down even to the middle ages. den says that "Vortigern appointed over Kent a Guorong, that is a viceroy or freeman." The name of Vortigern is in Welsh Gwrtheyrn, from gwr or gwor (eminent, supreme), and teyrn (a ruler, prince). It is evident that there are two reasons why we have few Keltic names in the AngloSaxon annals. (1.) The Kelts were, for the most part, too low in the social scale to be honoured with such a notice. (2.) When they emerged from obscurity, they assumed Saxon names.

of Canterbury by Athelstan, king of the Anglo-Saxons, and that Mæielbrith Macdurnan had expounded it worthily. Mr. Morris states that it was written “in a beautiful hand, in the ancient British letter, now commonly called the Saxon letter." There are some marginal references, written in red letters, to which Mr. Morris thinks the word "expounds" (dogmatizat) may refer, but it may have a wider meaning; and, if so, Mæielbrith, who was undoubtedly of Keltic blood, may have preached from this copy of the Gospels to the Kentish Saxons, and as he must have preached to them in their own tongue, he was probably one of those Kelts who (according to the Triads) had become "as Saxons*." Some parts of Kent appear to have remained Keltic to a comparatively late period, and the Kentish custom of gavelkind, which was undoubtedly Keltic, testifies to the influence which the Keltic population must have had in the county.

The theory of a large admixture of Keltic and Teutonic races in England may be supported by a mass of additional evidence, of so much weight and authority, as to leave no room for a reasonable scepticism on the subject. From the length to which this paper has already extended, we can only indicate briefly these additional sources of evidence. They are chiefly

(1.) The customs and habits of thought, connected both with law and the circumstances of common life, that yet prevail among us, which we have derived from Keltic institutions and manners; and the familiarity of our early bards and minstrels with Keltic heroes and traditions. Among the latter, Arthur and the heroes of the Round Table, Guenever, and the knights Gawan, Cador, Clegius, Amadas, and Cay, were familiar and favourite subjects, and their deeds were sung in the hall of the noble and by the fire-side of the humbler classes. When sung by Norman poets, the minstrelsy may

* The inscription, which is in capital letters, runs thus: "Mæielbrithus Macdurnani istū textū per triquadrū Dō digne dogmatizat. azt Ethelztanus Anglo Zæxna rex et rector Dorverneni· Metropoli· dat PÆVV+:" Can any of the descendants of Mr. Morris give an account of this curious MS.? † Cambrian Register for 1795, p. 361.

^

have been a mere echo of Breton traditions, but the familiarity of Saxon gleemen and early English bards with these romantic tales, must have been a heritage derived from their forefathers. The inheritance of these traditions bespeaks a common national life, a marriage of races, by which that which had belonged to each separately, became the property of both*.

(2.) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Bede give both direct and indirect proofs of the truth of the statements made by Keltic writers on this subject. It is evident that by the term Britons, we are generally to understand in each of these histories, the Keltic Loegrians, for in the A.S. Lament for King Edward we are told that he

"distinguished governed
Welsh and Scots,
And Britons also;

and in the A.S. Chronicle, the battles of the Teutonic chiefs are up to the end of the 7th century with the Britons and the Welsh, but afterwards with the Welsh alone. The word Britons is sometimes used generically, but the distinction between the Loegrian and Cymraic races was not unobserved by the compilers of the A.S. records. It was known even to a later generation. Robert of Gloucester tells us in his uncouth rhymes, that—

"Bi west Severne Kamber hadde, and so al Walis

* Even the Welsh or British bards were well remembered as late as the middle ages. Chaucer sings of

"other harpers many oon,

And the gret Glascurion."-House of Fame, bk. iii.

He is the Glasgerion of Percy's Reliques :

66

Glasgerion was a kinges owne son,

And a harper he was goode,

He harped in the kinges chambre,

Where cuppe and candle stoode."

It may be interesting to some future editor of Percy or Chaucer to know that this was Geraint, commonly called Bardd Glas (Blue Bard, probably from the colour of his dress), who presided over a bardic congress in the ninth century. Besides his bardic works, he was the author of a treatise on grammar.